Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. u h yegsi het foenwrigadicesdcmeca avsigpeetaciia edto need shorelines, critical Ireland’s a present along harvesting habitats commercial these increased of and scope warming historical ocean of and threats current synergistic the the determine but to difficult it makes fjords, and loughs coastlines, - (Fucales rocky - practices exposed shipping Laminariales and/or - 1955; aquaculture Laminariales from Fensholt (e.g., or (Yendo) 2019) shifts al., distribution et Schoenrock poleward Pylaie; via ecosystems subtidal these and Saunders, Dominant G.W. & coastline. Druehl Irish the Lamouroux, along J.V. forests ( underwater Fucales ( extensive orders Tilopteridales form the species include algal species brown subtidal Large Ireland. in ecosystems kelp of Introduction resilience Further the Ireland. understand in better populations to kelp required among of connectivity is indicators including methodologies, as forests suggested used kelp using in be increase monitoring, work may species, steady at forest a that kelp processes been ecosystems has subtidal eco-evolutionary kelp there dominant important While with the Conclusions of associated Main effort fauna monitoring. recording maps, continued and in distribution for ecosystems methodologies create suggest kelp to and Irish used health were on ecosystem Data studies Results in coastlines. record surge Ireland’s to recent used along technology active and are methodology that analyse groups science citizen and clubs Golden descriptions Schoenrock first Kathryn from techniques Ireland: monitoring in habitat forests new kelp to tidal sub of review A ehd ebra ieauefo h inensceydtn akt ae10s ora rils oenetrprs and reports, government articles, journal and 1700s, Ireland late on (Northern to information Ireland rational back for present Location dating and scoured society time, resilience. were over Linnaean ecosystem databases effort the understand recording online from better forest to literature kelp habitats and Herbaria, kelp kelp that Methods distribution, coastlines of species rocky historical monitoring some present where the in Ireland, to for in sources documented ecosystems of been forest array already kelp an histori- have about from their latitudes known of is by higher little documentation to dominated temperatures, Very urgent shifts are ocean Europe. necessitating range within changing scales, Species habitats storms, multi- global subtidal extreme and distributions. dominate and productivity day from regional present secondary threat at to to under pressure cal primary increasingly herbivore high are greater foster ecosystems and that These harvesting, ecosystems marine services. important ecosystem are ple worldwide forests Kelp Aim Abstract 2020 28, April 3 2 1 nvriyo lbm tBirmingham at Alabama of University Ireland Seasearch Galway NUI 1 tc Krueger-Hadfield Stacy , acoiapolyschides Sacchoriza aiai hyperborea Laminaria lraesculenta Alaria .latissima S. 1 ea Chan Kenan , .hyperborea L. .hyperborea L. a omsalfrsso adsbtau.Tepuiyo utdlresearch subtidal of paucity The substratum. hard on forests small form can Lnau)Greville, (Linnaeus) nodrt etf hssbtnilkoldegp ecmie itrclrecords historical compiled we gap, knowledge substantial this rectify to order In . iatai elongata Himanthalia Lgtot atr) n aiails( Laminariales and Batters), (Lightfoot) 3 n neMrePower Marie Anne and , nai pinnatifida Undaria om es oet,weesi h amr hlo ein ftidal of regions shallow calmer, the in whereas forests, dense forms 1 oyO’Callaghan Tony , .hyperborea L. .hyperborea L. Gneu)Fsi) eety o-aieseishv rie in arrived have species non-native Recently, Foslie). (Gunnerus) 1 .hyperborea L. acaialatissima Saccharina nomto bu epeoytm a oiie rmdive from solicited was ecosystems kelp about Information . rsneadkl csseswti rln.W ics the discuss We Ireland. within ecosystems kelp and presence Lnau)SF ry12 and 1821 Gray S.F. (Linnaeus) Hre)Srna;Kan 07.Aogsemi- Along 2017). Kraan, Suringar; (Harvey) nyrcnl aesuisbgnt drs other address to begun studies have recently only , 2 oyO’Callaghan Rory , 1 Lnau)CE ae .Mayes, C. Lane, C.E. (Linnaeus) aiai digitata Laminaria .ochroleuca L. agsu muticum Sargassum 2 Cystoseira Aaron , ahltd la de Bachelot (Hudson) spp.), Eire). ´ Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. fkl oetfnto nIeada iewe neeti ephretn sicesn ept h fact the despite increasing is harvesting kelp understanding in our interest to when contributes time significantly a at review Ireland we This in review, time. this function first In species forest the ecosystems. kelp subtidal pressures for kelp of the the of records given qualitative of documentation historical but These presence and day. coastline, captains, disparate present understanding Ireland’s the sea the better along on from to kelp a focus seaweed 1700s of advances need value late technical of we the the and above, accounts on from outlined socio-political, historical perspective coastline economic, provide many Irish with records are the flux historical along there in naturalists Therefore, past, and the 1700s. fisheries, in the interest Brittany, during great (e.g., and beginning diversity of 2010), genetic al., been of have et reservoirs (Lorentsen Kelp important years be 2014). five may al., than harvest et greater of Robuchon take areas France: can heaviest Recovery the individuals. in whole populations forests of of kelp removal exploitation to the commercial threat in a the also where is Norway Harvesting and 1995). digitata France (Hagen, particularly populations some Europe, of across regrowth allowing year, as to at such year retracting species, some are of ranges ting abundances species latitudes as higher many such at Mediterranean seems species, hand, the it other from the though latissima forests On understood, Marine S. limits. 