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Review on V2X, I2X, and P2X Communications and Their Applications: a Comprehensive Analysis Over Time

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Review on V2X, I2X, and P2X Communications and Their Applications: a Comprehensive Analysis Over Time sensors Review Review on V2X, I2X, and P2X Communications and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis over Time José Manuel Lozano Domínguez and Tomás Jesús Mateo Sanguino * Department of Electronic Engineering, Computer Systems and Automatics, University of Huelva, Av. de las Artes s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-959-217-665; Fax: +34-959-217-348 Received: 14 May 2019; Accepted: 16 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: Smart cities are ecosystems where novel ideas and emerging technologies meet to improve economy, environment, governance, living, and mobility. One of the pillars of smart cities is transport, with the improvement of mobility and the reduction of traffic accidents being some of the current key challenges. With this purpose, this manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of communications and applications in which different actors of the road are involved. Thus, the objectives of this survey are intended to determine who, when, and about what is being researched around smart cities. Particularly, the goal is to situate the focus of scientific and industrial progress on V2X, I2X, and P2X communication to establish a taxonomy that reduces ambiguous acronyms around the communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians, as well as to determine what the trends and future technologies are that will lead to more powerful applications. To this end, this literature review article presents a comprehensive study including a representative collection of the 100 most cited papers and patents published in the literature together with a statistical bibliometric analysis of 14,364 keywords over 3422 contributions between 1997 and 2018. As a result, this work provides a technological profile considering different dimensions along the paper, such as the type of communication, use case, country, organization, terminology, and year. Keywords: 5G; autonomous and connected vehicle; communication technology; cybersecurity; infrastructure-to-everything; literature review; pedestrian-to-everything; safety; smart city; vehicle-to-everything 1. Introduction Smart cities are scenarios of innovation, challenge, and opportunity where the information and communication technologies (ICTs) are being exploited at the service of people to improve economy, environment, governance, living, and mobility (Figure1). Investment in smart cities is growing, evolving from small projects to great technological market opportunities around universities, governments, and industries [1]. As a consequence, global spending on emerging technologies for the progress of the smart cities reached $80 billion in 2018 and will progressively increase up to $135 billion by 2021 according to a report made by IDC Research [2]. Sensors 2019, 19, 2756; doi:10.3390/s19122756 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Sensors 2019, 19, 2756 2 of 29 Sensors 2019, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 29 Figure 1. Person-centric adaptation of the Smart City Wheel proposed in [[1].1]. The topics shaded in orange and green concern this research. Most ofof the the investment investment is devotedis devoted to intelligent to intelligent connected connected transport transport (ICT) and (ICT) sustainable and sustainable mobility, followedmobility, byfollowed smart lightingby smart and lighting environmental and environmental monitoring monitoring with cross-country with cross-country variations. Specifically,variations. theSpecifically, US, Japan, the and US, Europe Japan, invest and Europe in transport invest and in mobilitytransport first and (e.g., mobility driving first safety, (e.g., tra drivingffic effi safety,ciency, ortraffic telematics efficiency, services), or telematics China spendsservices), more China in videospends surveillance more in video systems surveillance (e.g., facial systems recognition (e.g., facial or licenserecognition plate or recognition), license plate while recognition), environmental while environmental monitoring (e.g., monitoring water, waste, (e.g., or water, air pollution) waste, or will air bepollution) relatively will more be relatively important more in Japan important [3]. From in Japan this, the[3]. USFrom and this, China the areUS currentlyand China the are two currently largest marketsthe two largest for smart markets city technologies for smart city with technologies $22 billion (annual with $22 growth billion rate (annual of 19%) growth and $21 rate billion of 19%) (annual and growth$21 billion rate (annual of 19.3%), growth respectively rate of 19.3%), [2]. respectively [2]. Smart cities are often referred to as digital or connected cities since they implicate the intelligent use ofof technologytechnology to to add add value value and and attain attain more more efficient efficient services services (e.g., to (e.g., alleviate to alleviate the problems the problems resulting fromresulting the massivefrom the urbanizationmassive urbanization and population and population growth). growth). A key aspect A key ofaspect a smart of a city smart is thecity use is the of sensing,use of sensing, communication, communication, and social and social capabilities capabilities as part as part of a of wider a wider concept concept around around the the Internet Internet of Thingsof Things (IoT) (IoT) [4 ].