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MACKENZI,E VALLEY~ . NORTHERN YUKON PIPEL}I~NES'i SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND

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MACKENZI,E VALLEY~ . NORTHERN YUKON PIPEL}I~NES'i SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND \ MACKENZI,E VALLEY~ . NORTHERN YUKON PIPEL}i~NES'i SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND . : ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ,I I I Environmental· Social 1+ Committee Northern Pipelines CORRIGENDUM 74-17 Mackenzie Valley and Northern Yukon Pipelines -­ Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects (Report to the Task Force .on Northern Oil Development (i) remove the words "on wildlife" from the title for Fiqure F-5 on Page 11 and on Page 137; (ii) suhstitute "environmental" for "wildlife" in line 6 of F.2.8 on :Paqe 138. Mackenzie Va~;ey and Northern Yukon PDlPe~~nes Socia-economic and Environmental Aspects A Report to the Task Force on Northern Oil Development, Government of Canada respectfully submitted by the Environment-Social Committee, Northern Pipelines A.D. Hunt, Indian and Northern Affairs, Chairman G.M. MacNabb, Energy, Mines and Resources J.S. Tener, Environment Canada June 1974 Environmental-Social Committee, Northern Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Development Report No. 74-17 Information Canada Cat. No. R57-7/1974 as-156Q-OOO-EE-A1 \/ Preface This report is concerned with the people. the natural environment and resource use in the Mackenzie valley and the northern Yukon and how these aspects might be affected if pipelines were built to move natural gas or oil to southern markets. It is based on studies for the Environmental-Social Committee of the Task Force on Northern Oil Development since 1971. together with related information from other government and non-government studies. papers and reports. Acknow~edgements 'This report was prepared through the office of the In addition, contributions to parts of the report were made by: Environmental-Social Program, Northern Pipelines, under the .direction of environmental co-editor EB. Peterson; Chapter C socio-economic co-editor J.P. Fogarty; and associate editor I.M. G.J. Brunskill (Freshwater Institute, Environment Canada, I Ducharme. The director of the Environmental-Social Program, Winnipeg); I A.J. Reeve, contributed to all phases of report preparation. The C.B. Crampton (Canadian Forestry Service, Environment ! scope, objectives and format of the report were developed from Canada, Edmonton); I ideas contributed by staff of the Environmental-Social Program A. Gibson (Fisheries Service, Environment Canada, Vancouver); , (A.J. Reeve, L.C.N. Burgess, B.E. Darling, H.J. Dirschl, I.M. OL Hughes (Geological Survey of Canada, Energy, Mines and , Ducharme, J.P. Fogarty, and L.C. Munn) and by the pipeline Resources, Calgary); · study coordinators (K. Baker, Yukon Territory Government, WW. Pettapiece (AgriCUlture Canada, Edmonton); I Whitehorse; J.G. Fyles, Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa; J.N. Stein (Fisheries Service, Environment Canada, Winnipeg); · C.TW. Hyslop, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa; EB. S.C. Zoltai (Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, , Peterson, Environment Canada, Edmonton; and E.M. Schorn, Edmonton). I Northwest Territories Government, Yellowknife). Chapter D · The main group of 'authors' are those who have prepared J. Cinq-Mars, B. Gordon (Archaeological Survey of Canada); , detailed accounts of work under the Environmental-Social AD. Dunning, L.A.C.O. Hunt, C.Y.Kuo, C.M. Lu, D.C.E Mathurin, Program (Appendix II). The next level of authorship required H. Mokhtar, A. Stevenson (Northern Affairs Program, Indian and , synthesis of these detailed accounts plus other sources of Northern Affairs, Ottawa). information. This synthesls, which formed the seven chapters of this report, was provided by: Chapter E M.R. Hargrave, L.C. Munn (Environmental-Social Program); Chapter A J. Millard (Lands Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa). E.B. Peterson, A.J. Reeve Chapter F Chapter B P.M. Manders, J.K. Naysmith, ED. Rainboth, K. Shaw, ER. J.P. Fogarty, E.B. Peterson Weick (Northern Affairs Program, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa). Chapter C L.C.N. Burgess, H.J. Dirschl, D. Van Eyk The Environmental-Social Committee named three editorial advisors to review earlier drafts of this report. These advisors Chapter 0 were: J.E Armstrong, Energy, Mines and Resources, Vancouver; I.M. Ducharme, J.P. Fogarty A. Bickerstaff, Environment Canada, Ottawa; and E.R. Weick, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa. Chapter E J.P. Fogarty, E.B. Peterson, A.J. Reeve Critical reviews of specific sections were also provided by: M.O. Berry, B. Burns, B.E Darling, T. Espie, T.G. Forth, J.G. Fyles, R. Chapter F