2018). range poorly while latitude al., are Ara´ujo, lower 2018b), et Portugal their (Assis, al., Biscay southern Serr˜ao, et of to (Assis, Bay coast mid-Portugal the limits of current coastline to Spanish by Morocco Serr˜ao, kelp dominated southern in Assis, cold-water their forests 2018; the edges retracting al., Ara´ujo, subtidal range et continue Assis, warmer-water southern 2016; to Currently, al., their predicted clima- et 2018a). with are (Assis time al., warming species al., over changed ocean and et et has with maximum), Reed northwards species glacial move kelp 2016; and of last al., range distribution the et the (from Europe, (Krumhansl anthropo- forcing In pressure events, 2019). te heatwave herbivore al., and et and Wernberg oceans eutrophication), T. warming 2016; by and driven (harvesting world-wide Ireland. inputs observed of Regions been these genic west Ireland. has but the of communication), decline two as west forest personal over surveyed the Kelp Schoenrock, thoroughly forests (K. in as kelp communities ecosystems been similar in healthy have not taxa of east have indicators these and regions south, are of north, they presence the that constant to suggests The monitoring communication). of personal years al., et marine the as ( Schoenrock these such urchin in echinoderms, including common patterns year the seasonal the throughout natural ( forests are star kelp common There inhabit species communication). observations certain personal Ireland, but communities, al., In and et ( 2015). crab chemistry (Schoenrock al., edible carbonate the canopy et like including species Krause-Jensen ( commercial environment, lobster 2011; to European homes marine phytoplankton al., seasonal (Lovas for et the are forests erosion resource Hofmann of kelp from indicate 1985; carbon parameters coastlines (Dean, a modify protecting attenuation providing al., coastal energy, and wave light even et from chains 2001), dampen Norderhaug 2018), marine food also 2003; Tørum, al., diverse multiple can al., et & of for habitats et basis (Filbee-Dexter These substrata Christie the sea P. 2003). provide are (Fredriksen, deep H. and 2005), 2007; the communication), 2003; al., foraging to personal are et al., al., habitats forests et Christie et kelp Schoenrock H. K. (Norderhaug Europe, 2012; 2002; of fish al., parts et and other (Bengtsson In birds assemblages communication). marine resource personal a for al., as et habitats habitats Schoenrock marine shallow ( K. for organisms year; structure many the provides for protect kelp habitat to 1994), a al., order and et in (Jones species engineers important ecosystem these As of forests. distribution marine day future present and and current historical the understand better .hyperborea L. a enocrigfrdcds(aeoe l,20) h ehnclrmvlof removal mechanical The 2001). al., et (Valero decades for occurring been has and < .pinnatifida, U. mi diameter, in cm 3 .polyschides S. oau gammarus Homarus tisnrhr ags(otenNra) huhuci ouain a utaefrom fluctuate can populations urchin though Norway), (northern ranges northern its at .hyperborea L. ciu esculentus Echinus sicesn Aaj ta. 06.I diin ebvr rsuei devasta- is pressure herbivore addition, In 2016). al., et (Araujo increasing is r nraiga hi otenrneegs hl h pedo invasive of spread the while edges, range northern their at increasing are , a erce t otenrneeg rmtePruus osln othe to coastline Portuguese the from edge range southern its retracted has seisrubens Asterias > 0 arfuaseisin species macrofauna 300 ines n utpeseiso ueiefihta nai h kelp the inhabit that fish juvenile of species multiple and Linnaeus) ines,afl umr fseisi rvddi al ,(K. 1, Table in provided is species of summary full a Linnaeus), .hyperborea L. ines,siysasa ( star sea spiny Linnaeus), 2 rm10sIeadt rsn a,collating day, present to Ireland 1700s from .hyperborea L. .ochroleuca L. atatra glacialis Marthasterias oet nIeadthroughout Ireland in forests acrpagurus Cancer .hyperborea L. .hyperborea L. aertatdfrom retracted have Linnaeus), Jullien), and results L. 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(e.g., of low shoreline is distribution and the the high phycologists on between define zonation Irish-based live not to or does refers information instead Irish of the but of unfortunately, stipes but records the a (2012); Botanic from Historical certainly National Guiry (Monagail made The 4). is today from rosary to record this (Figure a 1986) herbarium Titley, and Donegal one is & observed: 1849), Ireland also South resource (Harvey, were Mara; of kelp economic resource (Ara of Gardens an 1940s uses iodine driven was Cultural the 2020). seaweeds, been an from Morrison, have seaweeds all and & may in of work interest material, potash renewed This packaging ‘kelp,’ for 3). as driver Table because day (see agriculture, harvest (present world marine in natural Isles of understand used the Landsborough British to David in the Reverend need interest (e.g. of keen the clergymen seaweeds a by and on had women were who focused many 1830 1847) researchers and Glasgow, (Greville, Kingdom), these species United of intertidal the in Some and from Eire structures) Algae’ within). ‘the reproductive listed termed of were authors (formation what and fructification of to descriptions extensive growth began initial historians the natural there many 1700s, although the forest, During generally kelp is a park to 1700-1900 or adjacent 2020). Records, forest (Parr, generally kelp Historical date individuals, a to kelp between distinction large difference ecological of The no density wrack). is of reduced beach observations (as a found strandline as future was a described that kelp on the hope or records We kelp Kelp habitat, whether to overlap. algae). other as comparison drift some such in or metadata, is 3) sightings more (Figure there kelp records and individual however fewer just Council 1), significantly (not Research have (Figure ecosystems Irish data) kelp analy- recent survey were of (including and these distribution ecosystems 2006), and the communication), Morrow, as personal & throug- separately Schoenrock, clubs (Picton sed (K. dive set projects (CFT) Agency data Fo-Thuinn Protection BIOMAR Comhairle Environmental boom the recreational country, a through 2). the provided with (Table day, were hout times present of forests multiple (‘number the kelp recorded interest approach for highlight were great we Records to sites of as recorded and few increased years however 1) on effort of Figure 1990s, points recording number record’; the Overall, (i.e., first and in 2). of recording location Figure (‘period of geographical country recorded’; year correct the years by within and sorted earliest date) then accessed were same sites Data coordinates, removed). same were (i.e., land records duplicate 19 17 for (September coastline (September Centre location