DOCSLIB.ORG

Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Biavaschi, Costanza et al. Working Paper Youth unemployment and vocational training IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6890 Provided in Cooperation with: IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Suggested Citation: Biavaschi, Costanza et al. (2012) : Youth unemployment and vocational training, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6890, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/67166 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu IZA DP No. 6890 Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training Costanza Biavaschi Janneke Pieters Werner Eichhorst Nuría Rodríguez-Planas Corrado Giulietti Ricarda Schmidl Michael J. Kendzia Klaus F. Zimmermann Alexander Muravyev October 2012 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training Costanza Biavaschi Janneke Pieters IZA IZA Werner Eichhorst Nuría Rodríguez-Planas IZA IZA, IAE-CSIC and Universitat Pompeu Fabra Corrado Giulietti Ricarda Schmidl IZA IZA and University of Potsdam Michael J. Kendzia Klaus F. Zimmermann IZA IZA and Bonn University Alexander Muravyev IZA and St. Petersburg State University Discussion Paper No. 6890 October 2012 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6890 October 2012 ABSTRACT Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training1 This paper focuses on the determinants of the labor market situation of young people in developed countries and the developing world, with a special emphasis on the role of vocational training and education policies. We highlight the role of demographic factors, economic growth and labor market institutions in explaining young people’s transition into work. We then assess differences in the setup and functioning of the vocational education and training policies in major world regions, as an important driver of differential labor market situation of youth. Based on our analysis we argue in favor of vocational education and training systems combining work experience and general education and give some policy recommendations regarding the implementation of education and training systems adapted to a country’s economic and institutional context. JEL Classification: J24, I25, O17 Keywords: vocational education and training, dual vocational training, youth employment, youth unemployment Corresponding author: Werner Eichhorst IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany E-mail: [email protected] 1 This IZA Discussion Paper is based on a Background Paper for the 2013 World Development Report. The Background Paper was commissioned to IZA by the World Bank in late 2012. It can be found online on the World Bank website: http://www.worldbank.org/wdr2013. The authors are grateful for comments received from the World Bank and two anonymous reviewers. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Explaining differences in youths’ transition into employment needs to take into account, first, demographic developments and economic growth, and second, the interplay between these dynamics and long-standing institutional patterns, in particular regulatory provisions influenc- ing the supply of flexible or permanent jobs as well as education and training policies. Both general education at schools as well as different forms of vocational education and training, either at schools or on the job or combining both elements in a ‘dual apprenticeship’ are neces- sary preconditions for the employability and productivity of young people. Vocational educa- tion and training is a crucial element as it can link young people’s competences with employers’ needs. Bringing vocational training closer to the needs of dynamically changing and evolving labor markets and economies can help young people move into more productive and sustaina- ble jobs. Taking the perspective of young people, a ‘good job’ is a job that initiates a long-term investment in and attachment to the labor market. A job combined with formal training is by definition a good job. This paper is about the creation of good jobs for the young. The study argues in favor of promoting vocational education and training tailored to labor mar- ket needs, but taking into account peculiar starting conditions found in a given national or local context. While good education and training can contribute to economic productivity and social cohesion, vocational education and on-the-job-training with young workers and companies also need to involve governments, social partners or other societal actors to be stable and effective. Given major differences in the institutional setup in different parts of the world the paper dis- cusses feasible options for implementing vocational training under largely differing economic and institutional conditions. In the developmental context it is also crucial to find solutions how society can partner on vocational training with the informal sector. Challenges, but also capacities to act vary across countries and world region, depending on economic, institutional and societal context. Yet, there are some general points to be made which are relevant for most medium- and low-income countries. Promoting general education In many low- and medium income countries, policies to ensure primary and secondary school attendance, avoid early school drop-outs and leaving school at low levels of qualification are needed. Policy makers should aim at providing basic skills to every young person by compulsory participation in support classes and intensified personal support. This implies stronger