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Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Cattle Pinkeye

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Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Cattle Pinkeye W 472 INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS CATTLE PINKEYE Lew Strickland, DVM, MS, DACT, Extension Veterinarian Department of Animal Science Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), may become severe enough to cause more commonly known as pinkeye in cattle, ulceration of the cornea that may eventually is a highly contagious bacterial infection of rupture, resulting in potential blindness. Seed the eye. Although pinkeye is a non-fatal heads, dust, pollen and UV light are condition, it has a tremendous economic environmental factors that increase the risk impact on the US cattle industry. Not only do for development of pinkeye in cattle. These calves weigh 36-40 pounds less at weaning, irritants scratch the cornea of the eye and pinkeye also can affect prices received for allow for easier attachment of the M. cattle at sale because of price discounts. The bovis bacteria. Such irritants increase magnitude of the discount, which can be secretion of tears from the eye, which quite large, will depend on the severity of the attracts face flies (Musca autumnalis) that infection. Some estimates place the cost to can spread the bacteria that cause pinkeye. the beef industry of decreased productivity and animal value due to pinkeye at $150 million annually due to lower production (i.e., growth), sale value and treatment costs. Transmission Once exposed, the M. bovis organism resides on the eyes and in the nasal cavities of Cause infected cattle. Asymptomatic carriers can harbor the organism for a period that may Although pinkeye is most often the result of exceed one year. Transmission occurs infection of the surface of the eye by the through contact with secretions infected with bacterial organism Moraxella bovis (M. bovis), M. bovis. This may be direct contact, through several other viruses and bacteria also have face flies, or contact with an inanimate object been associated with the disease. Infectious such as the rough or frayed rubber covering bovine rhinotracheitis virus (more commonly of a mineral feeder contaminated with M. referred to as “IBR”), Mycoplasma bovis, and bovis. Face flies are the vector primarily Moraxella bovoculi (M. bovovuli) all may responsible for transmission, as they travel enhance the risk for infection, as well as from animal to animal and up to several miles increase ocular and nasal discharge that may in search of a meal. They feed on the watery facilitate the shedding of M. bovis. The tearing from cattle's eyes, and in the process surface of M. bovis has hair-like structures spread the bacteria that can cause pinkeye known as pili, which extend from the main from animal to animal. Face flies travel to body of the bacteria. The pili allow the several animals per day, so they have the bacteria to attach to the conjunctiva of the potential for rapid of spread M. bovis cornea and colonize, causing inflammation of throughout a herd. However, not all cattle the tissue lining of the lid and chamber of the exposed to M. bovis develop clinical signs of eye. Ultimately, the degree of inflammation the disease. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Clinical Signs Edema in the cornea will result in a slightly There are four stages of pinkeye, with clinical cloudy gray appearance. signs ranging from conjunctivitis, excessive tearing, photosensitivity, ocular pain, squinting of the eyelid, corneal edema, and Stage 2: As the clinical signs progress, the corneal ulceration to corneal rupture and ulcer spreads across the cornea. The cornea blindness. Depression of appetite is due to becomes increasingly cloudy as additional ocular discomfort or visual disturbance that inflammation occurs. Portions of the iris are results in an inability to locate food. The detectible, but compromised vision is typical clinical course may vary from a few possible. Blood vessels from the outside days to several weeks in duration. Most portion of the cornea begin to grow across corneal ulcers in cattle with pinkeye heal the cornea to assist with healing. The cornea without loss of vision; however, corneal now appears pink, which is how the disease rupture and permanent blindness often received its name. occurs in the most severe cases. Typically, recovery occurs in three to five weeks. Stage 3: The ulcer continues to progress and covers most of the cornea while Stage 1: Affected eyes have excessive inflammation continues to spread into the tearing and photophobia (increased inner parts of the eye. The interior of the eye sensitivity to light). They will blink frequently fills with fibrin and white blood cells. This and the sclera (white portion of the eye) will gives the eye a yellow appearance versus the turn red due to inflammation. Typically, a typical brown color. small ulcer develops in the center of the cornea that appears as a small white spot. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 All images courtesy of Virginia Cooperative Extension. Stage 4 Corneal scar The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture 2 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Stage 4: The ulcer extends completely cattle. Give all injections in the neck or in through the cornea, and the iris is protruding front of the shoulder according to Beef through the ulcer. The iris will form adhesions Quality Assurance recommendations. Consult to the cornea even after healing. The a veterinarian before using any other recommend treatment is to enucleate medications. Never use any medication the eye. containing nitrofuracin, as its use in cattle has been illegal since May 2002. If treating several animals, wash your hands or change Corneal scar: Once the ulcer has healed gloves between animals so you do not (except Stage 4) the blood vessels recede; spread the bacteria to other cattle. however, the eye may continue to be a cloudy blue color for a short period. Eventually the eye appears clear again with a white scar that slightly impedes vision. Prevention An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure in this situation, but can be time- consuming. Since face flies are responsible Treatment for transmission, a solid fly control program Early treatment of cattle with pinkeye is is imperative! Management practices that important, not only for successful outcome of reduce the risk factors associated with the affected animal, but also to reduce the pinkeye are the most effective tools in shedding of the bacteria which will decrease decreasing the incidence of disease. An the risk of transmission to other cattle. appropriate vaccination program that Moraxella bovis is often susceptible to over- includes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis the-counter oxytetracycline (LA200, LA300, (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Biomycin). Medications such as ceftiofur, along with a good nutrition/mineral program tulathromycin and florfenicol will require a will decrease the incidence of pinkeye. prescription from a veterinarian. Appropriate grazing, along with clipping Intramuscular antibiotic therapy is usually pastures, will prevent seed-head effective, especially during the early stages development, reducing irritation to the eyes of the disease. When severe corneal of cattle. Inanimate objects can also serve as ulceration exists, protect the eye from UV an irritant to cattle eyes. Check mineral light, flies and other irritants with eye feeders and other areas for frayed or sharp patches, or by creating a third eyelid flap. A edges that can easily damage the cornea and veterinarian or someone adequately trained potentiate disease. To decrease the effect of should perform this procedure. UV light, breed for eyelid pigmentation and Sub-conjunctival local injection is one of the ensure shaded areas are available to cattle. more popular therapies to treat more severe Commercial and autogenous pinkeye cases of pinkeye. However, recent studies vaccines are available. However, they should illustrate that topical uses of intramammary not be the sole means of preventing pinkeye. cloxacillin and intramuscular injections have Due to the numerous strains of M. bovis, a similar healing time to local injections vaccinations have not proven to be consistently effective in prevention. of penicillin. Vaccination is only one part of pinkeye Sprays and topical ointments are only prevention strategies. Combine the effective if used multiple times daily, which management practices mentioned above to generally is not possible for most producers. reduce the incidence of disease. In addition, many of the commercially available ophthalmic ointments have very Pinkeye is an economically devastating long withdrawal times or are illegal to use in disease that can be frustrating to a cattle The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture 3 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis operation. A well-designed Whitter W.D., Currin J., Currin N. Pinkeye in prevention/treatment program will assist in Beef Cattle. Virginia Cooperative minimizing economic losses. If you have any Extension Publication 400-750. questions, or need help in developing a Cornell University College of Agriculture and program, contact your veterinarian or local Life Sciences; Veterinary Entomology Extension agent. vet.entomology.cals.cornell.edu/arthropo d-identification References Eastman TG, George LW, Hird DW, et al. Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, et al. 1998. Combined parenteral and oral 2005. Genetic and environmental factors administration of oxytetracycline for associated with incidence of infectious control of infectious bovine bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc beef calves. J Anim Sci 83:507. 212:560. George LW, Ardans A, Mihalyi J, et al. 1988. Angelos JA, Dueger EL, George LW, et al. Enhancement of infectious bovine 2000. Efficacy of florfenicol for treatment keratoconjunctivitis by modified-live of naturally occurring infectious bovine infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc vaccine. Am J Vet Res 49:1800. 216:62. Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE, Packer RA. 1970. Dueger EL, Angelos JA, Cosgrove S, et al. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: 1999. Efficacy of florfenicol in the interactions of Moraxella bovis and treatment of experimentally induced infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.
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