the Agency 10 Data Protection the along (January Biodiversity Environmental System records ascertain National Information kelp to Biogeographic obis.org), mapping Ocean difficult 2020, gbif.org), Precise when it 2020, for 1985). included (January10th, making Facility records Abbott, not and Information sheets Site & were paper herbarium on (Tsuda data time. many thalli preservation Clare herbarium through thick on for records, therefore preserving noted pressed (3 collection, in not than difficulty of London the were rather of to details jellied Museum due likely collection likely Clifden History were records, is Natural (2 specimens specimens Ireland voucher and many of of records), Galway lack Gardens Ireland (0 Botanic The there of University National Island). that College National note The Trinity herbaria: must Clare), these Galway), we County in Finavarra though County algae record, brown period, Society large 1 time of Guiry, Linnaean same records (M. the the few over in very Ireland general, accessed from in were are, specimens texts voucher of old kelp study examine and the to phycologists investigate of to records London written of the 2019, November In vital this in function, ecosystem that hyperborea maintain foster show Laminaria and to We makers disturbance systems. policy a inform from these and recover in conserve resource. to work to ability coastal order at the in as processes needed defined urgently evolutionary resilience, is and monitoring ecological systematic and basic regular understand not do we ´ eod nIreland in records .hyperborea L. Laminaria .hyperborea L. p.adohrsaed eeotndsrbda age (Harvey, tangles as described often were seaweeds other and spp. eedwlae rdntdfo h lblBiodiversity Global the from donated or downloaded were th rm10 opeetdy ainlhrai eevisited were herbaria National day. present to 1700 from 09.Aldt eecnaeae,adqaiyfiltered quality and concatenated, were data All 2019). , 3 nsitu, in .digitata L. n hte twsi epfrs,pr,or park, forest, kelp a in was it whether and th olce rmGeclmkle County Glencolumbkille, from collected 09 idvriyrln.e,adthe and biodiversityireland.ie), 2019, , .latissima S. .hyperborea L. a huh oonly to thought was ilinclude will th , Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hswsfloe yarpa uvyo ein nCip&Suhad(98 ySmai ta.(2005) al. et Simkanin by (1958) Southward & Crisp locations. in same regions the of abundant, in survey time (super over taxa repeat repeated for The a be county. scales by could by abundance followed that SACFOR Ireland associated rare) was using Northern species and 1990s This summarised in occasional, the Ireland frequent, algae in across Table common, habitats marine habitats (see abundant, forest marine of regions kelp of abundance specific subtidal 2006) in the Morrow, with seaweeds & noted (Crisp referenced (Picton invertebrates (1994) intertidal survey studies of Morton BIOMAR multiple record instance 1990 their Ireland to and to for note UK 1950 side 3), the From a in as 1958). seaweeds communication). 1958, Southward, large in personal of Southward & al., points and data Crisp et knowledge by georeferenced Schoenrock this published multiple was K. supplement in with to 2014; record (summarised aim distribution al., Ireland first Ireland et in The and Burrows ecology UK (e.g. the forest data in kelp modern projects and of with research Norwegian understanding base recent the of our more that on and though of succession alongside communication). 2005), basis reports of Kelly, research, personal the description many This and al., forms 1989). 1977), to et phycologists, 1976a; 1982; French contributed 1962; Maggs 1976b; 1969; 1998; also (Kain, Kain, 1998; seaweeds al., who al., subcanopy/understory et et (1983) (Creed (Birkett by growth al. UK proliferated described and et competition first the be were and Maggs later defined Hyne students, would Ireland work by Lough of which of Kain’s in up seaweeds generations world forests’ The followed with the ‘kelp 1980. later of Ine) late biotope region – (1931), (or 1960 this Hyne Rees from in Lough SCUBA by ecology using of forest (Jones) ecology Kain kelp the Joanna for studied basis which intensively the 1930s, he providing the in where in associations helmet Ireland species diving to the a of using observation UK of first the dominance in the Kitching ecology to Jack sublittoral (SCUBA). led apparatus studying subsequently breathing for the underwater with methods self-contained phycologists the described flora for later, easier the first and, became expanding observations subtidally, bells Subtidal collected diving 2004). have of Guiry, surveys advent & recent (Rindi between more locations communities but the these algal 1912), in for intertidal 1909; record Island of (Cotton, Clare comparison 1990s and a the Lambay provide to on reports 1910 occurred multidisciplinary environments 2020). these natural and al., of or 1900s, et surveys early Ireland’ comprehensive Scally first (see ‘Northern the today of as extent Some reports noted some the (broadly with to coastlines issue 1900-2018 distributions an Records, the and still Historical of descriptions is 20 portions which the species to example) certain a on Up for 1580 on accessible. be focused Cork’ to easily data ‘County back was could not dating ‘presence’ Ireland There are Admiralty providing and British subtidal). in were the his of phycology (i.e., records of notes of tidelines these records however, even much sounding the idea; these in (1859) century below this algae of Cocks refuted seaweed marine have Most observed. for subtidal would flora’) 1849). on easily which space Harvey, data (‘land be little of 1859; intertidal could deal be (Cocks, seaweed to good would algae where there subtidal brown coastlines that from dominant phenology thought to zonation of annual restricted in distribution the were variation on description the 1826), studies noted algae, first and (Lamouroux, also marine the regions, algae were of fleshy potentially across Observations patterns) and is services. growth algae which ecosystem (annual coralline therefore providing 1849), between Algae, (Harvey, and/or “The interactions engineers structure” structure: ecological the ecosystem the community on as and notes support seaweeds Interesting webs base, 1849). of food Harvey, the of species: (1/4 supporting support (Phaeo- greens seaweed series’ by and ‘Olive include species) by seaweeds dominated of of as (3/8 ecology described algae originally red were many Isles with British phyta), the in communities algal Marine f. cloustonii actually Hafgygia are for which of misnomers) some (not ecotypes, names many multiple indicated having College Trinity as and noted Ireland Harvey of Gardens Botanic National The Laminaria in records herbarium and 1849), compressa p.cudesl egopdit htwas what into grouped be easily could spp. ole 84(ur ur,2020). Guiry, & (Guiry 1884 Foslie, .hyperborea L. Emnso)Aecog 1883, Areschoug, (Edmondston) .hyperborea’ L. .hyperborea L. (formerly ouaindnmc Ki,16) erdcin(an&Jns 1964), Jones, & (Kain reproduction 1963), (Kain, dynamics population s .cloustoni L. include uu hyperboreus Fucus icige l,13) eltrbogtta equipment that brought later He 1934). al., et Kitching ; aiai cloustoni Laminaria 4 aiai phyllis Laminaria Gunnerus, .hyperborea L. Laminaria Edmondston, peetday (present uu scoparius Fucus p.frss nldn the including forests, spp. Hre,14) Previous 1841). (Harvey, aiai hyperborea Laminaria .digitata L. to 1762, Strom which ) th Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. etrhbttmpigtos hc r ueirt on eod,btas icl oaheewt species with for achieve need to the difficult indicate also findings but These records, in point 2015b). noted to al., been superior et already Yesson are has which 2005; this tools, al., and mapping et 2016), first habitat (Simkanin al., the better Ireland et where in (Assis Mayo, northward found County retracting species kelps Bellmullet more show including has predictions expansions coastline change also range the study 2015a), species because the of interestingly, al., for coast record More et 1999). Yesson suitable east Costello, in regions the & 5 (Neilson indicates along Figure coastline (see distribution rocky sources that than its freshwater habitats indicate overestimates sand/mud/marsh major models to potentially adjacent distribution this not Species though are that 2015a). Ireland al., in and coastlines et distributions, (Yesson current in exposure light wave km or 654 temperature 48, than cover to type thought substrate by more the influenced than are temperature native to the while susceptible harbours), more e.g. structures, comes modified different or data esculenta (ii) man-made A. distribution and to post-1990) restricted most like were the also Non-natives, (i) majority (but in the temperatures found species. species average where and each review fucoid present databases for and the with online requirements kelp to contrast environmental and of associated (in herbaria distribution forcing 1970 from the after environmental studies data modelled from or using (2015a) suitability al. Ireland project habitat et and to Yesson UK the models presence. facilitated distribution on species are species based of which 1700s utilise seaweeds records chemistry the investigations of from product Present-day resource natural distributions 2015). regions a and al., and future as evolution use et effort ecology, and (Young recording like description technology of disciplines species by terms basic to in from expanding progressed time 1910s, has over - study fluctuated of have focus kelp The for visited. records time. Moving distribution over [changing] communication). summary, highlight usage (personal In and habitat al. data and of et distribution For analysis Schoenrock species benefit focus. would K. in survey methodology in patterns monitoring and analysis standard community methodology, a creating for (e.g., collection forward, used reside data surveys hydroids qualitative swath many vs. the where with quantitative blades associated the kelp species to instance, 1), due mixed (Table in potentially Ireland exist 5), of replicates west few regions other too the in but in than assemblages, Ireland community west affected for in also communities, and forests species region kelp kelp kelp in in geographical analysis Dominant similarity apparent an 4). same community were using (Table to evaluated differences the = contribute were Regional 7 5) within species 2006). (Table more and Gorley, a) species example abundant, & kelp forests = Clarke different by 6 (ANOSIM; kelp across dominated similarity common, data within forests of = species within compositions with 5 b) created frequent, and species was = 4) matrix of (Table 4 similarity given Bray-Curtis occasional, similarity were a = and finally scales and 2 species SACFOR record sites, kelp rare, site Species that = each 5). impact for 1 & the abundant) absent, 4 highlight super = (Table to (0 ecosystems analysed value kelp be numerical within can a assemblages they Services. faunal that Wildlife on fact The and have the Parks region coasts. in National unique west or recent are Agency to most data Protection that BIOMAR Environmental east scale the the from like to agencies communities habitats, research subtidal in from of is differences records boosted in Chl has and hyperborea resulted 2009 L. energy in et which wave Simkanin Ireland variables temperature, Seasearch in environmental of indices air trend similarity formation the community or (e.g., the by that influenced despite showed sea ranges later more abundance, than northern (2018) were in al. their data declined et (2005)’s expand Merder species al. 2015). to southerly al., species et nine (including Smale of southerly species Declines 2019; one for 12 studies. contrast, Europe of between In five in years 2005). in 45 al., occurred et the habitats Simkanin over intertidal abundance latissima these species in S. of species declines northerly or in increases highlighted which .esculenta A. .ochroleuca L. sfudi ein ihcle vrg eprtrs(esne l,21a n stogtt be to thought is and 2015a) al., et (Yesson temperatures average colder with regions in found is hl nrae curdi n f1 pce ivsv barnacle (invasive species 12 of one in occurred increases while ) eod nIeadaesple yctznsinit 21-08 iue1.Termiigdata remaining The 1). Figure (2010-2018, scientists citizen by supplied are Ireland in records oet odfieseisdiigdffrne Tbe5.We oprdwt eetstudy recent a with compared When 5). (Table differences driving species define to forests nIeadwsntdi 08(conoke l,21) oesta atri climate in factor that Models 2019). al., et (Schoenrock 2018 in noted was Ireland in 