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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Rozvojových Studií

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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Rozvojových Studií UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Katedra rozvojových studií Bc. Pavla HÁJKOVÁ NÁVRH STRATEGICKÉHO PLÁNU ROZVOJE MÍSTNÍ KOMUNITY V RURÁLNÍ OBLASTI GHANY Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petra Krylová Olomouc 2013 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně a veškeré použité zdroje jsem uvedla v seznamu literatury. V Olomouci dne 22. dubna 2013 …………………………………. Podpis 2 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Petře Krylové za zodpovědné vedení diplomové práce a za odborné připomínky. PhDr. Robertu Hájkovi děkuji za podporu a trpělivost během výzkumu a za věcné rady, které přispěly ke vzniku práce. Rodině pak děkuji za podporu během celého studia. 3 4 5 Abstrakt Diplomová práce „Návrh strategického plánu rozvoje místní komunity v rurální oblasti Ghany“ se zabývá vytvořením návrhu strategie rozvoje komunity v Bawjiase v rurální oblasti Ghany, která by byla na základě analýzy potřeb komunity implementovatelná tak, aby byl posílen princip vlastnictví a participace komunity. Pro vytvoření strategie rozvoje byl zvolen přístup logického rámce a pro analýzu situace byly využity metody kvalitativního výzkumu, mezi nimiž je zahrnuto pozorování, polostrukturované rozhovory a fokusní skupiny. S využitím těchto metod a na základě aplikace jednotlivých částí metody logického rámce byla provedena analýza stakeholderů, identifikace problému, analýza problému, analýza cílů a analýza strategií, na základě nichž byla zpracována matice logického rámce, která může zároveň sloužit jako návrh strategie rozvoje komunity, jímž by se v budoucnu mohly řídit neziskové organizace ochotné spolupracovat s komunitou. Zároveň je snahou práce přiblížit a podložit prostřednictvím poznatků z odborné literatury některé z fenoménů analyzovaných při tvorbě strategie rozvoje. Jedná se především o psychologické příčiny pasivního postoje k životu, pohřební ceremoniály, instituci náčelnictví, vliv otrokářství a kolonialismu na ekonomický růst, stejně jako opomíjený vliv kulturních hodnot a postojů na ekonomický růst a životní podmínky dítěte žijícího v ghanské společnosti. Klíčová slova Ghana, Bawjiase, komunita, strategie rozvoje, kvalitativní výzkum 6 Abstract The master thesis „Strategic plan for development of local community in rural areas of Ghana„ aims to propose a strategy for development of local community in Bawjiase, rural area of Ghana. The strategy is based on needs assessment of the community in order to ensure greater ownership and community participation. The thesis follows the logical framework approach and uses qualitative research methods such as observation, semi-structured interviews and focus groups which provide the necessary data for situation analysis. Based on these methods and applying the logical framework method stakeholder analysis, problem identification, problem analysis, analysis of objectives and analysis of strategies were created. The completed analyses are the main source of information for completing the logical framework matrix which can serve as a strategy of community development for any non-governmental organizations willing to cooperate with the community. The thesis also aims to explain and discuss some of the phenomena encountered during the situation analysis. These are mainly the psychological causes of passive atitude to life, funerals, institution of chieftaincy, impact of slavery and colonialism on economic growth as well as often neglected impact of cultural values on economic growth, and finally the thesis also pays special attention to the living conditions of children in the Ghanaian society. Keywords Ghana, Bawjiase, community, strategy for development, qualitative research 7 OBSAH SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ, GRAFŮ A TABULEK……………….………...…………….10 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK…………………………………………………...………………….11 ÚVOD……………………………………………………………………………………………….12 1. METODOLOGIE…………………………….…………………………….………………….14 1.1 CÍL DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE A VÝZKUMNÉ OTÁZKY………………………………………………….14 1.2 METODY SBĚRU DAT………………………………………………………………………………..14 1.3 PRŮBĚH VÝZKUMU…………………………………….…………………………………………………16 1.4 ANALÝZA INFORMACÍ ZÍSKANÝCH KVALITATIVNÍM VÝZKUMEM………………………………16 1.5 MANAGEMENT PROJEKTOVÉHO CYKLU ZAHRANIČNÍ ROZVOJOVÉ SPOLUPRÁCE….16 2. CHARAKTERISTIKA GHANY………………………………………………. 19 2.1 HISTORIE GHANY………………………………………………………………………………………….20 2.1.1 Psychologické konsekvence otrokářství a kolonialismu…………………………………………….25 2.2 GHANSKÁ KULTURA………………………………………………………………………………….27 2.2.1 Role pohřebních ceremoniálů……………………………………………………………28 2.2.2 Náčelnictví………………………………………...