empha- sis on individualized, tailored support to young people at risk, educational guidance and job search assistance (also considering incentives to parents such as conditional cash transfers). The increase of the statutory schooling age might be an avenue to increase the overall educa- tional attainment of youth – e.g., up to upper the secondary schooling level. To minimize drop- out rates, this should be done taking into account differences in motivation, ability and oppor- tunity costs of schooling. Tracking systems, based on pupil performance and preferences might 1 help reduce the number of drop-outs. However, the permeability and interconnectedness of tracks is crucial to prevent the emergence of low and high quality tracks. Stimulate the creation of formal and sustainable jobs In countries where high shares of informal employment form a major barrier to upward mobili- ty and economic progress policies should be designed to create more enterprises in the formal sector which offer formal jobs. This can be addressed by economic policy reforms such as the abolition of bureaucratic business registration procedures, tax reforms, stimulating investment in the private sector and creation of formal companies start-up support. In countries with a large segment of fixed-term contracts with limited access to training and promotion to more stable jobs, overcoming the regulatory divide between permanent and temporary jobs is the major priority. This can best be achieved by creating a flexible system of employment protec- tion easing the barriers between fixed-term and permanent jobs. Modernize
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Job Description
    Employee Name: Job Description Job Title: Transition Specialist Department: Special Education Reports To: Coordinator Salary: Classified salary schedule – Range 13 – 220 calendar days JOB SUMMARY Provides services to prepare secondary students for transition to adulthood. Areas of services include employment, community training, and connecting students and families with community resources and services where appropriate. ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Essential duties of this position include the following. Employees in this position perform some or all of the following tasks. Other related duties may be assigned. 1. Demonstrates proficiency in planning, organizing and coordinating assigned tasks. 2. Coordinates with school districts and Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Services to identify students for referral to VRS. 3. Provides recommendations about needed supports to help students be successful working on transition-related activities and assists with the development of a transition plan. 4. Sets and manages student schedules for job shadowing, work experience and other transition related learning activities. 5. Develops community contacts for potential work experience sites. 6. Provides appropriate work/transition opportunities based on student needs and skills. 7. Develops students' communication and social interaction skills through specific instruction and intervention using other available staff to assist when necessary. 8. With supervisor input, develops and implements employer feedback forms to provide instruction to students. 9. Maintains appropriate data for on-the-job training feedback to students. 10. Under direction of supervisor, completes interest inventories and other formal and informal vocational assessments. 11. Assists students in selecting appropriate job experiences and post-high school vocational and educational goals. 12. Seeks to maintain close contact and communication with employers using data collected on the job to adjust interventions and strategies that assist students to be successful on-the-job.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Education in the United States of America
    FURTHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1. Overview There is no national education system present in the United States. Due to the federal nature of the government, the local and state governments perhaps have a greater deal of control over education. As a result, there is no country-level education system or curriculum. The federal government does not operate public schools. Each state has its own Department of Education. In terms of funding, public schools receive funding from the individual state, and also from local property taxes. Public colleges and universities receive funding from the state in which they reside. Each state's legislative body decides how much funding will be given educational providers within that particular state. Students aged 1-18 do not pay tuition fees, this ends if the student wishes to go to a college or a university where students do pay tuition fees. However, some students receive some sort of funding, either through a scholarship or through a loan. In the United States, education is compulsory for all students until ages sixteen to eighteen depending on the individual state. Most high school students graduate at the age of seventeen or eighteen-years-old. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that 58% of high school graduates enrolled in colleges or universities in 2006. Students have the option of attending a two- year community college (also known as a junior college) before applying to a four-year university. Admission to community college is easier, and class sizes are often smaller than in a university. Community college students can earn an Associate's degree and transfer up to two years of course credits to a university.
