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Xii. Pathogens of Musca Domestica and M. Autumnalis (Houseflies and Face Flies)

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Xii. Pathogens of Musca Domestica and M. Autumnalis (Houseflies and Face Flies) XII. PATHOGENS OF MUSCA DOMES TICA AND M. A UTUMNALIS (HOUSEFLIES AND FACE FLIES) J. D. Briggs and Sheila E. Milligan Department ofEntomology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 129 130 o0 c 0 0) 0 B.- ~ "Xe 0 X ^ 4 0X0~~~~~~~~$ 0 0 M nL m.~~~~~~~o0V- 14 4c H 1 0 S~~~~ 4J 0- 0~- 0'io 0 0 -C "4cH J Oo0 4 1- N 0 00 01- - 1- 0 4 44N: - 0 ad0 laV - ,-4 "4 ' 0 3 co ~~ ~ ~ 0 $4 0" 0- f2 ,04 "4 i 00~~~~~~~~~~~ o i 0 '. 0=l ko 00 "4 .440.~~~~~~~~~~~~" o a 0 0 0 0 c "4 7~~~~d-4 -4.4- 0 a042 * N0 En 0 co4 10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ) 9: --% 54' 7L A , go0 cOc, 9 "sio 0.- mI~~~~~~~~~~~~4'c 0 'Or,- S4'4.'0z011m I- %$.-0 ' o .4A co "c.-I 0 .0 00co1 ) 04::o1 : : 04 ~ ~0 4i~~44 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~V to 0 0. o10 'il 0A00co0 u4-I 4.J - 0 131 ABSTRACTS Barker, R. J. & Anderson, W. F. (1975). Evaluation of 9exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner for control of flies in chicken manure. J. Med. Entomol., 12: 103-110. An experimental dosage of 1600 ppm calcium or sodium salt ofB-exotoxin from Bakthanel- 69 in feed did not control Musca domestica in manure. The ,-exotoxin was shown to be highly toxic to chickens, causing gizzard erosion, enteritis, and proventriculus. Poisoning symptoms were reduced feeding, loss of vigour and undersized eggs. After six months of continuous selection from larval exposure, M. domestica acquired resistance to thep-exotoxin. Evidence of the biodegradation of the exotoxin was provided by bioassays of chicken tissues and larvae of Phormia regina. Kessler, H. & Balsbaugh, E.U. Jr (1972). Parasites and predators of the face fly in East-Central South Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol., 65: 1636-1638. Musca autumnalis were collected from the faces of cattle in August 1969 and in June, July, August and September 1970. In 1969, 5.01% of the 379 flies examined were parasitized by Heterotylenchus autumnalis and in 1970, the parasitism rate was 6.62% of 833 flies. The nematode was found in relatively constant numbers from mid-June to September in South Dakota. iMoussa, A. F. (1978). A new virus disease in the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 31: 204-206. First report of a virus in Musca domestica and the first report of a reovirus pathogenic for an insect. Virus particles were extracted from naturally and artificially infected flies and from dead flies. 100% of the 24-hour-old male (140) and female (140) flies injected with 1 pl of the virus suspension extracted from dead flies died within 10 days. The virus was also shown to be infective by feeding. The ultrastructure of the isolated virus particles and of the midgut of infected flies is discussed. The virus was found associated only with the hemocytes. * Rizzo, D. C. (1977). Age of 3 Dipteran hosts as a factor governing the pathogenicity of Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 30: 127-130. Musca domestica is susceptible to infection by spores of Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, but the age at the time of exposure does not affect the length of survival after inoculation. * Robinson, J. V. & Combs, R. L. Jr (1976). Incidence and effect of Heterotylenchus autumnalis on the longevity of face flies in Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol., 69: 722. Heterotylenchus autumnalis was found in 16.2% of overwintering male Musca autumnalis and in 21.3% of the overwintering female flies. The parasitism rate among adults reared from field-collected 3rd instar larvae was 18.1% of the male and 16.3% of the female flies. Data from 6 replicates of face flies reared from field-collected 3rd instar larvae indicate that parasitism by H. autumnalis does not affect the longevity of of M. autumnalis. Wright, R. E. (1971). Nematode parasite of the face fly in Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ontario, 102: 168-175. This is the first report from Canada of the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle, a parasite of Musca autumnalis. The parasite was collected from 20 separate sites in Ontario, but was found in only 2% of 19 297 flies..
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