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Taking The Medieval Globe Volume 1 Number 1 Pandemic Disease in the Medieval Article 4 World: Rethinking the Black Death 2014 Taking "Pandemic" Seriously: Making the Black Death Global Monica H. Green Arizona State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/tmg Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, Classics Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Comparative Philosophy Commons, Medieval History Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, and the Theatre History Commons Recommended Citation Green, Monica H. (2014) "Taking "Pandemic" Seriously: Making the Black Death Global," The Medieval Globe: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/tmg/vol1/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Medieval Institute Publications at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Medieval Globe by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. THE MEDIEVAL GLOBE Volume 1 | 2014 INAUGURAL DOUBLE ISSUE PANDEMIC DISEASE IN THE MEDIEVAL WORLD RETHINKING THE BLACK DEATH Edited by MONICA H. GREEN Immediate Open Access publication of this special issue was made possible by the generous support of the World History Center at the University of Pittsburgh. Copyeditor Shannon Cunningham Editorial Assistant PageAnn Hubert design and typesetting Martine Maguire-Weltecke Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ©A catalog2014 Arc record Medieval for this Press, book Kalamazoois available from and Bradfordthe Library of Congress This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence. ThePermission authors to assert use brief their excerpts moral right from to thisbe identified work in scholarly as the authors and educational of their part works of this is work. hereby granted pro­ vided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is an exception or limitation covered by Article 5 of the European Union's Copyright Directive (2001/29/EC) or would be determined notto be require “fair use” the Publisher’sunder Section permission. 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act September 2010 Page 2 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does ISBNwww.arc-humanities.org 978-1-942401-04-9 CONTENTS .....................................................................vii List of Illustrations The Medieval Globe Carol Symes ............................................................................. Introducing 1 Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death Editor’sMonica Introduction H. Green ........................................................................ to 9 Taking “Pandemic” Seriously: Making the Black Death Global Monica H. Green ...................................................................... 27 TheAnna Black Colet, Death Josep and Xavier Its Consequences Muntané i Santiveri, for the Jordi Jewish Ruíz Ventura, CommunityOriol Saula, in M. Tàrrega: Eulàlia SubiràLessons de fromGaldàcano, History and and Clara Archeology Jáuregui ............. 63 TheSharon Anthropology N. DeWitte of .................................................................... Plague: Insights from Bioarcheological Analyses of Epidemic Cemeteries 97 Stuart Borsch ........................................................................ Plague Depopulation and Irrigation Decay in Medieval Egypt 125 Ann G. Carmichael .................................................................. Plague Persistence in Western Europe: A Hypothesis 157 New Science and Old Sources: Nükhet Varlık. Why the Ottoman Experience of Plague Matters 193 vi CONTENTS Heterogeneous Immunological Landscapes and MedievalFabian CrespoPlague: and An Matthew Invitation B. Lawrenzto a New ....................................... Dialogue between Historians and Immunologists 229 The Black Death and the Future of the Plague Michelle Ziegler ..................................................................... 259 Beginnings of the Yersinia pestis Polytomy Epilogue:Robert HymesA Hypothesis ....................................................................... on the East Asian 285 featured source Monica H. Green, Kathleen Walker-Meikle, and Wolfgang P. Müller. Diagnosis of a “Plague” Image: A Digital Cautionary Tale 309 Taking “PANDEMIc” SERIOUSLY: MAKING THE BLACK DEATH GLOBAL MONICA H. GREEN In 2009, when the most recent major monograph was published on life in an Italian city of the mid-fourteenth century, its author deferred judgment on whether the disease that struck Italy in 1348—“an infinite- mortality the likes of which ha[ve] neverThe been Medieval seen on Globe earth”—was in fact plague as defined by modern science (Wray 2009: 1). The authors con tributing to this, the inaugural issue of , no longer feel- that such caution is necessary. Since 1998, several Yersiniainternational pestis teams of microbiologists have tested and contested the possibilities for establish- ing the presence of plague’s causative organism, , in the physical remains of Europeans who died at various moments in premod ern history when major epidemics were raging. The reason that there is scientific consensus now, when there was not before, is a function of two developments, both of them having to do with trajectories in genetics research in the past thirty years that have come together quite recently. - On the one hand, researchers haveY. pestis been exploring methods to capture- and analyze “ancient” DNA (aDNA), by which they mean any genetic mate rial from older remains. Because would be circulating through out the bloodstream by the time it kills a person, and because the hard enamel of intactY. pestis teeth could potentially preserve small amounts of blood- found within the dental pulp, teeth became the focal point of attempts to retrieve from human remains. But the challenges of develop ing viable methods of extraction and analysis were significant. DNA, like In addition to the individuals and institutions thanked in the Editor’s Introduction to this volume, I would here like to acknowledge my debt to the par ticipants at a conference held in Oxford, “Proto-Globalisation in the Indian Ocean World,” in November 2013, and to Patrick Manning, Mark Horton, and Neil Kodesh for their guidance on incorporating Africa into this narrative. Funding for this project was provided by fellowships from the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (with funds from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Willis F. Doney Membership Endowment) and the World History Center of the University of Pittsburgh (which has also subsidized open-access publication of this volume). Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. – the Medieval Globe 1 (2014) pp. 27 61 28 Monica h. Green every other part of the body, begins to decay immediatelyYersinia after death, pestis so degradation of the genetic material was the first of the challenges encoun- tered by researchers. For example, the full genome of is about 5.6 million base pairs long. The fragments that researchers have had to deal with are rarely even fifty to seventy-five base pairs long. Add to this issue the problems of the material’s possible contamination (which could occur when collecting it in the field, or in the lab, or at any point in between), and it is quite understandable, looking back on them now, why the “aDNA debates” of the late 1990s and 2000sYersinia were pestis so intense. Already in 2004, however, another diagnostic mechanism—aY. pestis protein assay that tested for an antigen produced uniquely by —was shown to be useful in determining the presence of notY. pestissimply in modern diagnostics and epidemiological surveys, but also in historical samples. Meanwhile, studies reportingY. pestissuccess in extracting aDNA kept appearing, each with more confidence, and by 2011 it was announced that the complete genome of , assembled from fourteenth-century remains, had been sequenced (Bos et al. 2011; Little 2011).Y. pestis At the same time as this aDNA work was being pursued, highlyY. pestis sophis - ticated studies were being done of modern samples of , which is now a globally distributed pathogen. ScientificY. studies pestis of have been going on since the late nineteenth century, but have increased in pace and intensity in recent years, both because is a useful model for studying pathogen virulence, and also because thereY. pestis are heightened concerns of bioterrorism and disease re-emergence (Ziegler 2014, in this issue). One main objective of phylogenetic studies of ’s modern genome (which was first fully sequenced in 2001) has been to recon- struct the organism’s evolutionary history. The principle is simple: by categorizing like genetic variations with like, the modern samples can be grouped into clusters, from which phylogenetic relationships can then be inferred. In other words, different modern strains are placed at different end points of a family tree, with inferred branches connecting back down to a common root. Doing this on the basis of long sections of the genome (or now, more commonly, using multiple samples of the whole genome itself) allows for analysis
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