    [Show full text]
  • Contract Prev.Pdf
    AGREEMENT BY AND BETWEEN THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE ESSEX COUNTY VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY AND THE ESSEX COUNTY VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2016 Table of Contents COMMON ELEMENTS 1 PREAMBLE 1 BOARD RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 1 ARTICLE ONE-RECOGNITION 1 ARTICLE TWO- NEGOTIATION PROCEDURE 2 ARTICLE THREE- SEPARABILITY AND SAVING 2 ARTICLE FOUR-FULLY- BARGAINED PORVISIONS 3 ARTICLE FIVE- ADMINISTRATION OF AGREEMENT 3 ARTICLE SIX- ASSOCIATION RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES AND 3 RESPONSIBILITIES ARTICLE SEVEN - EMPLOYEES RIGHT 4 ARTICLE EIGHT-GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE 5 ARTICLE NINE-NON- DISCRIMINATION 7 ARTICLE TEN- INSURANCE PROTECTION 7 ARTICLE ELEVEN-REPRESENTATION FEE 8 ARTICLE TWELVE-PAYROLL DEDUCTION OF ASSOCIATION DUES 10 ARTICLE THIRTEEN-DAYS OFF AND TEMPORTY LEAVES OF ABSENCE 10 TEACHER SECTION 12 ARTICLE FOURTEEN- TEACHER EMPLOYMENT 12 ARTICLE FIFTEEN- TEACHER ASSIGNMENT 12 ARTICLE SIXTEEN- TRANSFERS AND REASSIGNMENTS 13 ARTICLE SEVENTEEN- POSTING AND PROMOTIONAL POSITIONS 13 ARTICLE EIGHTEEN- PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, TUITION 14 REIMBURSEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT ARTICLE NINETEEN- TEACHER EVALUATION 15 ARTICLE TWENTY-SCHOOL CALENDAR 16 ARTICLE TWENTY ONE- TEACHING HOURS 16 ARTICLE TWENTY TWO- CLASS SIZE 19 ARTICLE TWENTY THREE- SUBSTITUTES AND SUBSTITUTIONS 19 ARTICLE TWENTY FOUR- TEACHER FACILITIES 20 ARTICLE TWENTY FIVE-PROTECTION OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND 20 PROPERTY ARTICLE TWENTY SIX- SICK LEAVE 21 ARTICLE TWENTY SEVEN- CHILD-REARING LEAVE AND MATERNITY 21 DISABILITY ARTICLE TWENTY
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Further Education Learning
    BIS RESEARCH PAPER NUMBER 104 The Impact of Further Education Learning JANUARY 2013 1 The Impact of Further Education Learning The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 1 Victoria Street London SW1H 0ET www.gov.uk/bis Research paper number 71 January 2013 2 The Impact of Further Education Learning About London Economics London Economics is one of Europe's leading specialist economics and policy consultancies and has its head office in London. We also have offices in Brussels, Dublin, Cardiff and Budapest, and associated offices in Paris and Valletta. We advise clients in both the public and private sectors on economic and financial analysis, policy development and evaluation, business strategy, and regulatory and competition policy. Our consultants are highly-qualified economists with experience in applying a wide variety of analytical techniques to assist our work, including cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis, policy simulation, scenario building, statistical analysis and mathematical modelling. We are also experienced in using a wide range of data collection techniques including literature reviews, survey questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. Head Office: 71-75 Shelton Street, London, WC2H 9JQ, United Kingdom. w: www.londecon.co.uk e: [email protected] t: +44 (0)20 7866 8185 f: +44 (0)20 7866 8186 The Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute Ipsos MORI's Social Research Institute is the leader in public sector research, helping policy and decision-makers understand what works. We bridge the gap between government and the public, providing robust research and analysis to help clients evaluate what works.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper Series Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division
    Working Paper Series Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division December 2018 MPFD Working Papers WP/18/06 Contents I. Introduction ........................................................................................... 3 II. Literature review .................................................................................... 4 III. Indonesian context ................................................................................. 6 A. Education system .............................................................................................. 6 B. Labour market condition ................................................................................... 7 IV. Data characteristics ................................................................................ 7 V. The effect of school type on labour outcome .......................................... 9 A. Empirical approach ........................................................................................... 9 B. Estimation results ........................................................................................... 10 C. Heterogeneous effects of labour outcomes by age .......................................... 13 D. Heterogeneous effects of labour outcomes by academic ability ...................... 16 VI. Conclusion and policy implications ....................................................... 17 Reference .…..…………………………………………………………………………………………….19 i MPFD Working Papers WP/18/06 From School to Work: Does Vocational Education Improve Labour Market
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon Petroleum Educational Reimbursement Plan