2 fcatiei h KadIead pcfial nrcysbtaewt moderate with substrate rocky on specifically Ireland, and UK the in coastline of Laminaria 5 p.o h ein(M region the of spp. lcr pilosa Electra .hyperborea L. .pinnatifida, U. al )wr o nlddin included not were 5) & 4 Table , oet r oal ieet(Table different notably are forests .ochroleuca L. le ta. 2009). al., et uller ¨ r on naeswt high with areas in found are .hyperborea L. utamnu modestus Australminius conoke al., et Schoenrock : .hyperborea L. a Laminaria .hyperborea L. concentration lnesall blankets spp. and is ; Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 22)cnre httehgetlvl fallcdvriyadhtrzgst eefudi the in found were heterozygosity al. and et diversity Schoenrock allelic diversity. genetic of unique recent levels long- harbour highest of may of borea areas the areas result these that or the suggesting refugia, confirmed for 2016), as glacial (2020) al., predicted interpreted addition, et been was (Assis In have Ireland 2019). Bellmullet maxima, of al., glacial in non-native et during Port the (Schoenrock persistence event Scots in term founder diversity at a population genetic heterozygotes following the that of admixture of found excess studies (2019) systematic the more no al. Moreover, even were et Like- is there Schoenrock This scales.” recently diversity. small species. leuca until genetic on where kelp for Ireland efforts and of of monitoring a populations genetics in coast only kelp scales the important, within temporal along ecologically variation from included apparent and genetic have economically recover studies assess are few could to kelps wise, attempted “while populations have that Pacific how studies conclude the (2011) determine few within al. seen to heatwaves et Valero as order such (e.g. Myriam populations in disturbances, common how 2019). from necessity are al., or and 2014) et a distance partitioned (Wernberg al., affected by is is Ocean et diversity largely isolation Gall, another genetic Le of is one (Robuchon, how patterns harvesting species) Understanding to and kelp 2014). connected 2003), al., (with al., are et connectivity et Gall, Population Billot Le pressure. Robuchon, (e.g. discontinuity harvesting habitat strong France genetic by in with population (mainly had literature areas Europe that the in in of species kelps Interestingly, state on California. centred current ( studies and the the data Chile, reviewed of Australia, (2011) most Portugal), al. with and et kelp, Krueger-Hadfield [Brittany] Valero in in Myriam patterns reviewed of 2011). genetic genetics patterns population al., extension, population on et by (seaweed chaotic way Valero and sea powerful 2016; (i.e., populations, a the Hoban, natural apply provide in & in tools structure necessarily partitioned genetic population is environments Population diversity and the 2010). terrestrial genetic connectivity in al., how from et study patterns predictions to Selkoe these which 2006; all Studying with al., populations. not et inbred, Galindo populations as often patchiness: outcrossed challenging genetic evolutionary smaller, Larger, essential be than stochasticity. the diverse, can environmental genetically is sea to variation more 2014). al., genetic respond be et as to can large Couceiro, diversity kelptend species Robuchon, uproot genetic of (e.g., which would through studies role with that of conferred the mechanism otherwise handful be of a or also only storms understanding may to from our Resilience limited However, safe is is bank 1980). sporophyte spore stage kelp Cubit, large a microscopic of & a as a (i) gametophytes Lubchenco resilience (ii) either facilitate bet-hedging: or as may (i.e., following grazers stressors sporophytes cycle and for biological gametophytes life and large into environmental This too 1964). develop from is to 1995). Jones, refuge settle & al., for and (Kain allowing et m March (Fredriksen populations, 200 to ˜ sporophytes October disperse juvenile sori from Hagen, fertilization, within 1995; sori Duggins, produced of producing & zoospores and blades (Estes The world mid-summer, The the length 2015). of maximum regions al., reaching other et in Another do Ling generally 2006). 1995; populations al., urchin et and Norway ( (Sjotun urchin in untouched green left the are of juvenile kelps populations where adult years, ( generally species 4 and urchin sub-canopy, annually of the populations age in the in average urchin, grazing regenerating sporophytes marine an destructive common storms, no with the The by is region. but removed in There this is communication). 1993) resilience personal canopy al., al., as of et et year (Schoenrock aspect Sjøtun the Norway; throughout important Finnmark, reappear an kelps in is years 18 disturbances of large after ecosystems environment. kelp of resources. Recovery of investment significant of require monitoring monitoring and and Resilience sensing remote where sublittoral the in ouaina og yei h otws fIead hygntpdsvnohrpplto along population other seven genotyped They Ireland. of southwest the in Hyne Lough at population a oprbet h otenrneeg fti pce ahrta lsrppltosi France. in populations closer than rather species this of edge range southern the to comparable was arcsi pyrifera Macrocystis aiai hyperborea Laminaria aaetou lividus Paracentrotus , esnanigrescens Lessonia toglcnrsdroebachiensis Strongylocentrus ciu esculentus, Echinus aiai hyperborea Laminaria saln ie pce,rahn 1 er faei etIead(maximum Ireland west in age of years ˜15 reaching species, lived long a is a vrse nte20 the in overfished was ) .hyperborea L. and , 6 osntdsrcieygaegmtpye rjuvenile or gametophytes graze destructively not does .digitata L. nulyrgnrt,satn rwhi itrand winter in growth starting regenerate, annually communities th ontps heti rln ste do they as Ireland in threat a pose not do ) etr Bre ro,20) n small and 2001), Crook, & (Barnes century .hyperborea L. abue h ihs eeso diversity of levels highest the harboured ) .hyperborea L. ln h otencoastline southern the along omnte in communities .ochro- L. .hyper- L. Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ouetn epeoytm peec fafrs)a ela bnac f‘niao pce’wti using environmental towards within good move species’ of should indicators ‘indicator effort are of forests multiple Recording abundance kelp record as revisited. that well not evidence not as do boost are forest) would people regions This a either methodology. many of standardised that, or (presence from forest indicating ecosystems records kelp kelp sightings, in documenting pulse same single a the are with decades, of records the records sightings over Most continued Kelp onward. and information. 1913 qualitative 1990s to mostly back contain the date and points rare data historically are georeferenced Ireland with (MSFD in webs forests kelp food of Studies marine healthy including and 2015), 3) al., Conclusions descriptor et (MSFD (Berg because objectives stocks 2000) legislations shellfish 4). Commission, the and descriptor (European to fish Directive under central commercial Framework is ecosystems (Euro- Water healthy ecosystems (EBM) kelp MSFD EU forests management monitor these Directive, the Framework based kelp to by Strategy and ecosystem within committed provided Marine 2008), assemblages be services (EU Commission, species should ecosystem legislation pean governments in environmental the National fluctuations (EU) on 2015). Union where gaps asso- al., European set information of et species data key presence indicator Bertocci a be (see The filling (e.g. could create see form. monitored, to forests to or easier be kelp help in are and could that found would ob- species site’ are 1), mobile scientist a species Table large citizen kelp ‘adopt in particularly habitats habitats with abundance, to species the these divers effort faunal documenting in CFT this ciated region, trends for supplement their scheme and and in a status more technology targeted provides monitor without sensing Ireland monitoring to remote Seasearch way forest ground-truth other servations. kelp foreseeable and to regular A Ireland to be services. 2019). resources would al., ecosystem substantial et of devote (Duffy delivery function to apparent ecosystem unlikely of are understanding de- countries monitor and but small to data observations, bolster proposed underwater to with are ‘emerging associations coupled systems an remote-sensing observation as using monitoring Tiered intervals, seagrass tailed management. which wider and Atlantic, coastal at macroalgae western and patterns marine classifies north broadscale ocean (2019) the for al. in globally et priority’ Duffy beds by kelp review submerged recent subtidal A for the on method used a be created potentially ( (2010) could platforms Pacific habitats Dubois satellite east coastal or & the and 2015) estuarine in Simms Hardy, in pioneered & was blooms Craith monitor and Mac to column, 2011; used place al., typically in et more put Blight Although ( be (see islands ecosystems. should sonar on these scheme depth of map monitoring m use to better 15 the A ˜ include communication). reach could personal forests and although Maggs, of communication), (C. average personal an coasts and Schoenrock, with Ireland’s density K. summer) off LAT; that in depth, indicate (peak m mapping year Ireland 2 a the (˜ of creating throughout west when fluctuations m the huge helpful individuals have from incredibly 20.21 forests surveys is kelp technology population stable however This of validation height 2020). forests, video with al., sub-surface sonar to quantified et for beam exposed be single Scally tool using can highly (Biosonics; quantified ecosystems is was ID kelp which coastline healthy species bed, reticulated kelp that of the the indicates of as survey height recent task, and density A difficult through Ocean. a Atlantic is North Ireland dynamic in the habitats forest like kelp Monitoring species of canopy stability Schoenrock (other genetic (K. included forward. the moving further taxa into analysis important of this insight On-going number investigate provide structure. the help to genetic expanding should sampling in Ireland temporal included patterns of with were hyperborea scale as communication), Ireland coastline well of smaller personal entire as coast study al., the diversity west et to along the decreasing difficult sites of of much forty-two it patterns over of rendering found spread study, and sites this Donegal eight County only in However, to distance. Cork by County isolation from coast west the Ulva p. oast ta. 00,stliedt sas sfli apn epseista pntewater the span that species kelp mapping in useful also is data satellite 2020), al., et Mora-soto spp.: nsitu in nIead( Ireland in apiganal tslce ie sas die,t atr nomto uha taxonomic as such information capture to advised, also is sites selected at annually sampling -2 e fwihaecnp omn;gets ephih sosre nsalwhabitats shallow in observed is height kelp greatest forming; canopy are which of few , sensu aeoe l,21) otne oioigo hs eei eore,a elas well as resources, genetic these of monitoring Continued 2011). al., et Valero .hyperborea L. .pyrifera: M. 7 oet nIreland. in forests oast ta. 00 aaag ta. 2010). al., et Cavanaugh 2020; al., et Mora-soto .polyschides S. or .latissima S. ,wl be will ), L. Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. 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Brittany, Contrasting of (2014a). of coast M. the bank Valero, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12774 along & the co-distributed S., species Examining Mauger, kelp L., sister (2014). Gall, Le M. M., Valero, Robuchon, & C., barcoding. and Destombe, culturing F., County using https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2014.892635 Island, A. kelps Clare in Peters, of stages flora L., microscopic algal Couceiro, benthic ). the M., of Ine Robuchon, comparison ( long-term A Hyne Ireland. (2004). Lough western D. of Mayo, M. Guiry, Phaeophyceae & the F., Rindi, on Observations Preliminary chal- warming change. (1931). Extreme Ecology climate K. (2016). of T. S. indicators Rees, Harrer, as & forests T., kelp Bell, R., of https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13757 Miller, status A., sentinel Rassweiler, lenges L., Washburn, D., Reed, (2006). C. C. Belfast. Morrow, MarLIN. Museum, & by E., collated B. volunteers) by Picton, (collected Data Datasets Survey Survey Life Life Marine Marine (2020). quality. J. food Parr, to of degredation importance bacterial Trophic of importance (2003). the Series K. and Nygaard, consumers & forest S., kelp Fredriksen, M., K. Norderhaug, holdfast and epiphyte by imitations kelp patterns. of mobility Colonisation 0893-7 of (2002). study E. a Rinde, & fauna; a H., in Christie, interactions M., K. Fish-macrofauna Norderhaug, (2005). S. Frederiksen, & 1279–1286. H., 85(5), J. Fossa, ( H., kelp Christie, M., K. Norderhaug, aiai hyperborea Laminaria 5,135–144. 