[4]. This This approach approach has has been been made made possible possible byby providingproviding intelligence,intelligence, mobile sensing, and wireless capability to infrastructures (e.g., green buildings), persons (e.g., wearable devices), and vehicles (e.g., intelligent transport systems) to facilitate data access, which is fundamental to make smart cities a reality [[5–7].5–7]. According to a recent study, thethe IoTIoT marketmarket (i.e., manufacturing, transport, logistics, and public services) willwill increaseincrease thethe investment investment to to spend spend $123.8 $123.8 billion billion on on IoT IoT platforms platforms and and services services by 2021by 2021 [8]. For[8]. For instance, instance, the the Spanish Spanish market market achieved achieved 5 million 5 million connected connected objects objects in 2018in 2018 and and this this is expectedis expected to increaseto increase up up to 8to million 8 million IoT IoT lines lines in 2022 in 2022 (annual (annual growth growth rate rate of 10.9%) of 10.9%) [9].That [9]. That growth, growth, in line in with line otherwith other EU countries EU countries such assuch France, as France, Germany, Germany, Sweden, Sweden, or the UKor the (up UK to 1.3(up billion to 1.3 connectedbillion connected objects worldwide)objects worldwide) is mainly is beingmainly demanded being demanded by the personal by the personal market andmarket the industryand the 4.0industry (i.e., financial, 4.0 (i.e., banking,financial, retail,banking, security, retail, transport, security, transport, logistics, and logistics, automotive and automotive sectors). sectors). In particular,particular, IoT IoT is pivotalis pivotal in transforming in transforming classic classic transport transport and automotive and automotive services into services intelligent into transportintelligent systems transport (ITS) systems by enabling (ITS) by detection enabling (e.g., detection image (e.g., or video), image artificial or video), intelligence artificial (e.g.,intelligence sensor fusion),(e.g., sensor and data fusion), processing and data (e.g., processing big data and (e.g., analytics) big data for autonomous and analytics) and/ orfor connected autonomous vehicles and/or [10]. Inconnected this area, vehicles vehicular [10]. communications In this area, vehicular are gaining communications primary attention are gaining from both primary research attention community from andboth industry,research wherecommunity vehicles and are industry, the third where type of vehicles connected are devicethe third with type the of greatest connected growth device potential, with afterthe greatest smartphones growth and potential, tablets after [11]. smartphones In this sense, and the tablets total average [11]. In costthis ofsense, implementing the total average connected cost vehicleof implementing technology connected in the US vehicle is projected technology to increase in the from US is ~$1.2 projected billion to toincrease ~$3.75 from billion ~$1.2 in 2022 billion with to investments~$3.75 billion of in ~$2.9 2022 billionwith investments annually from of ~$2.9 2025 billion [10]. annually from 2025 [10]. 1.1. Outline The current scenario of investment, research, and development described above is being traduced in numerous manuscripts and patents published in leading scientific journals, conferences, Sensors 2019, 19, 2756 3 of 29 Outline The current scenario of investment, research, and development described above is being traduced in numerous manuscripts and patents published in leading scientific journals, conferences, and intellectual property databases. When referring to vehicular communication, the research includes a very rich literature, but mostly oriented to cover specific aspects of the technology. As an example, this is the case of ad-hoc networks [12], information management systems [13], security [14], and access technologies [15] around vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication published in 41 review and survey manuscripts between 1997 and 2018 (i.e., secondary research). Nonetheless, there is hardly a mention in the bibliography—neither primary research nor secondary research—to other types of communication, such as infrastructure-to-everything (I2X), pedestrian-to-everything
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