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Neuroquantology Journal NeuroQuantology | June 2015 | Volume 13 | Issue 2 | Page 154-159 154 Parra and Villanueva., Psi-conductive state of consciousness Exploring Psychomanteum as a Psi-Conducive State of Consciousness Alejandro Parra and Jorge Villanueva ABSTRACT The mirror gazing procedure termed the “psychomanteum” was developed by the world renowned psychiatrist Dr. Raymond Moody. It was designed to facilitate reunion experiences with deceased individuals, as a means of addressing the feelings surrounding bereavement. Although the modern psychomanteum is not normally employed to seek extra-sensory perception (ESP) information about the future, it may be that the psychomanteum is psi-conductive. For example, there are many similarities and differences between psychomanteum experiences and accounts of hypnagogic/hypnopompic imagery, which is conducive to ESP. The aim is of this paper was to explore whether the psychomanteum technique encourages a psi-conducive state of consciousness, which would result in scoring that is significantly above mean chance expectation (MCE). One hundred and thirty participants (92 females and 38 males; mean age= 47.44) were recruited by announcements in newspapers and our web site. Under psychomanteum condition, psi-hitting was obtained (30.8% above MCE); however, under no-psychomanteum (control) condition, 29.2% was obtained (where 25% was expected). The results differ slightly from MCE in the psychomanteum condition (p= .02, one-tailed) in comparison with no- psychomanteum condition, but no significant differences were found. A number of positive correlations were also found, for instance, participants who attained higher scores on auditory and visual hallucinations tended to demonstrate psi-hitting. Key Words: psychomanteum; state of consciousness; mirror gazing; extrasensory perception DOI Number: 10.14704/nq.2015.13.2.836 NeuroQuantology 2015; 2: 154-159 Introduction1 feelings of bereavement. Moody conducted This mirror gazing procedure termed clients through a process of remembrance and “psychomanteum” was developed by psychiatrist counseling combined with the mirror-gazing, and Dr. Raymond Moody (Arcangel, 1994; 2005; reported that about 50% of the participants Moody, 1992; Moody and Perry, 1993; Moody believed they had a reunion with a loved one. and Arcangel, 2001) who authored the best- Some of these reunion experiences selling book Life after Life (Moody, 1975) at the involved apparent apparitions of the deceased seventies. It was designed to facilitate reunions person, both in the mirror and externally in the with deceased individuals, as a way of addressing room. The apparitions that appear in the Psychomanteum may be similar to crisis and Corresponding author: Alejandro Parra other apparitions that have been the topic of Address: Institute of Paranormal Psychology. Salta 2015 (C1137ACQ) parapsychological theory and research, and the Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail [email protected] question of survival after death. Moody has Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors directly observed more than 300 individuals declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any during psychomanteum experiences and commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. interviewed them afterwards about their Received: 3 March 2015; Revised: 24 May 2015; experiences. Based upon this work, he concluded Accepted: 6 June 2015 eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com NeuroQuantology | June 2015 | Volume 13 | Issue 2 | Page 154-159 155 Parra and Villanueva., Psi-conductive state of consciousness that crystal gazing can be a helpful technique in true in the case of the psychomanteum technique. tapping into one’s creative potential and as an aid For example, the result of ganzfeld stimulation is to self-understanding. According to Dr. Moody’s the experience of diffuse, unpadded light files, several people reported using their characterized by reports of being immersed in a experiences as a part of a process of “sea of light,” disorientation, and the occurrence psychotherapy, for example in ferreting out of “blank out” periods in which there is a conflictual issues and even in recovering complete disappearance of visual experience. repressed early trauma. Irrespective of whether the Radin (2001) noted at least five possible psychomanteum technique induces a quasi- hypotheses about the psychomanteum, one of hallucinatory psi-conducive state, we might learn which is the telepathic hypothesis. Intense from the work of the early English psychical telepathic rapport may affect brain functioning, researchers in the 1880’s and 90’s. They began to causing the telepathic communication to be see a new meaning and interpretation in psi perceived as though