Sir Stephen Wall, GCMG, Interviewed by Thomas Raineau (Université De Paris-Sorbonne)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sir Stephen Wall, GCMG, Interviewed by Thomas Raineau (Université De Paris-Sorbonne) 1 BDOHP Biographical details and index Sir John Stephen WALL, GCMG 2004 (KCMG 1996; CMG 1990); LVO 1983 (Born 10 January 1947) Career outline with, on right, relevant page numbers in the oral history to the career stage: Entry to Diplomatic Service, 1968 pp 4-5 Addis Ababa, 1969–72 - Private Secretary to HM Ambassador, Paris, 1972–74 pp 8-10 First Secretary, FCO, 1974–76 pp 10-12 Press Officer, No 10 Downing Street, 1976–77 - Assistant Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary, 1977–79 pp 13-18 First Secretary, Washington, 1979–83 pp 20-23 Asst Head, later Head, European Community Dept, FCO, 1983–88 pp 23-27 Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary, 1988–90 pp 27-29 Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, 1991–93 pp 29-30 Ambassador to Portugal, 1993–95 pp 32-33 Ambassador and UK Perm. Rep. to EU, Brussels, 1995–2000 pp 34-39 Head of European Secretariat, Cabinet Office, and EU Adviser pp 39-44 to the Prime Minister, 2000–04 2 Sir Stephen Wall, GCMG, interviewed by Thomas Raineau (Université de Paris-Sorbonne) Part 1. Tuesday 14 December 2010. 11.15am. London, The Wolseley Part 2. Tuesday 28 February 2012. 3.00 pm. London, The Wallace Restaurant Copyright: Sir Stephen Wall TR: First of all Sir Stephen, let me thank you one more time for accepting this interview. If you agree with this procedure, we will go through your career chronologically, and try to deal with some particular points and questions about the overall architecture of the European machinery that exist in Whitehall. Let’s start with your educational background and your studies if you do not mind talking about personal matters. If I am not wrong, you were an undergraduate student at Selwyn College, Cambridge. Which subjects were you reading? SW: I was reading French and Spanish. TR: And you were studying in Cambridge in the early Sixties? SW: In the mid-Sixties, from 1965 to 1968. TR: At that time, did you hear from the European Community? Was it debated within University circles (such as the Students’ Union or various Debating Societies)? Did you have an opinion about it? SW: Not much, no. I was at school still, when de Gaulle cast his first veto in 1963, and that was a very traumatic experience, for Britain generally. I think it is hard now to remember, but it was a big shock, because he [de Gaulle] was a World War Two ally, etc., and suddenly, the guy who - we thought - owed us something, was humiliating us. And it was a demonstration that Britain was not the country that it once was. We all knew that our economy was doing less well than the economies of the European Community countries. And I remember that very strongly, but it was more a feeling, because most people of my generation were rather idealistic about Europe. I was born just after the War. We bought into the Monnet ideal, really. But I remember that [the veto] being discussed a lot in school at that time. 3 TR: At school? SW: Yes, I was by then in the Sixth form, not quite my last year, but getting on that way. And I think in general, among certainly my friends from University – partly because we were doing languages, and that meant basically either French or German or possibly Spanish, so I think you would not have found anybody who did not think it was a good idea for Britain to be a member of the European Community. Among that community [students of languages] obviously more widely. The fact is that when Harold Wilson reapplied to join in 1967, he had a lot of popular support, and when de Gaulle vetoed the application for the second time, public opinion went down. And I think what you see now with Turkey is rather similar: you see public opinion in Turkey fluctuating. You know, if you don’t feel loved, well, public opinion reacts. TR: I notice that you have used the word “humiliation”, which is not so common to find in historical accounts or essays about Britain and Europe. And you used the word as well in the first pages of your first book1. According to you, the vetoes meant humiliation? SW: Yes. And when you watch the news clips of de Gaulle, of both his press conferences, you can see this wonderful magisterial style. It was politely done, but it was surely de haut en bas. TR: In the first pages of your book, you also explain that you had a family background and family ties that might explain you were sympathetic to continental events. Do you also think that religion matters in that respect? Did