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Hemingway's Themes of Relationship, Identity, Sex HEMINGWAY’S THEMES OF RELATIONSHIP, IDENTITY, SEX AND DEATH IN TEN SELECTED SHORT STORIES AND THE PARALLELS TO THE AUTHOR’S LIFE A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree in English Language Studies by SUSANTY Student Number: 066332019 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else's ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references. Yogyakarta, December 20, 2009 Susanty iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank the Lord for all His blessings. I would like to thank to my Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Soebakdi Soemanto, for his expertise, insight, advice, much- appreciated assistance and encouragement during my hard study which have made the completion of this thesis possible. I am also grateful to Dr. Novita Dewi for her support, guidance and affection to me and to all Master Program lecturers at Sanata Dharma University. I would like to thank to my beloved husband, Heri Sampel for his endless and valuable love and care for our children while I was studying in Yogya. He is always the one who cares about me. I also thank my curious son, Vincensius Alexandro and my brave daughter, Elisabeth Grisella. You have been so wonderful children to me and always become the spirit of my life. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my parents, Bethel Rampay and Anie Nahason for their love, care, and financial support, thank you for all prayers and patience with my children and to my sister and brother, Detrianae and Rendra Rampay, for their enduring love and emotional support. Even though they are thousands of miles away, their belief in me serves as a constant inspiration. I am also grateful for any help that you give to me. I would like to thank to my colleagues, such as Zaki, John, Tigor, Thomas, Suryo, Kapris, Ruth and many more. I also thank my friends in my neighbors, such as Lintang, Deva, Fatim, Mr. and Mrs. Tri Sunarto. You are all my truly friends. I also thank Mbak Lely, and everyone at English Language Studies Sanata Dharma University. v CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………………. i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………………….. ii DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………… iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………….. v CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………….. vi ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………….. viii ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………………… ix I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1 A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ………………………………………… 1 B. PROBLEM LIMITATION …………………………………………………. 3 C. PROBLEM FORMULATION ………………………………………………. 4 D. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………. 4 E. RESEARCH APPROACH ………………………………………………….. 5 F. BENEFITS OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………….. 6 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………. 8 A. REVIEW ON RELATED THEORIES ……………………………………… 8 1. Theory of Relationship…………………………………………………. 8 2. Theory of Identity………………………………………………………. 9 3. The Material Objects of the Study …………………………………….. 10 4. Biographical Sketch of Hemingway …………………………………… 18 5. Hemingway’s Public Image …………………………………………… 23 6. Hemingway’s Writing Style …………………………………………… 25 B. REVIEW ON RELATED STUDIES ……………………………………….. 31 C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK …………………………………………… 38 vi III. THE FOUR THEMES IN HEMINGWAY’S TEN SHORT STORIES …………………………………………………………….. 40 A. RELATIONSHIP ………………………………………………………….. 43 B. IDENTITY …………………………………………………………………. 65 C. SEX ………………………………………………………………………… 72 D. DEATH ……………………………………………………………………. 80 IV. THE PARALLELS BETWEEN HEMINGWAY’S THEMES AND HIS OWN LIFE …………………………………………………………. 88 A. HEMINGWAY’S RELATIONSHIP ………………………………………. 89 B. HEMINGWAY’S IDENTITY …………………………………………….. 100 C. HEMINGWAY’S VIEW ABOUT SEX ………………………………….. 107 D. HEMINGWAY’S VIEW ABOUT DEATH ……………………………….. 110 V. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………….. 115 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………. 121 vii ABSTRACT Susanty. 2010. Hemingway’s Themes of Relationship, Identity, Sex and Death in Ten Selected Short Stories and the Parallels to the Author’s Life. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Previous studies on Hemingway are mostly about his major novels. The writer of the thesis therefore chose another form of Hemingway’s, those are short stories. This thesis argues that it is important to read Hemingway’s works with the knowledge about his own complex characters. From reading the biographies, readers will learn more about Hemingway both as a man and a legend. The other reason is the numbers of female characters in Hemingway’s works is scarce and it does not mean he is not interesting in female characters. There are two main objectives the thesis writer tries to answer: first, the four significant themes in the ten short stories and second, the parallels between Hemingway’s themes to the author’s life. The desire to read excellent fiction by a fascinating author, and moreover a common interest in supplementing the thesis with biographical approach is attempted to achieve a better understanding of Hemingway’s stories and authorship. Here the writer uses biographical approach since there are obvious parallels between Hemingway’s themes of stories to his own life. Biographies and biographical approach are the most suitable data and tool to see the traces of Hemingway. This study has attempted to answer the two questions posed. The answer to the first question illustrates the importance to read Hemingway’s ten short stories in order to find themes of relationship, identity, sex, and death. These four themes reflect Hemingway’s approach to life in general. The second question has been answered, namely is the importance to connect Hemingway’s themes of stories to his own life. Many parallels have been drawn. When creating his fiction, he invents from his experience. This thesis intends to indicate to the readers that by reading biographies and learning more of the personal life, we will learn more about Hemingway both as a man and a legend. It is expected to be a reference to the other researchers who are going to apply biographical approach in literary studies. Biographical information provides the practical assistance of underscoring subtle and important meanings in the stories. By examining not only the male characters but also the female characters, we began to overturn received opinion about Hemingway’s treatment of his female characters. Our whole understanding of Hemingway’s view of relationship, human identity, sex, and the meaning of death become much broader and we see that Hemingway has a multidimensional perspective. viii ABSTRAK Susanty. 2010. Hemingway’s Themes of Relatioship, Identity, Sex and Death in Ten Selected Short Stories and the Parallels to the Author’s Life. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Karya-karya ilmiah sebelumnya tentang Hemingway umumnya pada novel-novel besarnya. Penulis tesis ini mengambil bentuk karya Hemingway yang lain, yaitu cerita pendek. Tesis ini mengungkapkan bahwa penting untuk membaca karya Hemingway bersamaan dengan memahami para karakternya yang kompleks. Dari membaca biografi, pembaca akan mengetahui banyak tentang Hemingway sebagai seorang manusia dan seorang legenda. Alasan lain adalah jumlah karakter wanita yang jarang pada karya-karya Hemingway tidak berarti ia tidak tertarik pada karakter wanita. Ada dua tujuan utama penulisan yang dicoba untuk dijawab: pertama, tema-tema yang menonjol dalam kesepuluh cerita pendek tersebut, dan kedua, paralel-paralel antara tema- tema cerita Hemingway tersebut dengan kehidupan pengarang itu sendiri. Hasrat untuk membaca karya fiksi yang bagus oleh seorang pengarang terkenal dan ditambah lagi dengan ketertarikan untuk melengkapi tesis ini dengan pendekatan biografi dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang karya Hemingway dan pengarangnya. Penulis tesis menggunakan pendekatan biografi karena ada paralel yang jelas antara tema-tema cerita Hemingway dengan kehidupan pengarangnya sendiri. Biografi dan pendekatan biografi adalah data dan alat yang paling tepat untuk melihat jejak-jejak Hemingway. Tesis ini berusaha untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan. Jawaban untuk pertanyaan pertama menunjukkan pentingnya membaca kesepuluh cerita pendek Hemingway sehingga didapatkan empat tema pokok, yaitu hubungan atau kekerabatan, identitas, sex, dan kematian. Keempat tema ini merefleksikan pandangan Hemingway tentang kehidupan secara umum. Pertanyaan kedua telah terjawab, yaitu pentingnya menghubungkan tema-tema cerita Hemingway dengan kehidupannya. Banyak paralel yang ditemukan. Saat menciptakan karya fiksinya, ia menemukan itu dari pengalamannya. Tesis ini menunjukkan kepada pembaca bahwa dengan membaca biografi dan mempelajari kehidupan pengarang, kita akan belajar banyak tentang Hemingway baik sebagai seorang manusia dan sebagai legenda. Tesis ini diharapkan menjadi bahan acuan bagi peneliti lainnya yang menggunakan pendekatan biografi. Informasi dari tulisan biografi memberikan bantuan praktis untuk memahami makna-makna penting dan terdalam dalam karya sastra. Dengan mengamati bukan hanya karakter pria tapi juga karakter wanita, kita mulai mengubah opini yang telah diterima tentang perlakuan Hemingway pada para karakter wanitanya. Pemahaman kita yang menyeluruh pada pandangan Hemingway tentang hubungan atau kekerabatan,
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