The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 1900 Charles Mcclain
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Plague Manual for Investigation
Plague Summary Plague is a flea-transmitted bacterial infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis. Fleas incidentally transmit the infection to humans and other susceptible mammalian hosts. Humans may also contract the disease from direct contact with an infected animal. The most common clinical form is acute regional lymphadenitis, called bubonic plague. Less common clinical forms include septicemic, pneumonic, and meningeal plague. Pneumonic plague can be spread from person to person via airborne transmission, potentially leading to epidemics of primary pneumonic plague. Plague is immediately reportable to the New Mexico Department of Health. Plague is treatable with antibiotics, but has a high fatality rate with inadequate or delayed treatment. Plague preventive measures include: isolation of pneumonic plague patients; prophylactic treatment of pneumonic case contacts; avoiding contact with rodents and their fleas; reducing rodent harborage around the home; using flea control on pets; and, preventing pets from hunting. Agent Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative, bi-polar staining, non-motile, non-spore forming coccobacillus. Transmission Reservoir: Wild rodents (especially ground squirrels) are the natural vertebrate reservoir of plague. Lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), wild carnivores, and domestic cats may also be a source of infection to humans. Vector: In New Mexico, the rock squirrel flea, Oropsylla montana, is the most important vector of plague for humans. Many more flea species are involved in the transmission of sylvatic (wildlife) plague. Mode of Transmission: Most humans acquire plague through the bites of infected fleas. Fleas can be carried into the home by pet dogs and cats, and may be abundant in woodpiles or burrows where peridomestic rodents such as rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) have succumbed to plague infection. -
CASE REPORT the PATIENT 33-Year-Old Woman
CASE REPORT THE PATIENT 33-year-old woman SIGNS & SYMPTOMS – 6-day history of fever Katherine Lazet, DO; – Groin pain and swelling Stephanie Rutterbush, MD – Recent hiking trip in St. Vincent Ascension Colorado Health, Evansville, Ind (Dr. Lazet); Munson Healthcare Ostego Memorial Hospital, Lewiston, Mich (Dr. Rutterbush) [email protected] The authors reported no potential conflict of interest THE CASE relevant to this article. A 33-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency department with a 6-day his- tory of fever (103°-104°F) and right groin pain and swelling. Associated symptoms included headache, diarrhea, malaise, weakness, nausea, cough, and anorexia. Upon presentation, she admitted to a recent hike on a bubonic plague–endemic trail in Colorado. Her vital signs were unremarkable, and the physical examination demonstrated normal findings except for tender, erythematous, nonfluctuant right inguinal lymphadenopathy. The patient was admitted for intractable pain and fever and started on intravenous cefoxitin 2 g IV every 8 hours and oral doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours for pelvic inflammatory disease vs tick- or flea-borne illness. Due to the patient’s recent trip to a plague-infested area, our suspicion for Yersinia pestis infection was high. The patient’s work-up included a nega- tive pregnancy test and urinalysis. A com- FIGURE 1 plete blood count demonstrated a white CT scan from admission blood cell count of 8.6 (4.3-10.5) × 103/UL was revealing with a 3+ left shift and a platelet count of 112 (180-500) × 103/UL. A complete metabolic panel showed hypokalemia and hyponatremia (potassium 2.8 [3.5-5.1] mmol/L and sodium 134 [137-145] mmol/L). -
1899 Annual Reports
1899 »V A ANNUAL REPORT ... OF THE ... BOARD OF AUDITORS . ..AND . .. Overseers of the Poor, ... OF THE .. TOWN OF WESTPORT On the Receipts and Expenditures for the Financial Year ending Feb. I, 1899. NEW BEDFORD, MASS. MERCURY PUBLISHING CO., PRINTERS. 112 AND 114 UNION STREET. ANNUAL KEPOKT ... Of rut... BOARD OF AUDITORS . ..AND . Overseers of tlie Poor, . .. Ot THt . .. rowN OF WESTPORT On (he Kcceipt.s and Ixpenclilures for tfic f inont idl Ycur endinf- f cb. 1, l»99. NKW LIKDIOKI), MASS. I MKKCUKV l'UI!LISlllN(i CO., I'KlNTKkS, 112 AND 114 L'NIO.N STKKET. AUDITORS' REPORT. The Auditors of the Town of Westport respectfully sub- mit the following report of the financial condition of the town for the year ending February i, 1899. We have examined the vouchers of the several depart- ments and compared them with the entries in the treasur- er's book, finding his account correct. Our Town debt in notes and interest, shows a decrease the past year of $7,552.81. The amount of debt falling due the present year is $5,000.00 which will require an appropriation of $6,700.00 for the payment of notes and interest. There is a balance in the treasury of $21.00 due the department for Transportation of scholars, which we rec- ommend that the town transfer to the department of Schoolhouses and lots. And one of $40.58 due the department of Horse Neck road, which should be trans- ferred to the Highway department. t ' TOWN OFFICERS FOR 1895. V'ozi'N Clerk. -
Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine
January 8, 1993 / Vol. 42 / No. RR-1 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Recommendations and Reports Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Japanese encephalitis vi- rus vaccine. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-1):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .................... William L. Roper, M.D., M.P.H. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by: National Center for Infectious Diseases..................................James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases ........................Duane J. Gubler, Sc.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in: Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Series Scientific Information and Communications Program Recommendations and Reports ................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Sharon D. Hoskins Project Editor Rachel J. Wilson Editorial Trainee Peter M. Jenkins Visual Information Specialist Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. -
A Brief History of Vaccines & Vaccination in India
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijmr.org.in on Wednesday, August 26, 2020, IP: 14.139.60.52] Review Article Indian J Med Res 139, April 2014, pp 491-511 A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India Chandrakant Lahariya Formerly Department of Community Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, India Received December 31, 2012 The challenges faced in delivering lifesaving vaccines to the targeted beneficiaries need to be addressed from the existing knowledge and learning from the past. This review documents the history of vaccines and vaccination in India with an objective to derive lessons for policy direction to expand the benefits of vaccination in the country. A brief historical perspective on smallpox disease and preventive efforts since antiquity is followed by an overview of 19th century efforts to replace variolation by vaccination, setting up of a few vaccine institutes, cholera vaccine trial and the discovery of plague vaccine. The early twentieth century witnessed the challenges in expansion of smallpox vaccination, typhoid vaccine trial in Indian army personnel, and setting up of vaccine institutes in almost each of the then Indian States. In the post-independence period, the BCG vaccine laboratory and other national institutes were established; a number of private vaccine manufacturers came up, besides the continuation of smallpox eradication effort till the country became smallpox free in 1977. The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) (1978) and then Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) (1985) were launched in India. The intervening events since UIP till India being declared non-endemic for poliomyelitis in 2012 have been described. Though the preventive efforts from diseases were practiced in India, the reluctance, opposition and a slow acceptance of vaccination have been the characteristic of vaccination history in the country. -
Docket Number 1980N – 0208
Comments and Questions regarding FDA’s proposed rule and order to license Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Re: DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR Parts 201 and 610 [Docket No. 1980N–0208] Biological Products; Bacterial Vaccines and Toxoids; Implementation of Efficacy Review ACTION: Proposed rule and proposed order, 29 Fed. Reg. 78281-78293 (Dec 29, 2004).1 1. The lack of human efficacy trials precludes licensure. In its proposed rule, the FDA claims that AVA is efficacious in humans for inhalation and other forms of anthrax, basing this determination on indirect pieces of evidence, because there exist no clinical trials documenting efficacy of AVA for any route of exposure in humans. By so doing, FDA is flouting the existing statutory requirements2 for licensure of a vaccine, which require valid human data from an adequate and well-controlled clinical trials that support both efficacy and safety. In 1969 NIH asked that an IND study be undertaken “to determine human efficacy of the product.”3 The manufacturer never complied with this recommendation. 