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A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS of RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: a Ghana Case Study Faculty Advisors Danny Hoffman Francis Abugbilla

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A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS of RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: a Ghana Case Study Faculty Advisors Danny Hoffman Francis Abugbilla A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A Ghana Case Study Faculty Advisors Danny Hoffman Francis Abugbilla Evaluator Dr. Mohammed Amin Adam (Deputy Minister of Energy of Ghana) Coordinator Editors Visuals Editor Victoria Tyron Mel Suwuh Amy Nguyen Roshni Sinha Task Force Members Lorrin Johnson Hannah Schubert Austin Surber James Hennessey Clara Yardley Emily Asplin Ximena Perez Ricky Perry ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a whole, the members of the African Energy Intervention Task Force would like to express our gratitude for the individuals that helped realize and contributed to this report. We would like to thank Dr. Mohammed Amin Adam for taking the time and making the effort to come out to the University of Washington and discussing such matters with us. We recognize the hassle it must have taken to come to us and are excited to present our recommendations and consult with such an honorable and distinguished leader in the Ghanaian energy sector. To Frank Baffour-Ata, Gloria Adu Ofori, Amos Apam, and Mark Akologo Asigini, thank you for your invaluable insight on electrification and its implications within your communities. Your commentaries have unveiled a larger social problem at hand that tends to go unrecognized. Thank you to Dr. Scott Montgomery for your comprehensive presentation on energy in sub- Saharan Africa and opening our eyes up to the realities and complexities of the circumstances at hand. Thank you to our librarian, Theresa Mudrock, for being our inexhaustible resource for research help and being readily available to provide guidance. To Francis Abugbilla, we cannot express enough gratitude for your seemingly endless knowledge on the energy sector and on Ghana as a whole. We are so lucky to have had you on our team as a teaching assistant and appreciate the amount of work you have put into supporting us and bolstering our research. Your time, support, positivity, and insight have been vital to the success of our report. Last, but not least, we would like to thank Danny Hoffman, our faculty advisor, for the constant dedication and support that you have provided to this task force. Through weeks on end of editing and writers’ block, you have been there every step of the way, encouraging us. Without you to keep us accountable and in check, we would not have pulled this report together so seamlessly. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures Glossary Executive Summary Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 The Sub-Saharan Case of Energy and Electrification............................................................1 Breakdown of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Renewable Energy Potential .......................................2 Global Interests in Sub-Saharan Africa .................................................................................3 The Rural Urban Divide.........................................................................................................4 Why Ghana?...........................................................................................................................4 The Structure of This Report .................................................................................................6 Biomass ...........................................................................................................................................8 Context: Charcoal and Wood fuel ..........................................................................................8 Implications of Charcoal and Wood fuel Production and Use ..............................................9 What is Biogas? ...................................................................................................................20 Biogas in Ghana ...................................................................................................................22 Opportunities and Challenges Associated with Biogas .......................................................24 The Potential of Small-Scale Biomass Gasification in Sub-Saharan Africa .......................32 Environmental Impact and Feasibility .................................................................................33 Economic Considerations ....................................................................................................36 Financing..............................................................................................................................38 Ownership and Tariff Models ..............................................................................................39 Political Considerations .......................................................................................................41 Biomass Case Study Analyses .............................................................................................42 Barriers .................................................................................................................................43 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................44 Wind/Hydropower .......................................................................................................................46 Existing Ghanaian Projects in Hydropower and Wind ........................................................47 Challenges and Barriers to Successful Hydropower and Wind Electrification ...................57 Climate Leading to Unreliable Rainfall and Drought ..........................................................58 Social Problems: Sinohydro and Bui Power Authority .......................................................60 Dam Preferences and Infrastructural Inefficiencies .............................................................62 Finance, Trade and Regional Economic Relationships for Wind ........................................65 The Chinese Strategy in SSA: Case Study on Ghanaian Hydropower ................................68 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................73 Solar ..............................................................................................................................................77 Solar Overview ....................................................................................................................77 Ghana’s Existing Solar Landscape ......................................................................................80 The Implementation of Mini-grids.......................................................................................81 Suppliers ..............................................................................................................................84 The Market for Solar Home Systems and Methods for Financing Them ............................86 Meeting Ghana’s Rural Energy Needs Using Solar Technology ........................................89 Political Landscape of Solar Energy ....................................................................................95 Financing and Future Access .............................................................................................100 Local Government and Electrification ...............................................................................104 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................106 Conclusion and Recommendations ..........................................................................................108 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................109 Social Engagement.............................................................................................................111 Investment: Local and Foreign ..........................................................................................113 Government and Policy Change ........................................................................................114 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................116 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1.1. Actors in the wood fuel and charcoal sector ...............................................................11 Figure 1.2. Biogas installations chart .............................................................................................23 Figure 1.3. Institutions using biogas ..............................................................................................23 Figure 1.4. Costs of various gas plants ..........................................................................................38 Figure 2.1. Hybrid wind/PV diagram ............................................................................................50 Figure 2.2. Comparing costs of wind/PV/diesel ............................................................................52 Figure 2.3. Wind resource assessment ...........................................................................................55 Figure 2.4. Wind payback analysis ................................................................................................56 Figure 2.5. Power generation of Akosombo dam ..........................................................................59 Figure
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