255, , 92,439–448. 19(2), , aiai ochroleuca Laminaria . aiai hyperborea Laminaria idvriyadConservation and Biodiversity ora fteMrn ilgclAscaino h ntdKingdom United the of Association Biological Marine the of Journal rs idieManuals, Wildlife Irish . forest. ) 21,9. 12(1), , . ahltd aPli nIeadfudi ela hited onyMayo. County Mhuirthead, an Beal in found Ireland in Pylaie la de Bachelot aieBiology Marine ora fteMrn ilgclAscaino h ntdKingdom United the of Association Biological Marine the of Journal iMrSre fmrn pci n aiaso Ireland of habitats and speceis marine of Survey BioMar oet nteRpbi fIead umte to Submitted Ireland. of Republic the in forests o 1.Ntoa ak n idieSrie Department Service, Wildlife and Parks National 118. No. 4() 6–7.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002- 965–973. 141(5), , 12 3 471–492. 13, , uoenJunlo Phycology of Journal European oeua Ecology Molecular aueCommunications Nature oeua Ecology Molecular aiai hyperborea Laminaria aieEooyProgress Ecology Marine 31) 2669–2685. 23(11), , aLN Collated MarLIN, 91,128–133. 49(1), , inlg and Limnology 56,1329– 85(6), , ora of Journal ,1–7. 7, , 19(17), , Ulster . to , Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. niae1 h csse suhatyo )tehbtti ml ‘eppr’sePr,22)o opie of comprised or 2020) Parr, species). see kelp park’ with (‘kelp a change small within communities is habitat species where the 5 these Table 2) of healthy (see or lack unhealthy kelps with A is mixed associated ecosystem m communication). consistently the per personal 1) are abundance indicate al., average that et their species’ Schoenrock including ‘indicator (K. year, of the throughout list forests A 1. Table obis.org, databases: online and Herbaria National Tables in available freely erc.epa.ie/droplet/. Structure Springer is and manuscript biodiversityireland.ie, this (2015). pp39-73). gbif.org, within J. 1308, used data B. FromAll (vol. Baker, Products Biology, & Natural Molecular (Eds), D., Accessibility S. in C. Data Connan, Methods Amsler, & Protocols, D. L., Stengel, and J. 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Simms, . air eBooi Marine Biologie de Cahiers . rmisnrhr ag fdsrbto nNra.I .R hmmn .T rw,& Brown, T. M. Champman, . R. A. In Norway. in distribution of range northern its from aieEcology Marine . nentoa ora fRmt Sensing Remote of Journal International orenhItrainlSaedSmoim eeomnsi Hydrobiology, in Developments Symposium, Seaweed International Fourteenth air eBooi Marine Biologie de Cahiers ol es nEvrnetlEvaluation. Environmental An Seas: World 54,6960 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001453 669–680. 95(4), , 64,13–04 https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12199 1033–1044. 36(4), , aiai hyperborea Laminaria hcls n itiuinlidxo h eti aieageo h North the of algae marine benthic the of index distributional and Checklist 24,467–483. 52(4), , 2 212,53–62. 42(1–2), , 13 ). aieBooyResearch Biology Marine 21) 2083–2094. 22(11), , ora fteMrn ilgclAssociation Biological Marine the of Journal p.5–8.Aaei Press. Academic 57–78). (pp. surn,CatladSefScience Shelf and Coastal Estuarine, -2 fkl oetadtohcfunction trophic and forest kelp of aiai ochroleuca Laminaria () 24–32. 2(1), , .hyperborea L. aiai hyperborea Laminaria vl8 pp. 85 (vol oetmay forest Laminaria Laminaria Laminaria nthe in , Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aeYa Record Year M.D. Esq., Cocks J. McCalla William Harvey Henry William Ball Elizabeth Anne Thompson William Hyndman Crawford George Hutchins Ellen Drummond Lawson James Turner Dawson Templeton John naturalist or phycologist Name with the year about listed first information are or specific People publication and phycology ’), occupation). . only communities. . ‘From. or of as these date information (noted span, of (publication active life still understanding specifying if activity our publication of enabling of dates 2010, initials, or to names 1700s known the from Ireland 3. Table day). of (present number 2018 The 2. Table Vertebrate, Vertebrate, m Ascidian, Abundance Average Ascidian, Ascidian, Echinoderm, Echinoderm, Echinoderm, Echinoderm, Mollusc, Mollusc, Crustacean, Annelid, Cnidarian, Anemone, Hydroid, encrusting Sponge, Species ito hclgssadntrlhsoin h okdo ewe omnte nteU and UK the in communities seaweed on worked who historians natural and phycologists of list A ibl cineraria Gibbula umbilicalis Gibbula uoynanebulosa Eupolymnia blageniculata Obelia ilsoaspongiforme Diplostoma variolosus Distomus punctum Aplidium 0 0 0 2364 4 0 0 553 54 0 2 495 0 321 0 26 0 1087 293 5 0 524 0 382 3 558 5 3 30 20 1 344 3 4 0 3 1 0 Total 6 0 6 0 5 1 4 0 3 2 1 riiafelina Urticina aypylasmithii Caryophyllia oisuu flavescens Gobiusculus Pomatoschistus aamnserratus Palaemon ciu esculentus Echinus forskali Holothuria glacialis Marthasterias rubens Asterias < Suberites 9015-917-919-920-921-8Total 2010-18 2000-09 1990-99 1970-89 1950-69 1950 aiai hyperborea Laminaria p.005Predator 0.015 spp. p.02 itrfeeder Filter 0.26 spp. ( < c imtr .2Predator 1.22 diameter) 3cm eod o iegopdb iepro rmpe15 to pre-1950 from period time by grouped site a for records .9Predator 0.39 .8Fle feeder Filter feeder Filter feeder Filter Grazer feeder Suspension Predator Grazer Grazer Predator feeder 0.08 Filter feeder 4.99 Filter 0.78 Predator kelp) (on feeder 0.2 Filter 0.39 0.41 0.06 0.86 0.016 0.02 0.59 1.54 0.27 14 89Osrain ntegot n ieo perneo oeo h aieage &c. algae, marine the of some of appearance of time and growth the on Observations Galway County Roundstone Naturalist, Phycologist 1859 British and Irish 1814-1849 Ireland of Phycologist fauna Irish the 1811-1866 to Additions XXII. 1808-1872 Phycologist Irish 1805-1852 Phycologist Irish 1796-1867 Phycologist Irish 1785-1815 Phycologist British Museum 1783-1853 Ulster Hibernica, Flora 1775-1858 1766-1825 -2 rpi function Trophic 3 1 6 20 638 1696 Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ein,seisrcns S,adst ubr()aedslydaogwt pce rvn iiaiyad% and similarity driving in species communities with of along southwest Similarity displayed are regions: Donegal). (N) 5 number County Mayo, in