    Educational Reimbursement Plan Marathon Petroleum Educational Reimbursement Plan Effective January 1, 2021 Educational Reimbursement Plan Table of Contents I. Objective ..................................................................................................................................................................1 II. Employee Eligibility.................................................................................................................................................1 III. Tuition Assistance ...................................................................................................................................................1 IV. Certification and Licensing Assistance ...............................................................................................................6 V. Approval ...................................................................................................................................................................9 VI. Taxability of Educational Reimbursement Benefits ...........................................................................................9 VII. Participation by Associated Companies and Organizations ............................................................................9 VIII. Transfers and Termination of Employment ....................................................................................................... 10 IX. Further Information .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Action Plan on Bullying – Report of the Anti
    Action Plan On Bullying Report of the Anti-Bullying Working Group to the Minister for Education and Skills January 2013 Anti-Bullying Action Plan – Design Template Table of Contents Programme for Government Commitment ................................................................ - 5 - Welcome from Minister ................................................................................................ - 6 - Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... - 8 - Introduction and Background .................................................................................... - 11 - What is bullying? ......................................................................................................... - 15 - Impact of bullying ...................................................................................................... - 31 - What do children and young people say about bullying? .................................... - 45 - What are schools already required to do? .............................................................. - 51 - Do we need more legislation? .................................................................................. - 69 - Responses to bullying in schools............................................................................... - 75 - This is not a problem schools can solve alone ........................................................ - 93 - Action Plan on Bullying ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Careers Education and Guidance for 14-19 Year Olds
    The Case for Careers Education and Guidance for 14-19 Year Olds Marian Morris March 2004 National Foundation for Educational Research An overview of NFER’s research findings on careers education and guidance The recent interim report by the Working Group on 14-19 Reform (DfES, 2004) brought into sharp focus the need for a coherent, integrated and well planned careers education and guidance programme in schools and colleges. In order for young people to make the most of the opportunities in the proposed 14-19 curriculum, Tomlinson argued that young people ‘must be prepared with the skills and self-awareness to exercise their choices effectively’. What are these skills? How compelling is the evidence that such skills can support young people in making effective choices about their future? How well prepared are schools and colleges to support their students’ career development? This briefing paper explores some of the summarised findings from a number of large-scale research studies conducted at NFER (mostly on behalf of the DfES and its predecessor Departments, but also on behalf of a number of different careers services) over the last decade. It argues that it is possible to identify the skills that promote successful transition and traces some of the links between successful transition and programmes of careers education and guidance. It also suggests that, in the light of the Tomlinson Report (2004), the recent National Audit Office report (2004) and the findings from current research on transition from schools engaged in Excellence in Cities and Aimhigher (Morris and Rutt, 2003); the conclusions from this earlier research are equally pertinent today.
    [Show full text]
  • PREVENTING and ERADICATING BULLYING “Creating a Psychologically Healthy Workplace”
    PREVENTING and ERADICATING BULLYING “Creating a Psychologically Healthy Workplace” RESOURCE GUIDE And TALKING POINTS for LEADERS AND CHANGE CHAMPIONS March 25, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 Section I: Resource Guide 4-18 Working Definition and Example Language Describing Bullying 5 Factors to Consider When Evaluating The Example Language 6 Other Definitions of Bullying 7 Types of Bullying 7 Examples of Bullying Behavior and Its Impact 8 Research Results Related to Bullying: Elementary and Secondary Education 9 Research Related to Bullying: College and Universities 10 Research Related to Bullying: The American Workplace 12 Leading and Best Practices to Prevent and Address Bullying 13 What Not To Do: Misdirection In Bullying Prevention and Response 14 The Namie Blueprint to Prevent and Correct Workplace Bullying 15 History of Workplace Bullying 17 SECTION II: TALKING POINTS 19-35 Presentation Slides 20 Conversations About Bullying: An Activity 31 SECTION III: RESOURCES 36-39 1 INTRODUCTION Awareness of bullying as an undesirable and harmful behavior has increased over the past few years. From grade schools to colleges, from workplaces to professional sports, stories about bullying and its debilitating and sometimes life-threatening impact have become part of everyday communications. Leading print and digital newspapers have dedicated feature articles on the subject. The Internet, through social media sites and blogs, has posted numerous comments about school and workplace bullying. In July of 2010, Parade magazine, a syndicated periodical distributed with Sunday editions of newspapers across the country, asked its readers if “workplace bullying should be illegal?” More than 90 percent of the respondents said yes. As recent as February 2014, USA Today, a major national publication, published an article entitled, “Hurt Can Go On Even After Bullying Stops.” The article indicated that early intervention is key to stop bullying because the health effects can persist even after bullying stops.