the fact of being Catholic play any role in that wider sympathy to continental Europe? SW: Probably. But I think it was more than that. My mother had lived for several months in France after she left school in the 1920s; my father had fought in World War One, and they both travelled, they used to travel to Germany a lot on holiday before World War Two. My mother spoke very good French, my father spoke French and German, which was normal for educated people of that generation. So I think it was more a feeling of familiarity with continental Europe. Yes, a cultural background, definitely. TR: Did you choose to read French and Spanish in Cambridge because you were interested in international affairs, or because your intention was already to join the Diplomatic Service? 1 A Stranger in Europe. Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair, Oxford University Press, 2008 4 SW: It really came to me at quite a young age. I was good at French, and I became good at Spanish, and I was better at those subjects than any other. So it came into my head that a career in the British Diplomatic Service could be interesting, but I knew nothing about it, I had no family connections with it. But the idea had lodged into my mind and sort of stuck there. But my father was an engineer, and had I been good at maths, there is a fair chance I would have become an engineer, but I was not good at maths, so I haven’t. So there is no great logic in it I’m afraid. TR: So when, one day, you decided to try to join the Diplomatic Service … SW: Which I decided when I was twelve. TR: A decision that was definitely early then. And you opted for the Diplomatic Service, and not for the Home Civil Service. SW: Yes, definitely. Why? Well, I knew nothing about it, but it just sounded attractive. TR: So when you took this decision, did you know how to proceed? Was there a great difference in the recruiting procedure between the Home Civil Service and the Diplomatic Service? SW: Yes. The basic routine was the same for all, for what was then known as the “Administrative class” of the Civil Service, and the Diplomatic Service used to take about 25 people a year in those years. You went through a series of exams and interviews, which were common to the whole of that level of the Civil Service until the final interview. And this final interview was more specialized in terms of the Department which you wanted to join. And for the Diplomatic Service – well nowadays we talk about the Foreign Office, nobody talks about the Diplomatic Service – in those days, it was not quite like a military career but it was a thing apart. It had its own esprit de corps, a kind of feeling that, when you signed up, you signed an undertaking that you were prepared to go wherever you were sent - there was no process of choosing where you went – you said where you wanted to go but ultimately you were sent. There was an overall feeling of being an elite: in those days, most of the intake at that level was from Oxford and Cambridge, it was just a fact, and it enhanced that sense of being part of an elite. TR: You joined the Diplomatic Service in 1968 and you were immediately sent to Ethiopia. 5 SW: Not immediately. I was sent off to New York. In those days, you had two weeks of training, and that was it. Two weeks of training were your training for life, and I learnt the basics: in the Foreign Office, you don’t knock on the door, you just go into the room, you never knock on the door because the assumption is nothing that you shouldn’t see is going on behind the door, and so you don’t waste people’s time; or how to write a submission to the Secretary of State, how to draft a telegram, etc. There were very basic things, but useful things to know. And I was sent off to New York to the General Assembly, because there were always two people in the new intake who were sent to New York, basically as “dogs’ bodies” really. But it was a great introduction. Then I came back after three months and I worked for 9 months – we had two United- Nations Departments – and I was in the United Nations Economic and Social Department, and then I was posted to Ethiopia. TR: 1968 is also the year when the Fulton Report on the Civil Service was published. Did you hear about it? Was it commented on within diplomatic circles? SW: Yes, but it did not impinge very much on the Diplomatic Service, for the two worlds were separated in the sense that in those days, the Cabinet Secretary and the Head of the Civil Service were two separate people, and now it is combined in one person [note: these two posts were once again split between two people on the retirement of Gus O’ Donnell].
