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2017.12.15 Metamorphosis 28 41-48 Terblanche.Pdf Volume 28: 41–48 METAMORPHOSIS www.metamorphosis.org.za ISSN 1018–6490 (PRINT) LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA ISSN 2307–5031 (ONLINE) Anoplolepis steingroeveri (Forel, 1894) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a new associated ant species record for myrmecophilous butterflies in Africa and new host-plant records for Crudaria (Wallengren, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) Published online: 15 December 2017 Reinier F. Terblanche Department of Conservation Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa Abstract: Anoplolepis steingroeveri is reported for the first time as an associated ant species for a myrmecophilous butterfly species in Africa. Two new host-plant species records for the genus Crudaria are noted; the geoxylic suffrutex Elephantorrhiza elephantina and the thorn tree Vachellia hebeclada subsp. hebeclada. The habitat of an apparently unique Crudaria population at Tswalu Kalahari Reserve is closest in profile to a sand ramp and contains both associated ant species A. steingroeveri and host-plant E. elephantina. A geoxylic suffrutex such as E. elephantina is an important alternative host-plant type in the harsh climate of the southern Kalahari but its use by Crudaria could be restricted by other factors such as depth of sandy soils and presence of appropriate associated ant species. Different kinds of sand dune ecosystems and plains adjacent to the Korannaberg Mountains and their use by different butterfly populations are indications of underestimated habitat diversity for butterflies in the southern Kalahari. Key words: Crudaria, life history, host-plant species, Elephantorrhiza, Vachellia, geoxylic suffrutex, associated ant species, Anoplolepis custodiens, Anoplolepis steingroeveri, Kalahari sands Citation: Terblanche, R.F. 2017. Anoplolepis steingroeveri (Forel, 1894) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a new associated ant species record for myrmecophilous butterflies in Africa and new host-plant records for Crudaria (Wallengren, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae). Metamorphosis 28: 41–48. INTRODUCTION 1956) and Crudaria wykehami (Dickson, 1983) are restricted to southern and eastern Africa (Heath 1997; The discovery of a unique population of the genus Boyle et al., 2014). The only ant species known to be Crudaria (Wallengren 1875) in October 2014 by the associated with Crudaria is the large Pugnacious Ant author at Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, Northern Cape, Anoplolepis custodiens (Pringle et al., 1994). South Africa led to further ecological studies of this taxon, provisionally referred to as morpho-species The consensus among Lepidopterists is that the genus Crudaria sp. TAS 6. The butterfly genus Crudaria Crudaria deserves taxonomic work because there are belongs to the largely Afrotropical subfamily likely to be undescribed taxa contained in the genus Aphnaeinae, which shows an unusual diversity of diets (Kielland, 1990; Pringle et al., 1994). Similar to other and types of symbiotic relationship (Boyle et al., myrmecophilous genera in Africa, such as Aloeides, 2014). The common ancestor of aphnaeines is likely to Chrysoritis, Thestor and Lepidochrysops, species of have been associated with myrmicine ants in the genus Crudaria could be difficult to distinguish on wing Crematogaster and plants of the order Fabales (Boyle patterns and colouration alone. Compared to other et al., 2014). Only Crudaria and one other genus myrmecophilous aphnaeine genera, such as Aloeides (Trimenia) in the Aphnaeinae are known to be and Chrysoritis, the genus Crudaria appears to be associated with formicine ants in the genus neglected both in terms of taxonomy and ecology. Anoplolepis (Heath & Brinkman 1995, Heath 1997, Detailed studies of life histories, host-plants, Boyle et al., 2014). The three species currently associated ants and behavioural ecology could inform recognized in genus Crudaria i.e. Crudaria leroma taxonomy, ecology and phylogeny of the genus. (Wallengren, 1857), Crudaria capensis (van Son, This study is part of the Tswalu Kalahari Butterfly Received: 17 March 2017 Project which is supported by the Tswalu Foundation Published: 15 December 2017 and focuses on butterfly diversity and ecology in the field. New records of host-plants and attendant ants Copyright: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons will hopefully stimulate further contributions of Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, send a letter to Creative myrmecophilous butterfly life cycles to an Commons, Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, encouraging initiative of the Lepidopterists’ Society of 94105, USA, or visit: http://creative commons.org/licenses/by- Africa, the Caterpillar Rearing