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Archiv Für Naturgeschichte © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gehiete der Entomologie während des Jahres 1893. Von Dr. Ph. Bertkau in Bonn. H. J. Hansen's vorläufige Mittheilung zur Morphologie der Gliedmafsen und Mundtheile bei Crustaceen und Insecten, Zool. Anzeig., 1893, S. 193—198, 201—212, scheint mir eine solche hohe Bedeutung zu haben, dass ich hier ein ausführlicheres Referat darüber geben möchte; dasselbe könnte mir ein Zurückkommen auf die in Aussicht gestellte ausführlichere Arbeit überflüssig machen. Wahrscheinhch bestehen die Gliedmafsen der Crustaceen ur- sprünglich aus einem Stamm und zwei äquivalenten Aesten. Stamm und Innenast wird als Endopodit, der Aussenast als von einem Gliede des Endopodits ausgehend bezeichnet. Durch Vergleichung der Beine der Axaneae, Thelyphonus, Scorpiones, Chelonethi, Soli- fugae sieht man bald, dass die Glieder mit Ausnahme der beiden ersten, nicht nach ihrer parallelen Ordnungszahl homolog sind. Will man zu einem wirklich morphologischen Verständniss der Mund- theile und Ghedmafsen der 4 Arthropodenklassen gelangen, so muss man sie zuerst bei verschiedenen Typen der Crustaceen studieren. Das Verständniss des Baues der Maxillen der Malakostraken wird durch das Studium der Kieferfüsse eröffnet. Die Kauladen sind einfache von dem inneren Vordereck des 2. oder 3. Gliedes ausgehende Fortsätze; eine solche Seitenkaulade ist bei Eurjcope eine einfache Verlängerung, bei Idothea dagegen durch Artikulation abgesetzt. Ebenso müssen die Kauladen der beiden Maxillen als Fortsätze von den Seiten der einzelnen Glieder des Endopodits der- selben angesehen werden. (Verf. führt für das 1. Maxillenpaar den Namen Maxillulae, dem 2. lässt er den bisherigen Namen.) Der Hypo- pharynx mit seinen weiteren Ausbildungen (Paragnathen, Unterlippe, Zunge) ist ein medianer zweilappiger Vorsprung der Sternalpartie des Kopfes und hat mit den Gliedmafsen nichts zu schaffen. Arch. f. Naturge&eh. Jahrg. 1894. Bd. II. H.2. A © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 2 Ph. Bertkau: Bericht über die mssenschaftlicheu Leistungen Der Verfasser gelit nun näher auf diese Verhältnisse bei Ento- mostraken und Malakostraken ein. Bei einem Apus besteht das 6. Bein aus 6 Ghedern , von denen jedes seine Lade hat, die an den 5 eisten Ghedern eingelenkt sind, am 6. eine einfache Ver- längerung des Gliedes darstellt. Der Exopodit geht von der Basis des 3. GKedes aus, der Epipodit von dem distalen Ende des 2. Aehnlich ist es bei Linmetis, Estheria u. a. Vor dem Exopodit und dem Endopodit entspringt eine sehr lange imd breite Platte auf der Aussenseite des 1. Gliedes; bei den Cladoceren ebenso. Bei den höchstentwickelten Copepoden (Calanus z. B.) ist der Schaft des 2. Antennenpaares dreigliederig, und an den Mandibeln geht der Exopodit von dem 3. Gliede aus; bei den Metanauphen und Setella fand Hansen ebenfalls 3 Glieder in dem Schaft der 2. Antenne und den Mandibeln. Ebenso fand er bei Calanidenmetanauplien Anten- nulen, Antennen und Mandibeln wie beim Nauplius, hinter denselben 5 kleine Plattenpaare, die die Anlage von 5 Gliedmafsenpaaren sind, von denen die 2 letzten eine Andeutung zu einer Spaltung zeigen; das sind die Maxillen, 1. und 2. Kieferfüsse, 1. und 2. Schwimm- füsse. Die ersten von Kieferfuss 1 und 2 entspringen weit entfernt von einander und können nicht, wie das bis jetzt geschehen, als Aussen- und Innen ast derselben GHedmafse angesehen werden. Auch bei Argulus bestehen die Schwimmbeme deuthch aus einem 3gliedrigen Schaft und 2 Aesten, und aus diesem gleichmässigen Vorkommen folgt, dass man 3 Glieder im Stamm von allen ge- spaltenen Gliedmafsen bei den Crustaceen als ein primäres Ver- halten ansehen muss. Bei den Malakostraken finden sich folgende Verhältnisse. Bei Nebalia besteht der Schaft aus 5 Gliedern und das 5. zeigt die Tendenz, aus 2 Gliedern zu bestehen, die bei Nebaliopsis gut abgesondert sind. Die Beine des Vorderleibes bestehen aus 9 Gliedern. Bei Nebalia findet sich auf der Aussenseite an der Basis ein kurzes aber deutliches Glied, darnach kommen die Glieder mit Exopodit und Endopodit und endlich zeigt das übrige Bein 3 deut- liche Einschnitte an dem Innenrande und 3 Gelenke. Das 1. Glied der Maxillulen trägt eine Kaulade, das 2. hat nur eine schmale, feste Chitinplatte, das 3. setzt sich gleichmässig in eine kurze, breite Lade fort. Von den Eumalakostraken haben die Mysiden Antennen mit 6 gliederigem Schaft; der Aussenast fsquama) entspringt aus dem 3. Gliede. Die Mandibeln mit „lacinia mobihs". Die zwei Laden der Maxillulen gehen von dem ersten und 3. Gliede aus. Die Lagen der Maxillen entspringen aus dem 2. und 3. Gliede, der Exopodit aus dem 3. (Das 1. Glied des Beines ist verschwunden, so dass der Exopodit scheinbar aus dem 2. Gliede entspringt.) Das Bein besteht dann aus 8 Gliedern, indem die Klaue für ein umgebildetes Glied anzusehen ist. In den ersten Larvenstadien findet man am hinteren Leibesende 2 fest chitinisirte Platten, die ohne Zweifel mit der furca der NebaHa homolog sind. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at -im Gebiete der Entomologie während des Jahres 1893. 3 Cumaceen und Tanaiden (eigene Ordnungen!), Isopoden und Amphipoden stimmen im Bau der Mimdgliedmafsen und Vorderleibgliedmafsen genau mit den Mysiden überein. Bei vielen Isopoden ist das 1. Glied der 6 hintersten Beinpaare des Vorder- leibes klein und beweglich; in vielen anderen Gattungen entwickelt es sich als ein „Epimer" , das bei Idothea entomon sehr gross, bei I. hectica mit den Segmenten des Körpers verschmolzen ist, indem es Theile ihrer Seitenpartie bildet. Die Euphausiaden entfernen sich weit von den Mysiden; der Antennenschaft ist zweigliederig, Mandibeln ohne lacinia mobilis. Beine nur aus 7 Gliedern; „Knie" zwischen 4. und 5. Gliede. Die Glieder hinter dem Knie sind mit den 6. —8. Gliedern homolog, das 4. mit 4.-}- 5. von Mysis. Die Maxillulen haben Laden am 1. und 3. Gliede, in einem Larvenstadium am 3. Glied auch einen Exopodit, der später verschwindet, während der bisherige Exopodit der meisten Autoren eine später entwickelte Plattenform des ersten Gliedes ist. Die Dekapoden schliessen sehr nahe an die Euphausiaden an. Das 2. Glied der Maxillulen ist mit dem 1. verschmolzen, so dass die Laden aus dem 1. und 2. Gliede ausgehen. Wie bei Idothea so verschwindet auch, wie man annehmen kann, bei den Phyllopoden das Coxopodit nicht, sondern ist in einen Theil der Pleuren umgewandelt. Hieraus erklärt es sich, dass den Dekapoden Kiemen zukommen, welche sich auf den Pleuren, auf der Gelenkhaut zwischen Pleure und Bein, wie auf dem Coxopodit finden. Die Leptostraken sind die niedersten Malakostraken ; ihnen stehen die Mysiden viel näher als die Euphausiaden. Die alte Eintheilung in Thorakostraka und Arthrostraka hält der Verfasser für ganz verwerflich, da Panzer und Stielaugen auf der einen und Mangel eines Panzers und sitzende Augen auf der anderen Seite nicht einmal durchgreifende Unterschiede sind. Hansen theilt die Eumalakostraka in 3 Gruppen: 1. Mysida, Cumacea, Isopoda, Amphipoda; 2. Euphausiida, Dekapoda; 3. Sto- matopoda. Die 1. Gruppe hat lacinia mobilis auf den Mandibeln; an den Beinen 8 Glieder, Marsupium, anfangs unbewegliche Larven; langgestrecktes Herz; keine Spermatophoren ; die 2. Gruppe: keine lacinia mobilis; 7 Beingl. , kein Marsupium; bewegliche Larven; kurzes Herz; Spermatophoren. Bei den Inecta finden sich folgende Vorkommnisse. Bei Machilis sind die Mandibeln homolog den der Malakostraka, in Gestalt sind sie denen der Cumaceen ähnlich; in Einlenkung und Muskulatur stimmen sie mit Diastyhs und Nebalia überein und weichen z. B. von Orthopteren und Coleopteren ab. Die Maxillen werden aus 3 Gliedern und einem 8 gliederigen Palpus gebildet. Das Basalghed (cardo) hat keine Kaulade, das 2. und 3. Glied setzen sich auch in lange Laden fort und an der Aussenseite des 3. fügt sich der Palpus an; das sind Uebereinstimmungen mit den A* ; © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 4 Ph. Bertkau: Bericht über die -wissenschaftlichen Leistungen Maxillen, aber nicht den Maxillulen der Eumalakostraken. Lage der Mandibeln, Maxillen und des Labiums sind hier (aber auch bei Orthopt. und Coleopt.) gleich der der Isopoden und Amphipoden. Die Maxillen des Machilis sind homolog dem 2. Maxillenpaar der Malakostraka, das Labium den Kieferfüssen (1 labium = ped. max. compluribus?; Ref.). Das kleine GHed, das die coxa der Brustbeine an den Körper befestigt, hält Hansen für homolog mit dem Coxo- podit der Malakostraken; coxa wird also mit Basipodit homolog. — Abdomen aus 11 Segmenten (10 -}- Telson) bestehend; die Griffel auf der Unterseite Theile rudimentärer Gliedmassen, wahrscheinlich Exopoditen. Campodea, Japyx und die Collembola stimmen im Bau der Mundtheile überein. Mandibeln und Maxillen liegen, abgesehen von ihren Enden, in der Mundhöhle, und zwar wie bei Machilis in der Seitenhaut derselben befestigt. Ihre Muskulatur ist der der Crusta- ceen ähnlicher als von Machilis; den Mandibeln fehlt eine pars molaris, dagegen hat Campodea eine kleine lacinia mobilis. Die Maxillen bestehen aus cardo und einem zweiten Ghede; 3. Glied und Palpus fehlen vollständig. Was die meisten Autoren als solche beschrieben haben, ist mit den „Paraglossen" und mit der vom Labium be- deckten Unterseite des Kopfes verbunden. Bei Japyx ist der Hypopharynx kurz, das Chitin der „Para- glossae" ist an das Chitin des Kopfes hinter der Basis des
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