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TAXON:Elephantorrhiza Burkei Benth. SCORE

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TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Taxon: Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth. Family: Fabaceae Common Name(s): broad-pod Synonym(s): elephant root Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 18 May 2017 WRA Score: -1.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical, Tree, Unarmed, Fodder, N-Fixing Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 18 May 2017 (Elephantorrhiza burkei Page 1 of 13 Benth.) TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 y Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 18 May 2017 (Elephantorrhiza burkei Page 2 of 13 Benth.) TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Distribution: from Mpumalanga, Mozambique and Gauteng in the south, northwards through the Schmidt, E., Lötter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees and Limpopo Province and North-West Province, into Zimbabwe and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Botswana. General: Roots are used to tan leather. The roots are also Media, Johannesburg, South Africa used in traditional medicines for constipation and as an anti-emetic drug." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, "Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Perennial non- Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca climbing tree, shrub or small tree, cream or yellow flowers" Raton, FL 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Creation Date: 18 May 2017 (Elephantorrhiza burkei Page 3 of 13 Benth.) TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) Source(s) Notes Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds). (2003). Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. "Alt ϯϱϬʹϭϱϬϬm." National Botanical Institute, Pretoria JSTOR Global Plants. 2003. Entry for Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth. [family LEGUMINOSAE]. Entry From FZ, Vol "Altitude range c. ϵϳϬʹϭϯϳϬm." 3, Part 1, (1970) Author: J.P.M. Brenan. plants.jstor.org Wild Flower Nursery. 2017. Elephantorrhiza burkei. http://wildflowernursery.co.za/indigenous-plant- "Hardiness: Very hardy" database/elaphantorrhiza-burkei/. [Accessed 17 May 2017] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, "Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Perennial non- Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca climbing tree, shrub or small tree, cream or yellow flowers" Raton, FL Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication No evidence of widespread introduction outside native range Wild Flower Nursery. 2017. Elephantorrhiza burkei. http://wildflowernursery.co.za/indigenous-plant- Unknown. Cultivated as an ornamental in native range. database/elaphantorrhiza-burkei/. [Accessed 17 May 2017] 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2017. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed ] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Creation Date: 18 May 2017 (Elephantorrhiza burkei Page 4 of 13 Benth.) TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed y Source(s) Notes "Elephantorrhiza elephantina ... KIND OF WEED: Ruderal (general), Wells, M. J. (1986). Catalogue of problem plants in agrestal (general), pastoral (natural), health related (humans) Southern Africa. Botanical Research Institute, Republic of UNDESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS: Competitive (space, light, water, South Africa nutriment), replacing preferred vegetation (grass), poisonous, contaminant (seed) SUBJECT OF: Herbicide registration" 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes Thomas, V. & Grant, R. 2005. Sappi Tree Spotting: "Multi-stemmed shrub grows on rocky hillsides; may reach 6 m; no Bushveld, Including Pilanesberg and Magaliesberg. Jacana thorns; twice compound. blue-green leaves; leaflets slender and Media, Johannesburg, South Africa sharply pointed (7 - 15 x 1 - 4 mm);" 402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication Unknown. No evidence found 403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Thomas, V. & Grant, R. 2005. Sappi Tree Spotting: "Multi-stemmed shrub grows on rocky hillsides; may reach 6 m; no Bushveld, Including Pilanesberg and Magaliesberg. Jacana thorns; twice compound. blue-green leaves; leaflets slender and Media, Johannesburg, South Africa sharply pointed (7 - 15 x 1 - 4 mm);" [Fabaceae. No evidence] 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals n Source(s) Notes "Elephantorrhiza Burkei is a Bush-veld shrub 3-4 ft. high, but on the High- veld there are two species, E. Burchellii Benth. and E. obliqua Davy, J. B. (1922). The suffrutescent habit as an adaptation Burtt Davy, which are suffrutices with short, annual stems from a to environment. Journal of Ecology, 10(2), 211-219 stout, somewhat fusi- form, woody perennial underground rootstock. When the stems and foliage are young they are browsed by cattle and antelope." Creation Date: 18 May 2017 (Elephantorrhiza burkei Page 5 of 13 Benth.) TAXON: Elephantorrhiza burkei SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer 405 Toxic to animals Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Elephantorrhiza Burkei is a Bush-veld shrub 3-4 ft. high, but on the High- veld there are two species, E. Burchellii Benth. Davy, J. B. (1922). The suffrutescent habit as an adaptation and E. obliqua Burtt Davy, which are suffrutices with short, annual to environment. Journal of Ecology, 10(2), 211-219 stems from a stout, somewhat fusi- form, woody perennial underground rootstock.
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    ® The African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2011 Global Science Books Screening for Anti-infective Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants from Botswana Stanley Mukanganyama1 • Aku N. Ntumy2 • Fozia Maher2 • Mbaki Muzila2 • Kerstin Andrae-Marobela2,3* 1 Biomolecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box Mp167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana 3 Center for Scientific Research, Indigenous Knowledge and Innovation (CESRIKI), P.O. Box 70237, Gaborone, Botswana Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Thirty nine ethanol extracts from 26 plants widely distributed in Botswana were screened for antimicrobial activities against three Gram- positive, two Gram-negative bacterial strains, two Candida species and one Mycobacterium species. Screening was carried out at an initial concentration of 500 μg/disc using the disc agar diffusion method. Most of the plant species gave rise to antifungal activities (20/24), some of them specifically, such as Acrotome inflata, Bridelia mollis, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dicerocaryum eriocarpum, Dicoma capensis, Gomphrena celosioides, Tagetes minuta and Waltheria indica. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts with inhibitory activities against Candida albicans, a major opportunistic infective agent in immunocompromised patients, varied between 0.039 and 2.5 mg/ml. Extracts of 10 plant species inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium aurum, a non-pathogenic model organism with similar drug susceptibility as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MIC values of anti-mycobacterial extracts ranged from 0.039 to 2.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, Ocimum canum leaf extracts and Elephantorrhiza burkei root extracts displayed the lowest MICs against both HIV/AIDS opportunistic pathogens with values of 0.039 mg/ml against Mycobacterium aurum, and MIC values of 0.039 and 0.078 mg/ml against Candida albicans, respectively.
  • Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Platreef Underground Mine

    Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Platreef Underground Mine

    FLORA AND FAUNA IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED PLATREEF UNDERGROUND MINE FOR THE PROPOSED PLATREEF MINING PROJECT PLATREEF RESOURCES (PTY) LTD OCTOBER 2013 _________________________________________________ Digby Wells and Associates (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 2010/008 577/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: +27 11 789 9495, Fax: +27 11 789 9498, [email protected], www.digbywells.com ________________________________________________ Directors: A Sing*, AR Wilke, LF Koeslag, PD Tanner (British)*, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive _________________________________________________ y:\projects\platreef\pla1677_esia\4_submission\esia reports\final_eia_emp\specialist reports\fauna and flora\pla1677_fauna_and_flora_report_20131213_dp.docx Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Platreef Underground Mine PLA1677 This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental. Report Title: Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Platreef Underground Mine Project Number: PLA1677 Name Responsibility Signature Date Rudi Greffrath Report Writer 2013/09/20 Andrew Husted Report Reviewer 2013/09/20 This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may; not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent. ii Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Platreef Underground Mine PLA1677 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) was appointed by Platreef Resources (Pty) Ltd for Phase 1 and subsequently Phase 2 of the social and environmental documentation required in support of a Mining Right Application for the proposed Platreef Underground Mine.
  • Strategies for the Development of Plant Systematics in a Floristically Diverse Region

    Strategies for the Development of Plant Systematics in a Floristically Diverse Region

    Strategies for the development of plant systematics in a floristically diverse region by Janine Elizabeth Victor Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences (Plant Science) University of Pretoria Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A.E. van Wyk Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. G.F. Smith July 2015 DECLARATION I, Janine Elizabeth Victor, declare that the thesis/dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree Doctorate of Philosophy at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution. SIGNATURE: .......JtU: c!o!. ........ .. DATE: 1 July 2015 II ABSTRACT Strategies for the development of plant systematics in a floristically diverse region Janine Elizabeth Victor Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor In the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences (Department of Plant Science) University of Pretoria July 2015 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A.E. van Wyk Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. G.F. Smith South Africa is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, and harbours one of the richest floras. Vast areas of the country remain under-collected, and a large proportion of species are taxonomically problematic and under-represented in herbarium collections. These factors hinder management of biodiversity. The main intention of this study was to develop a strategy for plant taxonomic research that would meet the needs of end users, and make efficient use of scarce human and financial resources in South Africa. The development of plant taxonomy in South Africa from 1600 to 2014 is reviewed, with emphasis on the main driving factors that have influenced the research direction, techniques used, and choice of taxonomic research topic.