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Election of 2 June 1999: Contextual Overview and Statistical Profile1

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Election of 2 June 1999: Contextual Overview and Statistical Profile1 JOERNAAL/JOURNAL WESSELS ELECTION OF 2 JUNE 1999: CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW AND STATISTICAL PROFILE1 D. Wessels2 1. INTRODUCTION On Wednesday, 2 June J999, South Africans cast their votes in an election which comprised two ballot papers: the first, for the National Assembly, and, the second, for their provincial legislature. Schedule 6, sections 6 and 11, of the Constitution provided that the election for the National Assembly and provincial legislatures should be conducted ac­ cording to Schedule 2 of the interim Constitution (Act 200of1993), as amended by Annexure A of the same Schedule 6 of the Consitµtion [EISA (.4 Handbook of ... ) 1999:3). The entire electoral process (the electoral system, registration of voters, proclamation of the election date, the election campaign, voting, results, and electoral conduct) is prescribed by the following Jaws: the Constitution (Act 108 of 1996); the Electoral Commission Act (51 of 1996) (ECA); the Electoral Act·(73 of 1998)(EA); the Public Funding of Represented Political Parties Act (103 of 1997); and regulations issued by the Electoral Commission (EISA (.4 Handbook of .. .) 1999:1]. Voting on 2 June 1999 was the same as in 1994. Each voter cast two votes/completed two ballot papers; one for the National Assembly and the other for the provincial legislature for the province in which the elector voted [ElSA (.4 Handbook oj)1999:6)]. This is the first in a series of three articles to be published on the election of 2 June 1999. The second article will address the main issues as put forward by competing.political parties during the election campaign, and the third one will concentrate on trends and conclusions from the election results. · 2 Department of Political Science, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein. 159 JOERNAAUJOURNAL WESSELS The election was declared "free" and "fair" by the chairperson of the Indepen­ dent Electoral Commission, Dr Brigalia Barn on 7 June 1999, which concluded South Africa's second democratic election. The overall winner in the election was the African National Congress (ANC) which increased its electoral support in numbers (from 65% to 66,35%) and in seats •• (from 252 t9 266) . The New National Party (former National Party) was replaced as official opposition by the Democratic Party (DP) (with 38 seats). A newcomer on the political scene, the United Democratic Movement, finished 5"' behind the ANC, •' DP, IFP, and, NNP, thus overtaking a number of well-known parties from the "freedom struggle", such as the PAC and AZAPO; and other parties like the ACDP and Freedom Front. The following abbreviations are used for political parties throughout the text: African National Congress (ANC); Democratic Party (DP); Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); New National Party (NNP); United Democratic Party (UDM); African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP); United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP); Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC); Vryheidsfront/Freedom Front (VF/FF); Federal Alliance (FA); Minority Front (MF); Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging (AEB); Azanian People's Orgnisation (AZAPO); Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party (AITUP); The Govermnent by the People Green Party (GPGP); The Socialist Party of Azania (SOPA); Unemployment Labour Alliance (ULA); Labour Party (LP); Mass United Movement (MUM); Sindawonye Progressive Party (SPP); Ximoko Party (XP); Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front (DPF); Africa Moral Party (AMP); National Coalition Party (NACOPA); People's Liberation Party (PLP); and, the .. Workers International Vanguard League (WIVL) [Elections 1999 (Registered .. Political Parties) 1999: 1-14] . Statistically the election reflects the following profile: 2. NATIONAL(LY) The total number of voters registered for the election was 17 004 453 (or .. 66,9 % out ofa possible total of 25 517 717) [lEC (Election Results 3) 1999: 1] . The total number of votes cast during the election was 15 977 142 or 89,28 % '• .. of the registered voters [Elections 1999 (Election Results 1999) : J]. :. 