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La Influencia Económica Y Comercial De Los Idiomas De Base Española

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La Influencia Económica Y Comercial De Los Idiomas De Base Española PrimerasId.indd 1 24/8/18 8:23 PrimerasId.indd 2 24/8/18 8:23 La influencia económica y comercial de los idiomas de base española Madrid, 2018 PrimerasId.indd 3 24/8/18 8:23 La influencia económica y comercial de los idiomas de base española Catálogo de publicaciones de la Administración General del Estado http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Subdirección General de Estudios, Información y Publicaciones del Ministerio de Economía y Empresa http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/libreriavirtual © Primera edición, 2018: Ministerio de Economía y Empresa Publicación incluida en el programa editorial del suprimido Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad y editada por el Ministerio de Economía y Empresa (de acuerdo con la reestructuración ministerial establecida por Real Decreto 355/2018, de 6 de junio). Con la colaboración de NIPO (edición papel): 057180613 ISBN (edición papel): 978-84-92546-45-9 NIPO (edición en línea): 05718064X ISBN (edición en línea): 978-84-92546-46-6 Depósito Legal: M-23364-2018 Impreso en España Maquetación e impresión: Lavel Industria Gráfica, S. A. Diseño de cubierta: Rosa Chumillas Fotografía: Mapamundi antiguo (año 1700 d.C.). Fuente: www.etapainfantil.com Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores. Los derechos de explotación de la obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y ninguna de sus partes puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida por forma ni medio alguno, ya sea electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. PrimerasId.indd 4 27/8/18 20:02 Índice Presentación. .................................................................................................. 7 Prólogo. Por José Luis GARCÍA DELGADO .................................................................. 9 El judeoespañol. Por Aitor GARCÍA MORENO .......................................................................... 15 La jaquetía, el español y las relaciones comerciales hispano-marroquíes. Por Jacobo ISRAEL GARZÓN ......................................................................... 35 La pervivencia del español en el Magreb. Por David FERNÁNDEZ VÍTORES ................................................................... 43 Guinea Ecuatorial: un «país hispánico de raíz bantú». Por Javier MORILLAS ................................................................................... 59 El español en la cartografía lingüística de las Antillas menores. Por María Asunción GÓMEZ ....................................................................... 79 El español en Filipinas. Por María Dolores ELIZALDE ...................................................................... 97 El español en Filipinas. Un idioma de Estado. Por Carlos MADRID ÁLVAREZ-PIÑER ............................................................. 115 El idioma chabacano de Filipinas ante los retos del siglo XXI. Por Carlos MADRID ÁLVAREZ-PIÑER ............................................................. 133 El valor económico de una lengua minoritaria: el chamorro de las islas Marianas. Por Rafael RODRÍGUEZ-PONGA SALAMANCA ................................................. 139 Imágenes. ....................................................................................................... 165 5 Indiceidioma.indd 5 29/8/18 15:43 Indiceidioma.indd 6 29/8/18 15:43 Presentación Con la edición de esta monografía, el Ministerio de Economía y Empresa pre- tende recordar la importancia de nuestro idioma en el ámbito económico, como ele- mento que facilita las relaciones comerciales entre la veintena de países que lo tienen como lengua oficial. Se trata, sin duda, de un activo intangible. Al mismo tiempo, el libro indaga sobre la pervivencia del español en países donde constituye un idioma minoritario, como es el caso de Filipinas y algunas zonas del Magreb. Capítulo aparte merece un aspecto mucho menos conocido para el gran público, como es la referencia a idiomas de base española que se hablan en distintos lugares del mundo muy alejados entre sí. De este modo, se presentan artículos dedicados al papiamento, idioma hablado en algunas islas de las Antillas menores que fueron colonias holandesas e inglesas, al chabacano de las islas Filipinas, y al chamorro de la isla de Guam, en Micronesia. No se podían dejar de lado en esta obra las len- guas judeoespañolas, concretamente el ladino y la jaquetía. Llama la atención la pervivencia en estos idiomas de palabras españolas, mezcladas con otras de lenguas aborígenes o con términos procedentes de idiomas de otras potencias que tuvieron influencia en la zona antes de la independencia de esos territorios. Respecto