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A Consociational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016) Halidu Musah

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Democratic Governance and Conflict Resistance in Conflict-prone Societies : A Consociational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016) Halidu Musah To cite this version: Halidu Musah. Democratic Governance and Conflict Resistance in Conflict-prone Societies : A Conso- ciational Analysis of the Experiences of Ghana in West Africa (1992-2016). Political science. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. NNT : 2018BORD0411. tel-03092255 HAL Id: tel-03092255 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03092255 Submitted on 2 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde (LAM) Par: Halidu MUSAH TITRE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND CONFLICT RESISTANCE IN CONFLICT-PRONE SOCIETIES: A CONSOCIATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES OF GHANA IN WEST AFRICA (1992-2016) (Gouvernance démocratique et résistance aux conflits dans les sociétés enclines aux conflits: Une analyse consociationnelle des expériences du Ghana en Afrique de l'Ouest (1992-2016)). Sous la direction de M. Dominique DARBON Présentée et soutenue publiquement Le 13 décembre 2018 Composition du jury : M. Dominique DARBON, Professeur des Universités, CNRS LAM, Sciences Po Bordeaux, directeur de thèse M. John HEILBRUNN, Professeur, Colorado School of Mines, rapporteur M. René OTAYEK, Directeur de recherche CNRS LAM, Président du Jury M. Salifu MAHAMA, Professeur, University for Development Studies, Ghana rapporteur Abstract Conflicts are part and parcel of every societal endeavour. These conflicts, however, become undesirable when they travel along the widening line of destruction of property and persons. Democracy, as government of the people, by the people and for the people, is one mechanism aimed at regulating dissenting views and harmonising multi-group interests for successful coexistence and national development. There is growing establishment in the literature that democratisation is very difficult, if not impossible, in pluralistic or multi-cleavage societies. To surmount this difficulty, consociationalism has been suggested as a panacea which allows formal equitable sharing of power and public resources among recognised facets of the plural society. Without this, it is assumed, any attempt at democracy is most likely to crumble and fail. Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with at least 92 different ethnic groups which is seemingly defying the basic reasoning of consociational democratisation because it has successfully practised democracy for over 25 years without necessarily adopting formal consociational models. This thesis situated Ghana within theoretical context and examined the reasons behind this success despite the theoretical deviation from consociationalism. Mixed-method approach was adopted in the study, and 542 respondents were purposefully selected for data collection. Data gathered through interview and questionnaire administration revealed that Ghana has not experienced nation-wide violent conflicts in spite of the dotted conflicts across the country due to the very nature of these internal conflicts; thus circumscribed by the geographical, issue, and actor-based circumstances. Second, the study found that despite the existence of multiple social cleavages in Ghana, social interaction among the people places emphasis on crosscutting ties that exist among them than on the cleavages that divide them even if cleavage awareness is high in Ghanaian society. In addition, constitutional framework for democratisation in Ghana formerly enshrines national interest above cleavage interests and prohibits political organisations based on cleavages. The study concludes that the success of democratisation in societies with multicultural cleavages and its sustainability do not only depend solely on formal consociational arrangements, but also, MUSAH Halidu/Thèse de Science Politique /2018 2 and more especially in Ghana, on the inherent non-formal arrangements and crosscutting ties that exist among the people across all divides and the disposition of the people to collaborate based on common interests imposed by these crosscutting ties that exist among them. It therefore suggests that Ghana could enhance its conflict resilience capacity and democratic sustainability if more attention is paid to peace education across the country by formally involving both relevant formal and informal traditional and modern institutions at the basic level of society in this peace education process. It is also imperative to address as a matter of urgency the root causes of the myriad of conflicts that span the length and breadth of the country for their sustainable resolution to enhance peaceful democratisation; and politicians should avoid meddling in local conflicts and allow the institutional frameworks established by the Ghanaian democratic system to deal decisively with conflict issues. Key Words: democracy, consociationalism, plural society, multiethnic society, plural society, cleavages, crosscutting cleavages, crosscutting ties, Ghana, conflict, conflict resolution. MUSAH Halidu/Thèse de Science Politique /2018 3 Résumé Les conflits font partie intégrante de toutes les activités de la société. Ces conflits, cependant, deviennent indésirables lorsqu'ils parcourent la ligne de destruction élargie des biens et des personnes. La démocratie est un mécanisme visant à réglementer les opinions dissidentes et à harmoniser les intérêts multigrades pour une coexistence réussie et un développement national. Dans la littérature, on constate que la démocratisation est très difficile, sinon impossible, dans les sociétés pluralistes ou à clivage multiple. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, le consociationalisme a été suggéré comme une panacée qui permet un partage équitable formel du pouvoir et des ressources publiques parmi les facettes reconnues de la société plurielle. Sans cela, on suppose que toute tentative de démocratie est susceptible de s'effondrer et d'échouer. Le Ghana est un pays multiethnique avec au moins 92 groupes ethniques différents qui défie apparemment le raisonnement fondamental de la démocratisation consociative, parce qu'il a pratiqué la démocratie avec succès depuis plus de 25 ans sans nécessairement adopter des modèles consociatifs formels. Cette thèse situe le Ghana dans un contexte théorique et examine les raisons de ce succès malgré l'écart théorique par rapport au consociationalisme. L'approche de la méthode mixte a été adoptée dans l'étude, et 542 répondants ont été choisis à dessein pour la collecte de données. Les données recueillies par l'administration des questionnaires des entrevues ont révélé que le Ghana n'a pas connu de conflits violents à l'échelle nationale malgré les conflits ponctués à travers le pays en raison de la nature même des conflits; donc circonscrits par les circonstances géographiques, les causes des conflits et les acteurs impliqués. Deuxièmement, l'étude a révélé que, malgré l'existence de multiples clivages sociaux au Ghana, l'interaction sociale entre les personnes met l'accent sur les liens transversaux qui existent parmi eux que sur les clivages qui les divisent, même si la prise de conscience du clivage est élevée dans la société ghanéenne. En outre, la disposition constitutionnelle pour la démocratisation au Ghana englobe préalablement l'intérêt national au-dessus des intérêts de clivage. Elle interdit aussi les organisations politiques basées sur les clivages sociales. L'étude conclut que le succès de la démocratisation dans les sociétés MUSAH Halidu/Thèse de Science Politique /2018 4 aux clivages multiculturels et sa durabilité ne dépendent pas seulement des arrangements consociationnels formels, mais aussi, et plus particulièrement au Ghana, des arrangements non formels inhérents et des liens transversaux qui existent entre les peuples à travers toutes les divisions et la disposition des personnes à collaborer sur la base des intérêts communs imposés par ces liens transversaux qui existent entre eux. Il suggère, donc, que le Ghana pourrait renforcer davantage sa capacité de résistance aux conflits et sa durabilité démocratique en accordant plus d’attention à l'éducation pour la paix à travers le pays en impliquant formellement les institutions traditionnelles et informelles pertinentes au niveau fondamental de la société dans ce processus d'éducation pour la paix. Il est également impératif d'aborder d'urgence les causes profondes de la myriade de conflits qui s'étendent sur toute la longueur du pays pour leur résolution durable afin de renforcer la démocratisation pacifique au Ghana. Les politiciens devraient aussi éviter de se mêler des conflits locaux et permettre aux cadres institutionnels établis par le système démocratique ghanéen de résoudre de manière décisive les problèmes de conflits dans le pays. Mots Clés: Ghana, démocratie, consociationalisme, société plurale, société
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