Recommended publications
  • FRASER, Sir Simon James, GCMG
    BDOHP Interview Index and Biographical Details Sir Simon James Fraser, GCMG, 2016 (KCMG 2013; CMG 2009) Biographical Details with (on right) relevant pages in the interview: Entered Diplomatic Service, 1979 pp 2-3 UKMIS, New York, United Nations, and UN Dept, FCO, 1979-80 pp 3-6 Arabic language training, 1981 pp 6-8 Second Secretary, Baghdad, 1982–84 pp 9-24 Second Secretary, Damascus, 1984-86 pp 14-17 First Secretary, FCO, 1986–88 pp 17-19 (South Africa sanctions desk, pp 16-17; Iran-Iraq war desk, p 18) Private Secretary to Minister of State, FCO, 1989–90 pp 20-22 Policy Planning Staff, FCO, 1991–92 pp 22-24 Assistant Head, Non-Proliferation and Defence Dept, FCO, 1992–93 - First Secretary, Financial and Economic Affairs, Paris, 1993–96 pp 24-26 Deputy Chef de Cabinet of Vice-President of EC, 1996–99 pp 26-29 Political Counsellor, Paris, 1999–2002 pp 30-32 Director for Strategy and Innovation, FCO, 2002–04 pp 32-35 Director Middle East, FCO, 2004 pp 35-36 Chief of Staff to Peter Mandelson, EC, 2004–08 pp 36-41 Director General for Europe and Globalisation, FCO, 2008–09 pp 41-42 Permanent Secretary, BERR, later BIS, 2009–10 pp 43-45 Permanent Under-Secretary of State, FCO, and Head of Diplomatic pp 45-57 Service, 2010–15. 1 BRITISH DIPLOMATIC ORAL HISTORY PROGRAMME RECOLLECTIONS OF SIR SIMON FRASER GCMG RECORDED AND TRANSCRIBED BY ABBEY WRIGHT Copyright: Sir Simon Fraser AW: This is 11 July 2018 and Sir Simon Fraser is giving his recollections of his diplomatic career.
    [Show full text]
  • BALLIOL COLLEGE ANNUAL RECORD 2019 1 ANNUAL RECORD 2019 Balliol College Oxford OX1 3BJ Telephone: 01865 277777 Website
    2019 BALLIOL COLLEGE ANNUAL RECORD 2019 1 ANNUAL RECORD 2019 Balliol College Oxford OX1 3BJ Telephone: 01865 277777 Website: www.balliol.ox.ac.uk Editor: Anne Askwith (Publications and Web Officer) Printer: Ciconi Ltd FRONT COVER The JCR after refurbishment, 2019. Photograph by Stuart Bebb. Editorial note This year’s edition of the Annual Record sees some changes, as we continue to heed and act on the views expressed in the alumni survey 2017, review how best this publication can record what goes on at Balliol during the academic year, and endeavour to use resources wisely. For the first time theAnnual Record has been printed on 100% recycled paper. We are distributing it to more people via email (notifiying them that it is available online) and we have printed fewer copies than we did previously. To change your preference about whether you would like to receive a print copy of the Record or to be notified when it is available to read online (or if you would like to change how Balliol communicates with you or how you receive any of our publications), please contact the Development Office at the address opposite or manage your preferences online at www.alumniweb.ox.ac.uk/balliol. ‘News and Notes’ from Old Members (formerly in the Annual Record) is now published in Floreat Domus. We welcome submissions for the next edition, including news of births and marriages, and photographs: please send these by email to [email protected]. Deaths will continue to be listed in the Annual Record; please send details to the Development Office at the address opposite or by email to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Whitehall in Brussels: the Uk Permanent Representation to the Eu
    WHITEHALL IN BRUSSELS: THE UK PERMANENT REPRESENTATION TO THE EU MATT BEVINGTON WHITEHALL IN BRUSSELS: THE UK PERMANENT REPRESENTATION TO THE EU 1 FOREWORD The UK has left the European Union but the two sides, as neighbours, partners and competitors, will need to continue to work with each other. How this happens matters. The UK Permanent Represeenation to the European Union was, during the UK’s membership, a crucial cog in the machinery both of UK-EU interaction and of coordination within Whitehall. Renamed the UK Mission to the EU it will continue to play a vital role. I’d like to thank Matt Bevington for producing this report for us, and to recommend it to you as an invaluable summary both of how the UK interacted with the EU in the past, and what role UKMiss might play in those interactions going forward. More broadly, as Matt has now left UKICE to work elsewhere, this serves as an opportunity to thank him for all his work for us over the last few years. He will be sadly missed. In addition, thanks are due to Jill Rutter for editing and checking over the report, and Navjyot Lehl for handling design issues. I hope you find what follows interesting and useful. Anand Menon 10 March 2021 2 WHITEHALL IN BRUSSELS: THE UK PERMANENT REPRESENTATION TO THE EU CONTENTS Foreword 2 Introduction 4 The Permanent Representation to the EU 5 Size 6 Culture 7 Structure 8 Senior officials 13 Permanent Representative 13 Deputy Permanent Representative 17 EU Sherpa 19 Negotiation 24 Tactics 25 Personalities and experience 27 Engaging with Whitehall 31 Explaining Europe 31 A changing EU 34 Influencing policy 34 Influencing at EU level 38 The British approach 38 European Parliament 40 Bureaucratic positions 43 Brexit 46 The renegotiation 48 After the referendum 50 The UK Mission to the EU 55 Conclusion 58 WHITEHALL IN BRUSSELS: THE UK PERMANENT REPRESENTATION TO THE EU 3 INTRODUCTION The UK has left the EU, but a close and important relationship between the two is inevitable and needs to be maintained.