site and (north and sites Galway contribution. north (S), forest Clare, and richness Kerry, kelp species Donegal), (County 31 regions, west and for Wexford), Sligo scales and (County Wicklow abundance northwest (County BIOMAR southeast of Cork), analysis (County ANOSIM 4. Table Morrison Liam Rindi Fabio Kraan Stephan Trowbridge Cynthia Grave De Sammy Stengel B. Dagmar Brodie Juliet Hiscock Sue Egan Barry Maggs A. Christine Roden Cilian Irvine Mary Linda Dring J. Matthew Valera de Mairin Whelan M. Patrick Cullinane J.P. Morton Record Osborne Pybus Colin Guiry D. Michael Year Scannell M.J.P Norton A. Trevor (Jones) Kain M. Joanna Colinvaux L.H. Dixon S. Peter Parkes H.M. Parke M. Black W.A.P. Brennan T. Agnes Lynn M.J. Rees T.K. Hanna Henry Batters E.A.L Holmes E.M. Gray unknown) S.O. name Cotton (Christian Disbrowe Cary Arthur Captain and Praeger L. Robert Corry & Stewart Alexander Name egahcrgo pce Contribution % 9 = N 31.78 = S similarity 6.99% Southwest Species region Geographic lcr pilosa Electra diaphanum Alcyonidium denticulata Crisia lineata Callopora 15 rm20 rs Phycologist Irish identification species Molecular 2004 From Phycologist Ireland Irish 1994 From in species algal Invasive 2000 From beds Cork maerl County 2001 Irish Bay, From Ballycotton of Phycologist algae Irish 2000 marine From the Phycologist on British Notes From1994 Phycologist Dublin County British 1988 From from Clare algae County marine Burren, 1982 Noteworthy the phycologist From of British shores and northern Irish the 1983 of algae 1983 marine From X. Ireland, Phycologist of British coast 1981 west the Phycologist Ireland of British 1969 of Investigations From Coast Galway benthic County South Ireland Knowles and Ireland from the from Matilda Littoral 1980 of algae from From algae and Coast red Records of Johnson South encrusting Algal records Thomas the on Marine 1939 Interesting by from observations From Waterford Records and County Algal notes the Marine 1976 Some in From mainly made algae 1966 marine From of Coast Records Wexford Unpublished the 1978 from Phycologist algae Ireland Irish marine of 1975 of algae list the A of 1969 Donegal, bibliography From County annotated Bay, Phycologist partially Mulroy Irish A of 1969 algae marine Phycologist the British 1967 Laminariaceae From of British survey Ireland the general of fo A Coast composition 1930-2017 West chemical the and Phycologist on weight British Algae 1965 in Lough Marine variation Appendix Strangford Certain seasonal algae, Whiterock, of 1960 The marine of Distribution From British district the the the Phycologist on of of British Notes list algae 1958 revised the Ine A on Lough algae, Islands 1950 Notes of From marine Channel algae British the Appendix marine new and algae, The some Ireland 1950 marine On Britain, British algae, Great the marine of of British algae 1945 list critical marine revised or the A New of Algae, 1937 study Marine the Phycologist British to Irish New introduction 1935 an seaweeds: British 1898-1899 Gardens Botanical National 1895 to Ireland herbaria of algae north-east marine 1883 Four the Captain, of surveys Sea Flora Island 1867 Clare naturalist, Irish 1869-1912 1865-1953 1858 7.13 10.57 14.6 51.1 Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. al .AOI nlsso IMRaudnesae o 1kl oet opsdpeoiatyof predominantly composed forests forests kelp kelp within 31 similarity for scales latissima abundance Saccharina BIOMAR of hyperborea analysis Laminaria ANOSIM 5. Table epseisSeis%Contribution % esculenta A. 1 = N 48 = S hyperborea L. pilosa Electra Species 27 = N 51.74 = S similarity 13.85% hyperborea L. species Kelp 3 = N 44 = S similarity 57.07% North data No 6 = N 50.67 = S similarity 0% Northwest 7 = N 41.15 = S Contribution % similarity 11% West 6 = N 78 = S similarity 19.38% Southeast Species region Geographic .Si pce ihes snme fsts n otiuino an driving fauna of contribution % and sites, of number is N richness, species is S ). u ie oiae by dominated sites 3 but and .latissima S. lsr foliacea Flustra eburnea Crisia Scrupocellaria denticulata Crisia pilosa Electra (O) (O) laminosa Phyllodoce variopedatus Chaetopterus trispinosa Parasmittina ciliata Bicellariella eburnea Crisia foliacea Flustra lineata Callopora pilosa Electra variopedatus Chaetopterus membranacea Membranipora pilosa Electra foliacea Flustra Scrupocellaria Terebellidae Spirorbidae odata No diaphanum Alcyonidium variopedatus Chaetopterus eburnea Crisia Scrupocellaria denticulata Crisia membranacea Membranipora lineata Callopora foliacea Flustra odata No lraesculenta Alaria 16 p.7.13 spp. p.5.91 spp. n ie epfrs ( forest kelp mixed 1 and 4.47 4.47 11.68 11.68 15.58 15.93 45.13 4.47 5.9 5.96 5.96 7.97 10.47 16.72 24.7 5.03 25.04 29.79 32.98 26.68 2.66 2.8 4.14 7.17 9.35 15.44 16.51 .hyperborea L. and Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue4 mg fakl oaywti h ebru tTeNtoa oai adn fIead The Ireland. of Gardens of Botanic stipes National the 1. The from Figure at made herbarium from the made Donegal. likely indicating within County are 2), rosary columbkille, rosary kelp & the forests. a 1 of kelp of (Figures ‘beads’ of Image queries presence indicate database 4. often from Figure could locations records clubs with OBIS dive overlap and EPA (CFT) and GBIF Fo-Thuinn locations IRC that Comhairle Many 2006), and Morrow, communication) & Ireland. (Picton personal study around al., BIOMAR et the from (Schoenrock ecosystems programs forest research kelp of Records data 3. for on Figure recorded’ record day. years present of of to year ‘number 1913 recent effort, from Recording (most 2018 2. to Figure 2010 and 2000-2009, 1990-1999, platforms). 1970-1989, 1950-1969, from 1. Figure Figures aiai hyperborea Laminaria epseisSeis%Contribution % Species species Kelp 3 = N 11 = S pro ffis eod o rln rmpe15 11 a h nyrecord), only the was (1913 pre-1950 from Ireland for record’ first of ‘period 17 aiai hyperborea Laminaria aiai digitata Laminaria ln h os fIreland of coast the along olce rmGlen- from collected Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue2. Figure 18 Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue3. Figure 19 Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue4. Figure 20 Posted on Authorea 9 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158645571.19870197 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 21