Group (Staude et al., nc-nd/3.0/ 2016). Terblanche / Metamorphosis 28: 41–48 42 STUDY AREA Replications of observations and excavations were done selectively and with great care so that impacts on Tswalu Kalahari Reserve (110, 000 ha) is located the ecosystem were minimized. Once enough approximately 50 km west of Hotazel, Northern Cape information in the field had been obtained excavations Province, South Africa (Fig. 1). The landscape consists immediately ceased. Larvae were raised indoors in of the rugged Korannaberg Mountains, which are clear plastic honey jars and fed with fresh leaves, or embedded in sandy plains and dune landscapes. cut stems with leaves, of the host-plant species. A few Altitudes at Tswalu Kalahari Reserve range from 1000 ants were placed in these jars. Lids of jars were to 1570 m.a.s.l. The Savanna Biome is represented by loosened during later instars to promote aeration and five vegetation types in the Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, maintain a stable environment. Herbarium specimens of which four represent the Eastern Kalahari Bushveld of host-plants were collected by R.F. Terblanche Bioregion and one represents the Kalahari Duneveld according to Victor et al. (2004). Herbarium Bioregion. The Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion specimens were deposited in the A.P. Goossens experiences more than twice as much frost as the Herbarium (Potchefstroom, North West Province) and Central Bushveld Bioregion (Mucina & Rutherford McGregor Museum (Kimberley, Northern Cape 2006). Mean annual precipitation of vegetation types Province). in the Tswalu Kalahari Reserve range from 180 to 380 mm (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Tswalu Kalahari Ant specimens were collected selectively in the field Reserve is therefore part of a semi-arid savanna with and preserved in > 90% ethanol; some of these mean annual precipitation of less than 400 mm. specimens were kept in ethanol for future genetic Climatic conditions of the Eastern Kalahari Bushveld work. Ant specimens for reference collections were Bioregion and Kalahari Duneveld Bioregion are then mounted singly on paper triangles following therefore harsh for butterflies compared to the Central standard procedures as described by Lattke (2000). At Bushveld Bioregion and Lowveld Bioregion. least three major workers and minor workers of Anoplolepis custodiens and Anoplolepis steingroeveri of the colonies associated with Crudaria, were deposited in the AfriBUGS collection and the R.F. Terblanche collection (RT; Ant division). During August 2017, a collaboration between the author and AfriBUGS collection had been initiated. The AfriBUGS collection is a well-referenced collection which has an invertebrate reference collection, mainly of ant specimens, with the collection code AFRC (see The Insect and Spider Collections of the World) and which has links with AntWeb. Important sources used for characters and basic external morphology to identify the ants to subfamily and generic levels are Hölldobler & Wilson (1990) and Bolton (1994). Identification of Anoplolepis ant species by the author relied in particular on the latest revision of the genus by Prins (1982). Notes on ant identifications from discussions (including courses) with Peter Hawkes Figure 1 – Location of Tswalu Kalahari Reserve in southern (AfriBUGS, South Africa), Hamish Robertson (Iziko Africa. South African Museum, South Africa) and Alan Andersen (CSIRO, Australia) were taken into account. MATERIALS AND METHODS Characters of ant taxa compiled for a preliminary Observations on the behaviour and ecology of annotated list of Gauteng ant species were consulted as Crudaria adults and larvae were made as part of the well (Terblanche, 2003). Characters and ant species listed by Slingsby (2017) were also used as a helpful Tswalu Kalahari Butterfly Project, which commenced source. in July, 2013. A few Crudaria larvae that were found under the soil at the base of host-plants in the field ESULTS were collected and raised to adults. In the field there is R often more than one ant species at bases of the host- Finding of Crudaria sp. TAS 6, new host-plant species plants of myrmecophilous butterfly species so that records and associated ant species much care has been taken to identify the correct associated ant species. Finding correct associated ant A population of a small Crudaria of lighter colouration species was facilitated by 1) Careful digging around than Crudaria leroma was discovered by the author on the base of the host-plant, 2) Repeated observations of 11 October 2014 on aeolian sands, 3 km east of larvae being sheltered and being among the associated Dedeben in the Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, at ant species, and 3) Observing appropriate ant bottomlands of the Korranaberg Mountains
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