Ghosh, A. Hall, O.L. Hughes, C.TW. Hyslop, M. McPherson, J. I.M. Ducharme, J.P. Fogarty, E.B. Peterson Millen, H. Monaghan, W.H. Prescott, J.S. Rowe, R.M. Strang, R.B. Toombs, K. Torrance, W.L. Wallace, G.H. Watson, S.C. Chapter G Zoltai. J.P. Fogarty, EB. Peterson Appendices and references K. BOWlby, LA Lauzon 5 i/ Cartographic services were provided by 0.1. McFadden and staff, Drafting Division, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and B.D. Norgren and staff, Drafting, Administrative Services Division. Indian and Northern Affairs. Ottawa. Artwork in Chapter C was provided by Planned Graphics Limited, Ottawa. Special thanks are due the stenographic staff that typed the various drafts of the report. Those mainly responsible were: D.G. Angus, D.M. Barber, W. Bruce. P.K. Kelly, K.L. Klein, G. Marcellus, G. Mersky, J. Saldanha, R. Wallbank, N. Yano. Publishing was arranged by K.C. Shindler; design and production by E.F. Plummer, both of Public Information Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa. 6 \j Table of Contents 'Page Page 10 List of Figures 70 C.8.3.8 Wolf 70 C8.3.9 Muskrat and Beaver 12 List of Tables 70 C.8.3.10 Otter and Mink 70 C.8.3.11 Waterfowl 15 A. Initial Reactions and Responses to Proposed 70 C.8.3.12 Rare and Endangered Northern Pipelines Species 15 A.l Introduction 70 C.9 Aquatic Ecology and Fish 15 A.2 The Concept of Pipelines in the North 70 e.9.1 General Features of Northern 16 A.3 Proposals to Move Petroleum to Market Freshwater Ecosystems 17 A.4 Some Public Reactions 71 C.9.2 Fish Resources 18 A.5 Government's Response to Pipeline Proposals 75 D. The Local Social and Economic Setting 21 B. The Work of the Environmental-Social Committee 75 0.1 lntroduction 21 B.l Organization and Scope of this Report 75 0.2 Archaeological Considerations 21 B.2 Definition of the Study Area 76 0.3 Historical Considerations 31 B.3 Definition of the Research Objectives 77 0.4 Community Organization and EVOlution of I 31 B.4 Present State of Knowledge Local Government 77 0.4.1 Organization Prior to World War II 33 C. The Natural Environmental Setting of the Study 78 0.4.2 . Postwar Organization Area 79 0.5 Socio-Economic Change Among Native 33 C.l The Northern Environment - How Different is People It? 79 0.5.1 Renewed Interest in the North 33 C.2 Climate 79 0.5.2 Traditional Pursuits 33 C.2.1 General 80 0.5.3 Resource Use 33 C,2.2 Solar Radiation and Air Masses 80 0.5.3.1 Renewable Resources 34 C.2.3 Temperature 80 0.5.3.2 Non-renewable 35 C.2.4 Wind Resources 37 C,2.5 Precipitation and Evaporation 81 0.5.4 Attachment to the Land 37 C,3 Physiography and Drainage 81 0.5.5 Economic Integration 38 C.4 Geology and Glacial History 81 0.5.6 Significant Areas of Adaptation 38 C.4.1 Earthquakes 82 0.5.7 Social Interaction 45 C.42 Bedrock Geology 83 0.6 Present Demographic Aspects 45 C.4.3 Surficial and Glacial Geology 83 0.6.1 Population 47 C,5 Hydrology and Permafrost 84 0.6.2 Vital Statistics 58 C,6 Soils 84 0.6.2.1 Birth Rate 60 C,7 Vegetation 84 0.6.2.2 Death Rate 64 C,8 Wildlife 84 0,6.2,3 Rate of Natural 64 C.8.1 General Wildlife and Habitat Increase Relationships 85 0.6.2.4 Sex Distribution 67 C.8.2 Some Characteristics of Northern 85 0,6.2.5 Age Distribution Wildlife Species 85 0.6.3 Trends in School Enrolment 68 C.8,3 Characteristics of Particular Wildlife 86 0.6.4 Trends in Vocational Training Species 86 0.6.5 Labour Force Trends 68 C.8.3.2 Moose 86 0.7 Local Economy 68 C.8.3,3 Caribou 86 0.7.1 Income from Resource Sectors 69 C.8.3.4 Dall Sheep 86 0,7.2 Personal Income 69 C.8.3.5 Grizzly Bear 89 0.7,3 Distribution of Income 69 C.8.3.6 Black Bear 89 0.7.4 Main Sources of Employment 69 C.8.3.7 Arctic Fox 90 0,7.5 Continuity of Employment 7 I Page Page 90 D.8 Transportation 149 F.3.10 Additional Community Service 91 D.8.2 Water Requirements in Regional Centres 92 D.8.3 Railway 149 F.3.10.1 Public Services and 92 D.8.4 Road Facilities 92 D.8.5 Air 149 F.3.10.2 Education Services and 93 D.8.6 Future Developments Facilities 93 D.9 Communication 149 F.3.10.3 Health Services and 94 Appendix D (for list of tables see p. 12) Facilities 150 F.3.10.4 Other Public 105 E. The Resource Use Setting of the Study Area Services 105 E.1 Introduction 151 F.3.11 Effects on the Private Sector of 105 E.2 Traditional Resource Uses Pipeline Related Demand for 112 E.3 Forestry Materials 112 E.4 Recreation and Tourism 151 F.3.12 Additional Territorial or Federal 113 E.5 Water Resource Uses Government Personnel Related to 113 E.6 Agriculture Proposed Pipeline Development 114 E.7 Mineral Exploration and Development and 151 F.3.13 Construction Costs for Additional Quarrying Facilities Related to Proposed 116 E.8 Transportation and Communication Pipeline Development 116 E.9 Urban Land Uses 152 F.3.14 Increased Income Associated with 119 E.10 Controlled Land Uses and Conservation Proposed Pipeline Development 121 Appendix E (For list of tables see p.
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