    [Show full text]
  • Transition Guide to Postsecondary Education and Employment for Students and Youth with Disabilities, Washington, D.C., 2017
    A TRANSITION GUIDE TO POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT FOR STUDENTS AND YOUTH WITH DISABILITIES OFFICE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REVISED MAY 2017 U.S. Department of Education Betsy DeVos Secretary Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Ruth Ryder Delegated the duties of the Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services May 2017 Initially issued January 2017 This report is in the public domain. Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in part is granted. While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, the citation should be: U.S. Department of Education (Department), Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, A Transition Guide to Postsecondary Education and Employment for Students and Youth with Disabilities, Washington, D.C., 2017. To obtain copies of this report: Visit: www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/transition/products/postsecondary-transition-guide-2017.pdf On request, this publication is available in alternate formats, such as Braille, large print, or computer diskette. For more information, please contact the Department’s Alternate Format Center at 202-260-0852 or 202-260-0818. All examples were prepared by American Institutes for Research under contract to the Department’s Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) with information provided by grantees and others. The examples provided in this guide do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department. The Department has not independently verified the content of these examples and does not guarantee accuracy or completeness. Not all of the activities described in the examples are necessarily funded under Parts B or D of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) or the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehabilitation Act), as amended by Title IV of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA).
    [Show full text]
  • What Works in the Provision of Higher, Further and Continuing Education, Training and Rehabilitation for Adults with Disabilities? a Review of the Literature
    What Works in the Provision of Higher, Further and Continuing Education, Training and Rehabilitation for Adults with Disabilities? A Review of the Literature Carmel Duggan and Michael Byrne NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION RESEARCH15 REPORT NO.15 What Works in the Provision of Higher, Further and Continuing Education, Training and Rehabilitation for Adults with Disabilities? A Review of the Literature Carmel Duggan and Michael Byrne, WRC Social and Economic Consultants Ltd A report commissioned by the NCSE 2013 The National Council for Special Education has funded this research. Responsibility for the research (including any errors or omissions) remains with the authors. The views and opinions contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the Council. NCSE RESEARCH REPORTS NO: 15 © NCSE 2013 National Council for Special Education 1–2 Mill Street Trim Co. Meath An Chomhairle Náisiúnta um Oideachas Speisialta 1–2 Sráid an Mhuilinn Baile Átha Troim Co. na Mí T: 046 948 6400 F: 046 948 6404 www.ncse.ie Table of Contents Foreword .........................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................viii Glossary of Acronyms .............................................................................................ix Executive Summary ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Apprenticeship Programs
    The Workplace Connection Apprenticeship Programs September 2017 Apprenticeship programs are designed to help workers master SCTCS apprenticeship consultants work with local education a marketable skill, thus enhancing the supply of workers to and private sector partners throughout the apprenticeship meet labor demand needs.1 “Under apprenticeship programs, development process, from initial information sessions for parents individuals undertake productive work for their employer, earn and students, through the student interview and hiring phase. a salary, receive training primarily through supervised work- Students who receive internships are compensated for their work based learning, and take academic instruction that is related (up to twenty hours per week) in addition to earning course to the apprenticeship occupation.”2 Development of work- credits. State funding covers the $1 million annual cost for the readiness skills is critical for teens’ and young adults’ employment program. To entice private-sector participation, employers prospects, as evidenced by the bleak employment outlook for receive a tax credit of $1,000 per apprentice.8 The total annual young adults entering the workforce without them.3 Educational budgetary cost for the state per apprentice is roughly $1,250, pathways that provide work-readiness training, such as structured including the tax credit.9 apprenticeship programs, can improve labor force prospects and outcomes for teens and young adults. Anecdotal evidence suggests that students participating in apprenticeship programs have higher high school graduation A 2012 Mathematica evaluation of ten states finds that individuals rates than comparable youth.10 Although there has been who complete a registered apprenticeship program earn no rigorous evaluation of the Youth Apprenticeship Carolina an average of $301,533 more in wages and benefits during program’s impact on student outcomes, participation has their careers than individuals who do not participate in an been growing among both companies and students.
    [Show full text]