it was projected from hallucinations. L.E. Rhine (1953; 1963) found a outside the body. Sometimes this may take the total of 825 hallucinatory experiences, which she form of the “sender’s” image, as is often reported had drawn from a general case collection of over in cases of crisis telepathy (Gauld, 1977). Other 8,000 items. As such, hallucinations comprised hypotheses are neurological, perceptual, about 10 percent of the total. The classifying of psychokinetic and the ghost hypothesis. In recent the types of ESP phenomena represented in the years, a number of researchers have employed hallucinatory cases involved the sense modalities. psychomanteum chambers to try to facilitate However, the decision as to whether these cases reunions between participants and their were telepathic, clairvoyant, or precognitive in deceased loved ones (Hastings et al., 1999; origin depended on what was perceived. Moody, 1994; Moody and Perry, 1993; Radin and When applied to a parapsychical Rebman, 1996; Roll and Braun, 1995; Moody and occurrence, the word hallucination has not Arcangel, 2001). always meant exactly what it does today. Before One possible explanation for the discovery of any of the extrasensory psychomanteum apparitional experiences is that phenomena –telepathy, clairvoyance, or they involve hypnagogic-like imagery whose precognition– such occurrences could not have content may be strongly influenced by the needs, been defined in terms of psi. Hallucinatory motivations and expectations of the participants. parapsychical experiences can be defined as the Hypnagogic/hypnopompic imagery is that which expression of the sensory equivalent of occurs during the transition states between sleep impressions received by extrasensory means. and wakefulness (Mavromatis, 1987; Schacter, Hallucinations are one of the four forms of 1976). However, the main difference between spontaneous experiences, the others being psychomanteum imagery and intuitions, and unrealistic and realistic dreaming hypnagogic/hypnopompic imagery is that in the (Rhine, 1953; 1963). former case the participant presumably has Our study compared psi performance in his/her eyes open whereas in the latter case the the psychomanteum with performance in an participant may or may not have his/her eyes equivalent non-psychomanteum condition. It also open. Another difference is that, unlike explored ASC in the psychomanteum as a hypnagogic/hypnopompic imagery, potentially psi-conducive state of consciousness. psychomanteum experiences do not tend to We hypothetized that (1) significant difference feature non-verbal auditory imagery. between scoring in the psychomanteum and the Like other forms of sensory deprivation, non-psychomanteum condition in a positive psychomanteum stimulation would be associated direction for the psychomanteum condition. Our with increased attention to internal imagery. rationale was that (2) if the psychomanteum Investigators suggested this association to truly induces a non-ordinary state of develop an “experimental-hypnagogic” technique consciousness, this would increase ESP scores, to facilitate the study of hypnagogic imagery. and the presence and intensity of a non-ordinary Studies of sensory deprivation suggest that state of consciousness could be related with ESP perceptual isolation effects are related to the hits. It was decided in advance that we would length of isolation. This appears to be particularly conclude that this experiment offers support for eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com NeuroQuantology | June 2015 | Volume 13 | Issue 2 | Page 154-159 156 Parra and Villanueva., Psi-conductive state of consciousness the claim that psychomanteum stimulation is psi and then checked throughout for electrical conducive only if there was a significant continuity. The insulation consisted of a sheet of difference between the psychomanteum and the 1/16, 99 percent pure aluminum, a quarter-inch non-psychomanteum condition. air spacing consisting of plastic bubble wrap, and then another sheet of 1/16 aluminum. The walls and ceiling of the chamber are covered by black Method velveteen fabric to create a dark, featureless inte- Participants rior, and the floor is covered by a black carpet. The sample included 130 participants, of which there were 92 females (71.4%) and 38 males A reclining chair and a wall mirror (1x1 (28.6%). Ages ranged from 19 to 75 years (M= meter) were brought inside the chamber and 47.44; SD= 12.02). Participants were recruited by positioned for optimum comfort and viewing announcements in newspapers and magazines angles. Because the chamber is essentially a and our web site in order to request an admission darkroom, a dim incandescent reclining chair interview for the psychomanteum session. The lamp was placed
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