    [Show full text]
  • SHEINWALD, Sir Nigel Elton, GCMG (B 1953)
    1 BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index SHEINWALD, Sir Nigel Elton (born 26 June 1953) GCMG 2011 (KCMG 2001; CMG 1999) Career (with, on right, relevant pages in interview) Joined Diplomatic Service, 1976 pp 2-3 Japan Desk, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1976-77 p 3 Russian language training, 1977-78 pp 4-5 Third, later Second Secretary, Moscow, 1978-79 pp 5-15 Rhodesia/Zimbabwe Department, FCO, 1979-81 pp 16-18 Eastern European and Soviet Department, FCO, 1981-83 pp 18-21 First Secretary, Washington, 1983-87 pp 21-34 Deputy Head, Policy Planning Staff, FCO, 1987-89 - European Community Department (Internal), FCO, 1989-92 see below Counsellor and Head of Chancery, UK Perm. Rep. to EU, 1993-95 see below Head of News Department, FCO, 1995-98 pp 57-67 Director, EU, FCO, 1998-2000 see below Ambassador and UK Perm. Rep to EU, Brussels, 2000-03 see below Foreign Policy and Defence Adviser to the Prime Minister, 2003-07 pp 69-85 Ambassador to the United States, 2007-12 pp 85-100 Prime Minister’s Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement - data sharing, 2014-15 The interview talks about Sir Nigel’s work on Europe in general, 1989-2003, pp 35-57, rather than taking his individual posts separately. 2 BRITISH DIPLOMATIC ORAL HISTORY PROGRAMME RECOLLECTIONS OF SIR NIGEL SHEINWALD GCMG RECORDED AND TRANSCRIBED BY CATHERINE MANNING This is a recording for the British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Catherine Manning interviewing Sir Nigel Sheinwald on 5th July 2016. CM: Nigel, we are going to begin at the start of your career when you were in Moscow, but before we come onto that, would you tell me how it was that you came to join the Foreign Office? NS: I did a four-year course at university and I embarked on my last year not having thought at all about what I was going to do afterwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
    Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament Annual Report 2016–2017 Chair: The Rt. Hon. Dominic Grieve QC MP Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament Annual Report 2016–2017 Chair: The Rt. Hon. Dominic Grieve QC MP Presented to Parliament pursuant to sections 2 and 3 of the Justice and Security Act 2013 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 20 December 2017 HC 655 © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at isc.independent.gov.uk Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us via our webform at isc.independent.gov.uk/contact ISBN 978-1-5286-0168-9 CCS1217631642 12/17 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office THE INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY COMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT This Report reflects the work of the previous Committee,1 which sat from September 2015 to May 2017: The Rt. Hon. Dominic Grieve QC MP (Chair) The Rt. Hon. Richard Benyon MP The Most Hon. the Marquess of Lothian QC PC (from 21 October 2016) The Rt. Hon. Sir Alan Duncan KCMG MP The Rt. Hon. Fiona Mactaggart MP (until 17 July 2016) The Rt. Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • A 'Special Relationship'?