2. The Animal Rule cannot be used to license anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) without correlates of protection. A second pathway for licensure of vaccines and drugs for bioterrorism, the so-called Animal Rule promulgated by FDA in 20024, requires data obtained from at least two animal species, in conjunction with correlates of immunity that assure the animal data can be extrapolated to humans with absolute reliability. No such correlates of immunity (i.e., surrogate markers for survival following exposure to anthrax) have yet been established 1 http://www.fda.gov/cber/rules/bvactox.pdf 2 21 CFR 601.25 3 Pittman M., Memorandum to S. -
Plague Surveillance Protocol
December 2006 Plague Surveillance Protocol Plague may occur from an unintentional exposure to infected rodents and their fleas or through an intentional exposure such as a bioterrorism (BT) event. When necessary this protocol addresses unintentional and intentional exposures separately; otherwise the protocol applies to both situations. This protocol applies if a case of plague is highly suspected and does not apply to non-specific pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or rash illnesses. Provider Responsibilities 1) Report suspect or confirmed cases of plague immediately by phone to the local health department where the patient is a resident. Complete the provider (yellow) section of the WVEDSS form and forward to the local health department. 2) Notify the infection control practitioner immediately for hospitalized patients. Assure that the case-patient is appropriately isolated using standard and droplet precautions. 3) Assure that the laboratory forwards any isolates of Yersinia pestis to the Office of Laboratory Services for confirmation. The Office of Laboratory Services is available at (304)-558-3530 or on the web at: http://www.wvdhhr.org/labservices/index.cfm 4) Plan to collaborate with public health officials to identify close contacts of patients with pneumonic plague (unprotected face-to-face exposure within 3 feet of the case-patient), including health care workers. Laboratory Responsibilities 1) Report suspect or confirmed Yersinia pestis immediately to: a) The physician; b) The infection control practitioner; and c) The local health department. 2) Reports to the health department should include: Name, full address, date of birth, specimen source, test performed, test result and normal value. Fax a laboratory report or a completed ‘yellow card’ to the local health department. -
Lack of Immune Homology with Vaccine Preventable Pathogens Suggests Childhood
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.13.20230862; this version posted November 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Lack of immune homology with vaccine preventable pathogens suggests childhood immunizations do not protect against SARS-CoV-2 through adaptive cross-immunity Running title: SARS-CoV-2 immune homology with vaccine pathogens Weihua Guo, Kyle O. Lee, Peter P. Lee* Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA 91010 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Submitted to Cell Host & Microbes (Theory article) NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.13.20230862; this version posted November 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract (Summary) Recent epidemiological studies have investigated the potential effects of childhood immunization history on COVID-19 severity. Specifically, prior exposure to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), or measles vaccine have been postulated to reduce COVID-19 severity – putative mechanism is via stimulation of the innate immune system to provide broader protection against non-specific pathogens. -
Muscogee County Marriage Index 1900-1919
B C D E F G H 1 Groom Surname Groom First Name Bride Surname Bride First Name Date Pg Book 2 Beck James M. Reeves Mrs. Lula 1 January 1900 566 M 3 Hays Chester Andrews Vivian 2 January 1900 430 Q 4 Moorefield Eugene W. Whatley Maggie E. 2 January 1900 564 M 5 Thompson John Ross Mary 3 January 1900 560 M 6 Barefield Needham Haygood Martha 9 January 1900 328 F 7 Fowler Emanuel Davis Clara 10 January 1900 573 M 8 Lumpkin Sid H. Tillman Bessie 10 January 1900 569 M 9 Turner Jeptha C. Patterson Mildred L. 10 January 1900 567 M 10 Blakely Willie H. Barfield Annie 13 January 1900 583 M 11 Gilbert Fred Scott Maria 13 January 1900 568 M 12 Martin Henry L. Watson Ophelia 13 January 1900 573 M 13 Sparks Sam Griffin Flora 13 January 1900 567 M 14 Davis George W. Chesnut Emma 14 January 1900 568 M 15 Hollis Rufus Mahone Lillie 14 January 1900 580 M 16 Gibson William E. Adams Clara Augusta 16 January 1900 571 M 17 Hope Edward Copeland Dilly 19 January 1900 575 M 18 Johnson Jim Bedell Mary 21 January 1900 577 M 19 Whitman Charles H. Miller Annie 24 January 1900 580 M 20 Dickson Aaron Walker Frances 25 January 1900 583 M 21 Boyd Major Russell Della 27 January 1900 577 M 22 Mahone Willie Baxter Amalee 27 January 1900 578 M 23 Rutherford Ernest Tallifries ? Lillie 27 January 1900 579 M 24 Bassett James Wilkerson Beulah 28 January 1900 579 M 25 Harris John Walker Gussie 28 January 1900 578 M 26 McCay Tom McBryde Mabel 28 January 1900 595 M 27 Imenner ? John E. -