………………………………………..29 2.3 SOCIOEKONOMICKÁ CHARAKTERISTIKA GHANY…………………………………………………………..32 2.3.1 Vliv otrokářství a kolonialismu na ekonomický růst…………………………………………….43 2.3.2 Vliv kulturních hodnot a postojů na ekonomický růst………………………………………………44 2.4 ŽIVOTNÍ PODMÍNKY DÍTĚTE V GHANĚ………………………………………………………….45 2.4.1 Dětská práce……………………………..………………………………………………………….50 3. CHARAKTERISTIKA CENTRÁLNÍHO REGIONU….………………...……….52 3.1 LOKALIZACE A PŘÍRODNÍ PODMÍNKY…………………………………………………………..52 3.2 HISTORIE A SPRÁVNÍ DĚLENÍ OBLASTI……………………………………………………………..53 3.3 NÁRODNOSTI, ETNIKA A NÁBOŽENSKÉ VYZNÁNÍ………………………………………………..54 3.4 DEMOGRAFICKÁ SPECIFIKA……………………………………………………………………….54 3.5 SOCIOEKONOMICKÉ CHARAKTERISTIKY………………………………………………………….56 4. ANALÝZA VÝCHOZÍ SITUACE V BAWJIASE………………………………………………….61 4.1 SPRÁVA MĚSTA……………………………………………………….…………………………………..61 4.2 BEZPEČNOSTNÍ SITUACE……………………………………………………………………………63 4.3 EKONOMIKA A INFRASTRUKTURA…………………………………………………………….64 4.4 VZDĚLÁNÍ……………………………………………………………………………………………….68 4.5 NÁBOŽENSTVÍ………………………………………………………………………………………….68 5. SPOLUPRÁCE S KOMUNITOU V BAWJIASE…………………………………..70 5.1 POJEM KOMUNITA………………………………………………………………………………………..70 5.2 KOMUNITNÍ ROZVOJ JAKO METODA PRÁCE S KOMUNITOU………………………………………..71 5.2.1 Empowerment…………………………………………………………………….72 5.2.2 Participace…………………………..…………………………………………………………73 5.3 ANALÝZA STAKEHOLDERŮ……………………………………………………………………….74 5.4 UNITED HEARTS CHILDREN CENTRE…………………………………………………………………78 5.5 OBČANSKÉ SDRUŽENÍ AKWAABA………………………………………………………………………84 5.6 NEZISKOVÁ ORGANIZACE MAMA HOPE…………………………………………………………..85 8 6. NÁVRH STRATEGIE ROZVOJE KOMUNITY………………………………………86 6.1 IDENTIFIKACE PROBLÉMU………………………………………………………………………………86 6.2 ANALÝZA PROBLÉMU…………………………………………………………………………………102 6.3 ANALÝZA CÍLŮ………………………………………………………………………………………….104 6.4 ANALÝZA STRATEGIÍ………………………………………………………………………………….106 6.5 MATICE LOGICKÉHO RÁMCE……………………………………………………………………………107 ZÁVĚR………………………………………………………...…………...……………………….110 ZDROJE…………………………………………..……………………………………………..115 9 SEZNAM GRAFŮ, OBRÁZKŮ A TABULEK Graf 1: Velikost populace v Ghaně (v mil.).................................................................32 Graf 2: Tempo růstu populace v Ghaně (v %).............................................................33 Graf 3: Hrubá zápisovost do škol v Ghaně (v %) ........................................................35 Graf 4: HDP na obyvatele (v USD) a tempo růstu HDP na obyvatele (v %)................36 Graf 5: HDP (v mld. USD) a tempo růstu HDP (v %).................................................37 Graf 6: Podíl sektorů na HDP v komparovaných zemích v roce 2006 (v %)................38 Graf 7: Populace žijící pod hranicí chudoby v Ghaně (v %)........................................39 Graf 8: Podíl studujících a pracujících dětí ve věku 7–14 let, r. 2003 a r. 2006............42 Graf 9: Zaměstnanost dětí ve věku 7–14 let v sektorech, r. 2003.................................43 Obrázek 1: Administrativní členění Ghany ..................................................................24 Obrázek 2: Administrativní členění Centrálního regionu..............................................53 Obrázek 3: Analýza stakeholderů ................................................................................77 Obrázek 4: Analýza problému ...................................................................................103 Obrázek 5: Analýza cílů ............................................................................................105 Tabulka 1: Analýza situace: identifikace problému....................................................101 Tabulka 2: Matice logického rámce...........................................................................109 10 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK AFLA Awutuman Future Leaders Association AIDS Syndrom získaného selhání imunity (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) CPP Strana lidového konventu (Convention People’s Party) CSWE Credit and Savings With Education DANIDA Dánská agentura pro mezinárodní rozvoj (Danish International Development Agency) ECOWAS Hospodářské společenství západoafrických států (Economic Community of West African States) HDI Index lidského rozvoje (Human Development Index) HDP Hrubý domácí produkt HIPC Iniciativa pro vysoce zadlužené chudé země (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries) HIV Virus imunitní lidské nedostatečnosti (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) IVHQ International Volunteers Headquarters MESW Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí (Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare) NPP Nová vlastenecká strana (New Patriotic Party) SAP Programy strukturálního přizpůsobení (Structural Adjustment Programmes) UHCC United Hearts Children Centre UNDP Rozvojový program OSN (United Nations Development Programme) UNESCO Organizace OSN pro výchovu, vědu a kulturu (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 11 Úvod K myšlence zabývat se v této diplomové práci návrhem strategie rozvoje rurální komunity v Ghaně mě přivedla osobní zkušenost z dobrovolnického pobytu v sirotčinci
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