a las len- guas judeoespañolas, la base española del idioma está trufada con palabras eslavas y turcas en el caso del ladino, por la presencia de comunidades sefardíes en el imperio otomano, y con palabras árabes en la jaquetía, procedentes del habla de esas mismas comunidades en Marruecos. La pervivencia de esos idiomas criollos y judeoespañoles se explica por el senti- miento de pertenencia a una comunidad, en ocasiones bastante cerrada, en un entor- no dominado por otras lenguas. Y es ese sentimiento de pertenencia proporcionado por el idioma común, el que genera una relación de confianza que favorece la realiza- ción de intercambios comerciales y las iniciativas empresariales entre los miembros del grupo: un colectivo que conserva la misma lengua en el seno de una sociedad que maneja otro idioma distinto como lengua vehicular. Quiero destacar el trabajo realizado por todos los autores que han participado en el proyecto, así como el apoyo recibido por parte del Instituto Cervantes, Casa Asia y Centro Sefarad. Mi agradecimiento a todos ellos por la ayuda prestada. Santiago ASENSIO MERINO Subdirector General de Estudios, Información y Publicaciones 7 Presentacion.indd 7 24/8/18 8:26 Presentacion.indd 8 24/8/18 8:26 Prólogo José Luis GARCÍA DELGADO Catedrático emérito de Economía Aplicada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Codirector del proyecto de investigación «Valor económico del español» La economía justifica también el rango de primer orden que la historia, la demo- lingüística y la cultura otorgan fundadamente al español. Concurren hoy, además, nuevos motivos para dedicar atención preferente a la dimensión económica del espa- ñol. Siguen pesando, naturalmente, los que habitualmente se han esgrimido: el gran universo cultural con él creado ―ese enorme patrimonio colectivo que el tiempo sedimenta y renueva incesantemente― y las vastas proporciones de la demografía del español en tanto que lengua materna: cerca de 450 millones de personas en una veintena de países y doce millones de km2. Pero a esas razones, bien conocidas, se añaden ahora otras con perfiles hasta cierto punto novedosos. Cuatro pueden seña- larse, muy concisamente. Primera ―y clave para una lengua, como el español, que es lengua de comuni- cación internacional―, la creciente apertura e internacionalización de la economía española y de las economías de la región de América Latina, en un proceso simultá- neo al avance de la globalización de los procesos productivos y de los mercados de bienes y servicios. Para una lengua, como el español, de comunicación internacional, todo ello agranda su dimensión económica y el horizonte de sus posibilidades. La economía española, en particular, está inmersa desde hace decenios en un dinámico proceso de apertura, y la internacionalización de sus principales empresas desde hace apenas cuatro lustros es sencillamente extraordinaria por su hondura, por su ambición y por cómo se ha gestionado en la mayor parte de los casos. Segunda, la revitalizada función que el español está desempeñando como ele- mento vertebrador de la comunidad hispánica de naciones; un renovado papel arti- culador para el que está resultando determinante la labor de cohesión lingüística emprendida por la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, bajo el lideraz- go indiscutido de la Española. En su haber, un condominio lingüístico multinacional con un grado de homogeneidad, a pesar de su policentrismo, muy superior al de cualquier otra gran lengua de comunicación internacional, con todas las ventajas que esa alcanzada cohesión ―sustentada en la elaboración compartida de los tres grandes códigos: diccionario, gramática y ortografía― implica para la economía y las relaciones estratégicas de todo tipo. 9 Prologo.indd 9 24/8/18 8:27 LA INFLUENCIA ECONÓMICA Y COMERCIAL DE LOS IDIOMAS DE BASE ESPAÑOLA Esa «política lingüística panhispánica» forjada y acometida por las Academias aporta, por lo demás, nuevo estímulo para el aprendizaje del español como segunda o tercera lengua. Es precisamente el rápido aumento de la población que adquiere el español como segunda o tercera lengua lo que hoy resulta más llamativo, pues se trata de un auge que resiste pocas comparaciones: en Europa, donde el español se afirma como segunda lengua extranjera; en Estados Unidos, donde el español ha des- plazado al francés como segunda lengua y donde el bilingüismo en inglés y español comienza a tener reflejo en los salarios y en las oportunidades de empleo; en Brasil, a partir de las aún recientes disposiciones legales para establecer el español como segunda lengua de estudio, y en Asia ―no solo en China―, donde se están multipli- cando con rapidez los requerimientos de su enseñanza, al tiempo que se incrementan los intercambios mercantiles con Iberoamérica, en la otra orilla del Pacífico. La cuarta novedosa razón ―aunque
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