Adaptive Response of Yersinia Pestis to Extracellular Effectors of Innate Immunity During Bubonic Plague
Adaptive response of Yersinia pestis to extracellular effectors of innate immunity during bubonic plague Florent Sebbane*†, Nadine Lemaıˆtre*‡§, Daniel E. Sturdevant¶, Roberto Rebeil*ʈ, Kimmo Virtaneva¶, Stephen F. Porcella¶, and B. Joseph Hinnebusch*,** *Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens and ¶Genomics Core Facility, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; ‡Institut National de la Sante´et de la Recherche Me´dicale Unite´801 and Faculte´deMe´ decine Henri Warembourg, Universite´de Lille II, Lille F-59045, France; and §Institut Pasteur, Lille F-59021, France Edited by John J. Mekalanos, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved June 13, 2006 (received for review February 11, 2006) Yersinia pestis causes bubonic plague, characterized by an en- phagocytic oxidative burst that generates antimicrobial reactive larged, painful lymph node, termed a bubo, that develops after oxygen species (ROS), down-regulate the normal proinflamma- bacterial dissemination from a fleabite site. In susceptible animals, tory response, and induce apoptosis of dendritic cells, NK cells, the bacteria rapidly escape containment in the lymph node, spread macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) (3, 4, systemically through the blood, and produce fatal sepsis. The 6–8). Although substantial, most of the experimental evidence fulminant progression of disease has been largely ascribed to the for these models comes from in vitro studies with the less virulent ability of Y. pestis to avoid phagocytosis and exposure to antimi- enteric pathogens Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia en- crobial effectors of innate immunity. In vivo microarray analysis of terocolitica or from studies using attenuated strains of Y. -
Uimersity Mcrofihns International
Uimersity Mcrofihns International 1.0 |:B litt 131 2.2 l.l A 1.25 1.4 1.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) University Microfilms Inc. 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction Is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages In any manuscript may have Indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When It Is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to Indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap pears to Indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu ing from left to right In equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page Is also filmed as one exposure and Is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or In black and white paper format. * 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro fiche but lack clarify on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available In black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. -
Prevention of Plague
December 13, 1996 / Vol. 45 / No. RR-14 TM Recommendations and Reports Prevention of Plague Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of plague: recommenda- tions of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-14):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.......................... David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by: National Center for Infectious Diseases.................................. James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases ........................Duane J. Gubler, Sc.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in: Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Series Office of Scientific and Health Communications (proposed) Recommendations and Reports................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Robert S. Black, M.P.H. Rachel J. Wilson Project Editors Office of Program Management and Operations (proposed) IRM Activity ....................................................................................Morie M. Higgins Visual Information Specialist Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.