160 1, JOERNAAL/JOURNAL WESSELS 2.1 BALLOT ONE: NATIONAL ASSEMBLY The legislative authority of the Republic of South Africa is vested in Parliament, which has the power to make laws in accordance with the Constitution. The National Assembly is elected for a term of five years and consists of 400 members. Members are elected in accordance with an electoral system prescribed by national legislation, which is based on the national common voters role. [section 46(l)(b)], provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years [(section 46(l)(c)]. and results, "in general, in proportional representation". [(section 46(l)(d)] (National Assembly 1999: I). Proportional representation is a voting system based on party lists at the national and provincial level. This implies that a political party receives a share of seats in Parliament in direct proportion (or equal to) the number of votes cast for the party in the election. This is done by means of a quota (an estimation of the number of votes a party must get in order to win one seat). As set out in the election publication of the Electoral Institute of South Africa [(A Handbook of ... ) 1999: 8-9; 82)] the following formula (known as the Droop quota) was used for the 1999 elections: As a first step, the total number of votes cast in the election was divided by the number of seats to be filled, plus one. The answer is rounded down to the nearest whole number. Then one is added. The number of seats for each party is then found by dividing the party's total votes by the quota. If found that not all the seats have been distributed because of fractions involved, the highest remainder principle is brought into play. With the electoral system based on party lists at the national and provincial level parties submit lists of candidates for each election. As determined by Item 2(a) of Schedule 2 of the 1993 Constitution, one half of the seats in the National Assembly (200) is to be filled from regional lists, with a fixed number of seats reserved for each region (or province) according to its population size. This position was maintained by the Electoral Commission Notice 13 3 of 1999, as published in the Government Gazette No. 19734 of 20 J:inuary 1999. 161 JOERNAAUJOURNAL WESSELS For the national election, parties may submit only regional lists of candidates, or a national list of candidates, and regional lists. Voters vote for a party. The number of Assembly seats a party can win is determined by its share of the total number of votes cast right across the country in the election for the Assembly. How it fills those seats is determined as follows: '• The first stage is to determine a party's share of the 200 "regional" seats in the National Assembly. This is done by determining the votes for the National Assem­ bly cast in each of the provinces. On the basis of its share of the vote in a province, a party is entitled to a .. proportion of the "regional" seats allocated to that province. This process is repeated in all the nine provinces. Adding together the regional seats a party wins in each province will give the .. total number of "regional" seats it is entitled to . I• The next step is to determine how many of the 400 Assembly seats a party is I• entitled to. This is calculated from its share of the total national vote. The total number of "regional seats" a party is entitled to is then subtracted from its total entitlement. This gives the number of "national seats" it is entitled to, .. which will be filled from its national candidate list. Filling "national" seats if a party has only submitted regional lists, but no .. national list, is done in two ways: the "national" seats a party wins are filled from II its regional lists in proportion to how it filled its "regional" seats; and, if a party I' II wins only "national" seats but no "regional" ones, its "national" seats are filled 11 from its regional lists in proportion to the number of votes it has received in each ..•• province . ' The 200 regional seats in the National Assembly are allocated to (or, divided •• between) the provinces as follows': .. ..•• I'' •• 3 ii Elections 1999 (Electoral System) 1999: 2. "•• .. 162 JOERNAAUJOURN AL WESSELS SEATS SEATS REGION/PROVINCE 1994 1999 Eastern Cape 28 27 Free State 15 15 Gauteng 43 46 K wazulu-Natal 40 38 Mpumalanga 14 14 Northern Cape 4 4 Northern Province 20 20 North West 15 15 Western Ca 21 21 TOTAL 200 200 163 JOERNAALIJOURNAL WESSELS 2.1.lPARTIES 'NATIONAL VOTER SUPPORT' PARTY VOTES % African National Congress (ANC) 10 601 330 66.35 Democratic Party (DP) 1 527 337 9.56 lnkatha Freedom Party (lFP) 1 371 477 8.58 New National Party (NNP) I 098 215 6.87 United Democratic Movement (UDM) 546 790 3.42 African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) 228 975 1.43 Freedom Front (FF) 127 217 0.80 United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP) 125 280 0.78 Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) 113 125 0.71 ,." Federal Alliance (FA) 86704 0.54 Minority Front (MF) 48277 0.30 Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging (AEB) 46 292 0.29 Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO) 27 257 0.17 Abolition oflncome Tax and Usury Party (AITUP) JO 611 0.71 The Government by the People Green Party (GPGP) 9 193 0.06 The Socialist Pmtv of Azania (SOFA) 9062 0.06 .. TOTAL 15 977142 100 " GRAPHIC DISPLAY: 0/o-SUPPORT ,. ,. • ,. ~'"... ~",,. •• 4 IEC (Election Results 3) 1999: 1. 164 JOERNAAL/JOURNAL WESSELS 2.L2THE CURRENT STATE OF PARTIES IN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY' PARTY SEATS SEATS +!- 1999 1994 African National Congress (ANC) 252 266 +14 Democratic Party (DP) 38 7 +31 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 34 43 -9
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