    A ‘special relationship’? prelims.p65 1 08/06/2004, 14:37 To Karin prelims.p65 2 08/06/2004, 14:37 A ‘special relationship’? Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson and Anglo- American relations ‘at the summit’, 1964–68 Jonathan Colman Manchester University Press Manchester and New York distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave prelims.p65 3 08/06/2004, 14:37 Copyright © Jonathan Colman 2004 The right of Jonathan Colman to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA Distributed exclusively in Canada by UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 7010 4 hardback EAN 978 0 7190 7010 5 First published 2004 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset by Freelance Publishing Services, Brinscall www.freelancepublishingservices.co.uk Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn prelims.p65 4 08/06/2004, 14:37 Contents Acknowledgements page vi Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 1 The approach to the summit 20 2 The Washington summit, 7–9 December 1964 37 3 From discord to cordiality, January–April 1965 53 4 ‘A battalion would be worth a billion’? May–December 1965 75 5 Dissociation, January–July 1966 100 6 A declining relationship, August 1966–September 1967 121 7 One ally among many, October 1967–December 1968 147 Conclusion: Harold Wilson and Lyndon B.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe Restructured: Vote to Leave
    i Europe Restructured: Vote to Leave David Owen Revised 2016 edition Methuen ii First published in Great Britain in 2012 by Methuen & Co 35 Hospital Fields Road York YO10 4DZ Revised editions 2015, 2016 Copyright © David Owen 2012, 2015, 2016 Map in Chapter 1 © Jennifer Owens Cover design: BRILL David Owen has asserted his rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1998 to be identified as the author of this work. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-413-77798-0 (ebook) This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. iii Contents About the author v Key dates in the history of European integration vi EU terminology xv Europe 2016 xxiv Preface xxv 1. The case for leaving the EU 1 2. The path to the 1975 referendum on the EEC 21 3. The path to the disastrous Eurozone 50 4. Why the Common Foreign and Security Policy is not vital for the UK 77 5. NATO should be the only defence organisation in Europe 98 6. NHS in England: EU law now at the stage where it will prevail 123 7. European Monetary Union 141 iv About the author David Owen was in the House of Commons for 26 years and was Foreign Secretary in James Callaghan’s government from 1977–79.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever the Diplomat: Confessions of a Foreign Office Mandarin Pdf
    FREE EVER THE DIPLOMAT: CONFESSIONS OF A FOREIGN OFFICE MANDARIN PDF Sherard Cowper-Coles | 336 pages | 28 Mar 2013 | HarperCollins Publishers | 9780007436019 | English | London, United Kingdom Ever the Diplomat : Sherard Cowper-Coles : Sherard Cowper-Coles had a distinguished and varied year Foreign Office career that allowed him to observe and shape numerous diplomatic dramas that are detailed here. After tours in Cairo and Ever the Diplomat: Confessions of a Foreign Office Mandarin in the s, he ran the Hong Kong Department from London in the run-up to handover in More recently he was ambassador in Saudi Arabia and then to Afghanistan. Like many diplomats schooled in the stringent discipline of reading and writing official telegrams that must Ever the Diplomat: Confessions of a Foreign Office Mandarin both succinct and magisterial, Cowper-Coles writes extremely well. Subscription Notification. We have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details. Please update your billing details here. Please update your billing information. The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. Please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription. Your subscription will end shortly. Please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the UK. Accessibility Links Skip to content. Menu Close. Log in Subscribe. Stephen Robinson. Sunday November 04 Ever the Diplomat Audiobook | Sherard Cowper-Coles | Inhe married Bridget Mary Elliott. Her father was Neil Elliott, a prominent land agent whose brother was the actor Denholm Elliott and whose father had been assassinated while serving as Solicitor-General to the Mandatory Government of Palestine in and who was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Gulf States
    1390_A8-A13 11/4/08 5:11 PM Page 226 330-383/B428-S/40005 Persian Gulf States 72. Memorandum of Conversation1 Washington, March 11, 1969. SUBJECT US–UK Talks—Persian Gulf PARTICIPANTS (Morning Session) UK US John Freeman—British Ambassador Joseph J. Sisco—Asst. Secretary, Geoffrey Arthur—Asst. Under Secretary, NEA Foreign Office Richard Pedersen—Counselor Sir Leslie Glass—Ambassador, Deputy Ambassador William Buffum— Permanent Rep., UKUN USUN Edward Tomkins—Minister, UK Embassy Rodger P. Davies—Deputy Asst. John Thomson—Counselor, Foreign Secretary, NEA Office Harold Saunders—White House Michael Wilford—Counselor, UK Elizabeth Brown—IO/UNP Embassy William Brewer—NEA/ARP Alan Urwick—First Secretary, UK Theodore Eliot—NEA/IRN Embassy Arthur Day—IO/UNP Stephen Egerton—First Secretary, John Gatch—NEA/ARP UK Embassy Mr. Arthur said that there was such a short time left during the morning session to discuss the Persian Gulf that he was prepared to come back in the afternoon with whomever was interested and con- sider the rest of the agenda. Mr. Sisco said he was extremely sorry that he could not come back in the afternoon but asked Mr. Arthur to give him a succinct statement on the Persian Gulf, which Mr. Arthur could expand on in the afternoon session. Mr. Arthur said he would be glad to do this, noting that the UK had only three specific questions it wanted to have answers to. These concerned: 1) US plans for MIDEASTFOR; 2) US views on Saudi policy; and 3) US plans for diplomatic representation in the Gulf. Mr. Arthur then said that the important thing to remember about the Persian Gulf is that it is the dividing line between the Persians and 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL UK–US.
