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A Reconstruction of Turkey's Marine Fisheries Catches (1950-2010)

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A Reconstruction of Turkey's Marine Fisheries Catches (1950-2010) Research Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.414 From bonito to anchovy: a reconstruction of Turkey’s marine fisheries catches (1950-2010) A. ULMAN1, Ş. BEKIŞOĞLU2, M. ZENGIN3, S. KNUDSEN4, V. ÜNAL5, C. MATHEWS6, S. HARPER1, D. ZELLER1 and D. PAULY1 1 Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada 2 Agricultural Engineer, Refik Belendir Sokak No:122/1, 06540 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey 3 Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), P.O. Box 129, 61001, Trabzon, Turkey 4 Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Fosswinckelsgt. 6, N-5020 Bergen, Norway 5 Faculty of Fisheries, Eğe University, Rectorate Gençlik Cad. No 12, 35040 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 6 Fisheries Management and Planning Consultant, Northfield House, Chelselbourne, Dorset, DT2 7NT, England Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Stelios Katsanevakis Received: 26 October 2012; Accepted: 11 March 2013; Published on line: 12 June 2013 Abstract Turkey’s marine fisheries catches were estimated for the 1950-2010 time period using a reconstruction approach, which es- timated all fisheries removals, including unreported landings, recreational landings and discards. We added these estimates to the ‘official’ data, as reported in TURKSTAT, which are also available from the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The total reconstructed catch for the 1950-2010 time period (inclusive of the reported data) is approximately 30 million t, or 63% more than the 18.4 million t of reported data. This added 11.6 million t to the reported data, consisting of 7.4 million t of unreported landings, nearly 2.6 million t of discards, and 1.45 million t of recreational catches and 1.15 million t of subsistence catches. In 2010, total reported marine landings for Turkey were 445,617 t and the total reconstructed catch was 726,272 t, or 63% more than the reported data. The main unreported taxon by tonnage was European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) due to its sheer high proportion of catch. The major reasons for underreporting include a general distrust fishers have towards the system combined with inefficient fisheries monitoring and surveillance capabilities. Accounting for all fisheries components is crucial in understanding the development of fisheries resources, improving management, and reducing threats to the domestic food security of Turkey. Keywords: Turkey, fisheries, statistics, discards, recreational, unreported. Introduction vided into sub-areas: 37.3.1 (‘Aegean Sea’); 37.3.2 (east- ern portion of the Mediterranean Sea, here referred to as Within the last few decades, global fishing effort has the ‘Levantine Sea’); 37.4 (‘Black Sea’) which is further severely extended its reach and has dramatically altered divided into 37.4.1 (‘Marmara Sea’), 37.4.2 (the ‘Black the dynamics of marine ecosystems (Swartz et al., 2010). Sea’ proper), and 37.4.3 (the ‘Sea of Azov’, not discussed Given the growing emphasis on ecosystem-based man- here). agement, it is important to have a comprehensive under- standing of total fishery removals in order to assess long- Study Area term trends and make more informed decisions regarding resource use. The Black Sea, called Karadeniz in Turkish, is one of Turkey is a country spanning Europe and west Asia, the youngest seas on the planet. It was an enclosed fresh- whose shoreline touches three major seas: the Black Sea, water lake until sea levels rose around the world (5,000- the Aegean Sea and the Levantine Sea in the eastern 8,000 years ago), and water from the Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean, and one territorial sea, the Sea of Mar- inundated the depression that is now the bottom of the mara (Fig. 1). Black Sea. At present, it has a low average salinity of 18 The United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organiza- psu. There are many large rivers that flow into the Black tion (FAO) includes these areas in FAO statistical area Sea (such as the Danube), but only one way for the water 37 (Mediterranean and Black Seas), which is further di- to exit, and that is southwards via the Bosphorus Strait. Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 309-342 309 Fig. 1: Turkey and its four surrounding seas: the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea and the Levantine Sea. Also shown are cities and straits discussed in the paper. The Bosphorus Strait (İstanbul Bogazi in Turkish) which is the site of a large recreational/subsistence fish- connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It is a ery); (3) the Aegean Sea to the city of Marmaris; (4) and natural strait, which connects ‘East’ to ‘West’, but also the Levantine Sea. We will also briefly discuss fishing in can be seen as separating Europe from Asia, with Asia waters outside the national jurisdiction of Turkey. This in the ‘East’ and Europe in the ‘West’. Turkey, whose study focuses only on wild marine fish and invertebrate territory covers both sides of the Bosphorus is thus, with capture fisheries. Russia, the only country that straddles both Europe and For a detailed introduction to the main commercially Asia. The 30 km long Bosphorus has always been of stra- fished species in Turkey, please see the supplementary tegic and economic interest, due to its unique position guide available online. An extensive detailed technical on an important maritime trade route. The Bosphorus report of this reconstruction will be published in 2013 as is the world’s most narrow strait, and is used intensely a University of British Columbia, Fisheries Centre Re- for shipping. The city of İstanbul, bustling with 17 mil- search Report (FCRR), available at [http://www.fisher- lion inhabitants, spans the southern half of the strait. The ies.ubc.ca/publications/fcrrs]. Bosphorus most likely also formed the same time as the Black Sea, between 5,000 and 8,000 years ago, due to Fishing history rising sea levels (Zaitsev & Mamaev, 1997). The Bosphorus connects southwards to the Sea of The first detailed description of Turkish fish and Marmara, which is linked to the Aegean Sea – a part of fisheries is Balık ve Balıkcılık (Deveciyan, 1915). In this the Mediterranean - by the Dardanelles (also called the book, republished in 1923 and 2006, species composition Çanakkale Strait). The south-western end of the Darda- in relation to their sales was recorded from 1909 to 1923 nelles is the southern boundary for the Sea of Marmara; from the İstanbul fish market, including weight and price. from there the Aegean Sea starts and encompasses the Mean annual marine catches were approximately 9,500 west coast of Turkey to the Turkish city of Marmaris, on metric tonnes (t) annually, estimated from the İstanbul Turkey’s south-western coast. Finally, the southern coast fish market. The fish most abundantly caught and sold of Turkey, in the easternmost part of the Mediterranean, during this period were bonito (Sarda sarda) and Atlantic also called the ‘Levantine Sea’, which is roughly parallel mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Please see Appendix Ta- to the Greek Dodecanese Islands (Fig. 1). The Turkish bles 1a (fish) and 1b (invertebrates) for a complete list of portion of this sea spans from the city of Marmaris in the taxa used in this study, which includes the current Eng- west to the Syrian border in the east. lish names (validated in Fishbase, www.fishbase.org), the Thus, for the purpose of documenting Turkey’s ma- scientific names, and the Turkish names. rine fisheries catches, we will distinguish four differ- In the 1930s, total annual national reported catches ent marine regions of Turkey: (1) the Black Sea coast, were between 25,000 and 30,000 t (Üstündağ, 2010). The from which about 75% of Turkey’s total fishery landings main species caught at this time throughout the Aegean, originate; (2) the Sea of Marmara, (which includes the Marmara and Levantine Seas were primarily bonito and Dardanelles, and also İstanbul and the Bosphorus Strait, Atlantic mackerel, and secondly, anchovy, European 310 Medit. Mar. Sci., 14/2, 2013, 309-342 pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) and turbot (Scopthalmus Turkey was 1988 with 623,404 t, not 676,000 t, as stated maximus). Bonito was such a staple, that in 1937, they in “The present status of fisheries in Turkey” (Harlioğlu, comprised 18,000 of Turkey’s 26,000 t of marine land- 2011). State-led investments in the fisheries increased ings (Üstündağ, 2010), or over two thirds of total catches. dramatically during this time, for example, credit to the Anchovy was the most important catch from the Black fisheries sector totalled around U.S.$4 million in 1976 Sea region at this time; one author estimates annual an- and peaked at around U.S.$30 million annually by the chovy catches at around 1,500 t from one among many late 1980s (Knudsen, 2009). Many anchovy processing cities along the Black Sea coast (Sayilir & Babuçoğlu, plants were quickly constructed along the Black Sea 1972). Excess anchovy catches from years with high coast to deal with this ‘new’, highly abundant fish re- abundance were utilized as manure and fertilizer. Catch source, many of which received a 40% investment grant capacity for all species was under-developed, as fishing from the government (Knudsen, 2009). In 1983, there gear was very simple; it consisted of rowboats, fish traps were just two anchovy factories, which increased to 25 and cotton fishing nets (Knudsen, 1995). According to by 1995 (Üstündağ, 2010). an early fisheries report from İstanbul from the 1940s The late 1980s saw a collapse of fish catches in the (İstanbul Belediyesi, undated), about half of the total ma- Black Sea, which decreased from almost 500,000 t in rine landings from 1944-1948 consisted of bonito.
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