Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Panax Ginseng (C
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The Mcguire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
Supplemental Information All specimens used within this study are housed in: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (MGCL) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA (FLMNH); the University of Maryland, College Park, USA (UMD); the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, France (MNHN); and the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra, Australia (ANIC). Methods DNA extraction protocol of dried museum specimens (detailed instructions) Prior to tissue sampling, dried (pinned or papered) specimens were assigned MGCL barcodes, photographed, and their labels digitized. Abdomens were then removed using sterile forceps, cleaned with 100% ethanol between each sample, and the remaining specimens were returned to their respective trays within the MGCL collections. Abdomens were placed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes with the apex of the abdomen in the conical end of the tube. For larger abdomens, 5 mL microcentrifuge tubes or larger were utilized. A solution of proteinase K (Qiagen Cat #19133) and genomic lysis buffer (OmniPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit) in a 1:50 ratio was added to each abdomen containing tube, sufficient to cover the abdomen (typically either 300 µL or 500 µL) - similar to the concept used in Hundsdoerfer & Kitching (1). Ratios of 1:10 and 1:25 were utilized for low quality or rare specimens. Low quality specimens were defined as having little visible tissue inside of the abdomen, mold/fungi growth, or smell of bacterial decay. Samples were incubated overnight (12-18 hours) in a dry air oven at 56°C. Importantly, we also adjusted the ratio depending on the tissue type, i.e., increasing the ratio for particularly large or egg-containing abdomens. -
Phylogenomics Reveals Major Diversification Rate Shifts in The
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/517995; this version posted January 11, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Phylogenomics reveals major diversification rate shifts in the evolution of silk moths and 2 relatives 3 4 Hamilton CA1,2*, St Laurent RA1, Dexter, K1, Kitching IJ3, Breinholt JW1,4, Zwick A5, Timmermans 5 MJTN6, Barber JR7, Kawahara AY1* 6 7 Institutional Affiliations: 8 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA 9 2Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 10 83844 USA 11 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 12 4RAPiD Genomics, 747 SW 2nd Avenue #314, Gainesville, FL 32601. USA 13 5Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT 2601, Canberra, 14 Australia 15 6Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK 16 7Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA 17 *Correspondence: [email protected] (CAH) or [email protected] (AYK) 18 19 20 Abstract 21 The silkmoths and their relatives (Bombycoidea) are an ecologically and taxonomically 22 diverse superfamily that includes some of the most charismatic species of all the Lepidoptera. 23 Despite displaying some of the most spectacular forms and ecological traits among insects, 24 relatively little attention has been given to understanding their evolution and the drivers of 25 their diversity. -
Equinatoxins: a Review
Toxinology DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6650-1_1-1 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Equinatoxins: A Review Dušan Šuput* Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology and Centre for Clinical Physiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract Equinatoxins are basic pore forming proteins isolated from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Pore formation is the underlying mechanism of their hemolytic and cytolytic effect. Equinatoxin con- centrations required for pore formation are higher than those causing significant effects in heart and skeletal muscle. This means that other mechanisms must also be involved in the toxic and lethal effects of equinatoxins. Effects of equinatoxins have been studied on lipid bilayers, several cells and cell lines, on isolated organs and in vivo. Different cells have distinct susceptibilities to the toxin, ranging from <1pMupto>100 nM. The cells are swollen after a prolonged treatment with low concentrations of equinatoxin II, or rapidly when 100 nM or higher concentrations of the toxin are used. Equinatoxins increase cation-specific membrane conductance and leakage current, affect the function of potassium and sodium channels in nerve, muscle and erythrocytes, increase intracellular Ca2+ activity, and cause a significant increase of cell volume. In smooth muscle cells and in neuroblastoma NG108-15 cells, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ activity is observed after exposure to 100 nM equinatoxin II. The large difference in toxin concentrations needed for the pore formation and other effects suggest that equinatoxins exert their effects through at least two different mech- anisms. It is well known that lipid environment is important for the proper functioning of membrane channels and other membrane proteins. -
Archiv Für Naturgeschichte
© Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gehiete der Entomologie während des Jahres 1893. Von Dr. Ph. Bertkau in Bonn. H. J. Hansen's vorläufige Mittheilung zur Morphologie der Gliedmafsen und Mundtheile bei Crustaceen und Insecten, Zool. Anzeig., 1893, S. 193—198, 201—212, scheint mir eine solche hohe Bedeutung zu haben, dass ich hier ein ausführlicheres Referat darüber geben möchte; dasselbe könnte mir ein Zurückkommen auf die in Aussicht gestellte ausführlichere Arbeit überflüssig machen. Wahrscheinhch bestehen die Gliedmafsen der Crustaceen ur- sprünglich aus einem Stamm und zwei äquivalenten Aesten. Stamm und Innenast wird als Endopodit, der Aussenast als von einem Gliede des Endopodits ausgehend bezeichnet. Durch Vergleichung der Beine der Axaneae, Thelyphonus, Scorpiones, Chelonethi, Soli- fugae sieht man bald, dass die Glieder mit Ausnahme der beiden ersten, nicht nach ihrer parallelen Ordnungszahl homolog sind. Will man zu einem wirklich morphologischen Verständniss der Mund- theile und Ghedmafsen der 4 Arthropodenklassen gelangen, so muss man sie zuerst bei verschiedenen Typen der Crustaceen studieren. Das Verständniss des Baues der Maxillen der Malakostraken wird durch das Studium der Kieferfüsse eröffnet. Die Kauladen sind einfache von dem inneren Vordereck des 2. oder 3. Gliedes ausgehende Fortsätze; eine solche Seitenkaulade ist bei Eurjcope eine einfache Verlängerung, bei Idothea dagegen durch Artikulation abgesetzt. Ebenso müssen die Kauladen der beiden Maxillen als Fortsätze von den Seiten der einzelnen Glieder des Endopodits der- selben angesehen werden. (Verf. führt für das 1. Maxillenpaar den Namen Maxillulae, dem 2. lässt er den bisherigen Namen.) Der Hypo- pharynx mit seinen weiteren Ausbildungen (Paragnathen, Unterlippe, Zunge) ist ein medianer zweilappiger Vorsprung der Sternalpartie des Kopfes und hat mit den Gliedmafsen nichts zu schaffen. -
Phylogenomics Reveals Major Diversification Rate Shifts in The
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/517995; this version posted January 11, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Phylogenomics reveals major diversification rate shifts in the evolution of silk moths and 2 relatives 3 4 Hamilton CA1,2*, St Laurent RA1, Dexter, K1, Kitching IJ3, Breinholt JW1,4, Zwick A5, Timmermans 5 MJTN6, Barber JR7, Kawahara AY1* 6 7 Institutional Affiliations: 8 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA 9 2Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 10 83844 USA 11 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 12 4RAPiD Genomics, 747 SW 2nd Avenue #314, Gainesville, FL 32601. USA 13 5Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT 2601, Canberra, 14 Australia 15 6Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK 16 7Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA 17 *Correspondence: [email protected] (CAH) or [email protected] (AYK) 18 19 20 Abstract 21 The silkmoths and their relatives (Bombycoidea) are an ecologically and taxonomically 22 diverse superfamily that includes some of the most charismatic species of all the Lepidoptera. 23 Despite displaying some of the most spectacular forms and ecological traits among insects, 24 relatively little attention has been given to understanding their evolution and the drivers of 25 their diversity. -
On a Collection of Sierra Leone Lepidoptera
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY '- 30? APR 2 4 1934 ON A COLLECTION SIERRA LEONE LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. SCHAUS, F.Z.S., AND W. G. CLEMENTS, SUEGEON-CAPTAIN A.M.S. LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 18 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. 1893. f1 ALGRE PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FEANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. INTRODUCTION. THE Lepidoptera which are catalogued and described in the following pages were collected by me during a tour of service of thirteen months' duration at Sierra Leone, West Africa, in the years 1891-92. With few exceptions their habitat was the rocky peninsula of Sierra Leone, which has an area of some twenty square miles. It is very hilly, some of the hills rising to a height of from 3000 to 4000 feet. The immediately surrounding country is flat and swampy, and, so far as I had an oppor tunity of judging, is poor in Lepidoptera. Owing probably to its elevation, Sierra Leone is very rich in representa tives of the genus Charaxes. In the limited time at my disposal I obtained eighteen species — nineteen, including Palla (Charaxes) varanes — with both sexes in fifteen of these. In consequence of my having lost the notes I made at the time on the natural habits of the insects collected, the observations which I am enabled to make must necessarily be brief, fragmentary, and quoted from memory. -
Tokadeh DSO Area 1 Area: 2.1 Ha
ArcelorMittal Liberia Limited Western Range DSO Iron Ore Project Tokadeh DSO area 1 Area: 2.1 ha A small DSO area at the lowest margin of the former mine. Approximately half of the area is very open and consists of mine benches covered in sparse grass cover. At the western end of the area, there is a small stream (reduced to a trickle during the dry season) down which there has been a slope failure. This part of the area has been planted with lines of grasses along contours to stabilise the slope and prevent further failure. The northern edge of the area slopes steeply downwards and is covered in thicket dominated by Chromolaena odorata, with a few remnant mature trees. The eastern third of the area is covered in very disturbed forest and thicket. The area is bordered to the south and west (upslope) by open grassland of the former mine, and to the north and east (downslope) by disturbed, open forest, still with some tall trees. Figure 33. Tokadeh DSO area 1, looking east from the western edge of the area. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Volume 4, Part 1: Zoological Assessment September 2010 Page 90 of 204 ArcelorMittal Liberia Limited Western Range DSO Iron Ore Project Tokadeh DSO area 2 Area: 8.5 ha The area has been heavily disturbed by exploratory drilling and perhaps previous logging activity. The dense network of drilling roads is now starting to become overgrown. The remaining habitat consists of very open woodland, with extensive thickets of Chromolaena odorata , and stands of Trema orientalis and Harungana madagascariensis saplings.