    [Show full text]
  • Far Apart but Close Together
    1 Far Apart but Close Together A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Career Structure and Organisational Culture of the Post-War British Diplomatic Service. Michael J. Hughes and Roger H. Platt Abstract A good deal has been written about the organisation and structure of the British diplomatic establishment since 1945. This paper seeks to use detailed quantitative and qualitative data to help develop an understanding of the background and career trajectories of the most senior figures in the Diplomatic Service in 1975. By tracing their careers it is possible to identify more precisely than before the changing educational and social background of these individuals when compared with previous generations of diplomats. The paper also examines certain core features of the culture of the diplomatic establishment during the post-war decades, analysing how it both shaped and was shaped by particular structures and practices. The paper argues that, despite the existence of a peripatetic career structure that dispersed members of the diplomatic establishment around the globe, there were still numerous opportunities for the kinds of personal contact necessary to maintain an integrated culture. 1 2 During the three decades following the end of the War against the Axis powers, British governments faced a complex and evolving set of issues when managing their country’s external relations. Although both the nature and extent of British ‘decline’ has been questioned by historians,1 the unmistakeable shift in global hard power towards the two
    [Show full text]
  • The United Kingdom's 2001-2003 Preparation for the Invasion of Iraq
    1 Between Dream and Deed: The United Kingdom’s 2001-2003 Preparation for the Invasion of Iraq by KAROLIEN EMMA MICHELLE KEARY Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY 2017 2 Between Dream and Deed: The United Kingdom’s 2001-2003 Preparation for the Invasion of Iraq by KAROLIEN EMMA MICHELLE KEARY Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY 2017 3 To my grandmothers, who should have had a chance to study geography and languages. 4 Declarations This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. I give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. The word count of the thesis is 90,397 words. The views expressed in this work are the author’s own and do not reflect the official position of the Federal Public Service of Foreign Affairs or the Belgian government. 5 Acknowledgements When four years ago I pleaded with the department to get Hidemi as a new supervisor, I knew working with him would be an intellectual delight and suspected it would change the way I understood the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Bienekphd2020.Pdf
    This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. The United Kingdom in the European Community: The diplomacy of the UK government towards the Single European Act, 1984-5 Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Caspar Johannes Bienek Keele University July 2020 Abstract This dissertation examines the policy making of the United Kingdom towards the Single European Act (SEA) from June 1984 to December 1985. The SEA codified the practice of foreign policy coordination and began a process of liberalising the Single Market of the European Community (EC). The literature has identified the SEA as an important milestone in the process of European integration. Controversy surrounds the question as to how Margaret Thatcher could sign the SEA but afterwards say she did not like it. This research makes a contribution with a multi-archival and multilingual analysis of the UK government’s decision making and diplomacy in the negotiations that lead to the SEA. This dissertation argues that the UK government’s approach to the SEA went through two phases. In the first phase, Thatcher unsuccessfully attempted to lead the EC, in cooperation with Germany and France, into formalising foreign policy coordination.
    [Show full text]