Groundwater Management Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Harsh) Global Lead (Disruptive Technology) Environment, Natural Resources & Blue Economy Global Practice

“Disrupting” Groundwater Management Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Harsh) Global Lead (Disruptive Technology) Environment, Natural Resources & Blue Economy Global Practice

Mashreq Water Knowledge Series Disruptive Technologies for Improved Groundwater Management in the Mashreq Region 15-17 June 2021 Groundwater Management Challenges

Information Institutions Investments Understanding and monitoring Institutional arrangements to work Planning and operation of extraction groundwater systems (e.g. aquifers, across spatial and sectoral scales and recharge investments in a systems extraction, recharge, quality) context

Analytic insights into specific Capacity, policies, and instruments to Development and climate scenario- groundwater links to water cycle and effectively manage groundwater based investment planning considering inform longer-term planning and effectively and sustainably technical, environmental, social, shorter-term operational decision economic, financial, institutional, and support other sustainability aspects A new world of “Disruptive Technology”

“Disrupt” data value chains • Data Collection: Monitoring/Surveys (in-situ sensors/IoT/Biometrics, earth observation “Disrupt” production value chains (satellite, aerial, UAVs), crowdsourcing, • 3D/4D printing/additive digitization… manufacturing… “Disrupt” stakeholder value chains • • Virtual social networks/ Digital • Data Management: Telemetry, 5G, cloud Digital Twin Platforms… services, open data, Blockchain, … • Automation/SCADA… • • Robotics/ Autonomous transport… Sharing economy… • Data Analysis: Big data, Geospatial/ • Crowdsourcing, gamification, AI/Machine Learning, modeling/ scenario • Advanced materials/nanotech/ competitions (e.g. hackathons, analysis, script repositories, biotech/genomics/energy tech/ green appathons…) Cloud/Edge/Quantum computing… tech, ag tech… • Mobile money, fintech, cryptocurrency… • Data Access: Open data APIs, data • Maker movement/DIY/Tech Incubators… visualization, gamification, mixed reality- • Virtual learning/re-skilling… AR/VR, … • Outreach: Platforms/Social Media/Portals/ Apps/e-books/Competitions… http://www.appsolutelydigital.com/dt/ Information & Analysis Trends What’s Out? What’s In? Paper Records/Publications Digital Data/Portals/Apps/e-books… Desktop Databases “Analysis Ready” Cloud Data Services/APIs Static, Infrequent data Real-time data services & visualizations Data Secrecy Open, Public-Domain, Available Unclear data pricing Free open basic data services Sectoral approaches Multi-sectoral/ spatial approaches Fragmented activities Shared vision partnerships; Interoperability Desktop Modeling – “Retail” Cloud Analytics – “Wholesale” AI Platforms Supply-side inputs Demand-driven to support decisions “Come to my website & Integrative, Collaborative Data Services & see my bit of data…” Customized Platforms/Dashboards/Apps “Bottom-up” Monitoring Systems

Crowdsourcing Monitoring Emerging Citizen Science

Ethiopia: Tana and Beles Integrated Water Resources Management Project Thanks JB for some of the photos! VR Systems and Products

360o Cameras for photos/videos 360o Cameras for photos/videos 360 degree cameras tours

8 Field/Virtual Surveys

• Online Spatial Surveys • Mobile ODK – KoboToolBox, Survey123… • Interactive Dashboards Phone/Tablet LiDAR Scanning

Presentation: Remote Supervision Tools for Dam Safety “Top-down” Earth Observation & Other Global Analytics Services

Climate Hydrology Other

Precipitation & Forecasts Levels, Flow & Inundation Land Cover & Forecasts

Temperature Soil Moisture NDVI, EVI, GRACE, etc.

Social, Economic, Environmental, etc. Storms Evapo-transpiration High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Heliborne Geophysical Surveys of Aquifers

Source: http://skytem.com/water-mapping/ Drones/UAVs

High-Resolution Drone Services & Online Insights

17 “Top-Down” Data Acquisition System

Satellite & Aerial Earth Observation

Cairo

E G Y P T Asyut Blue Nile Sub-Basin

Luxor Monthly Blue Nile Flows at Khartoum Nasir Reservoir

S U D A N Khartoum

Kusti Wad Madani Malakal Platforms Kassala E R I T R E A S O U T H S U D A N Asmara Annual Blue Nile Flows at Khartoum Big Data Gonder Juba Tana Lake Bahir Dar

Jimma

E T H I O P I A Addis Ababa Data source: NOAA, 2006 GDP (million $/sq.km.) Capital city 0 - 0.5 11 - 25 Country boundary 2 - 1 26 - 50 APIs Major river 2 - 3 51 - 100 Lake/Sea 4 - 5 101 - 150 6 - 10 151 - 1,194 Data Science Dashboards/Portals/Apps/e-books/AR/VR Cloud Data Rescue GIS and other datasets Services Stakeholder Alerts

Machine Learning ChatBots Data Management & other AI Crowdsourcing Analytics/Models Operational Control Rooms

Manual Monitoring Automated Monitoring Crowdsourcing “Bottom-up” Data Acquisition System  IoT Cairo

Khartoum RED SEA E G Y P T Kampala E T H I O P I A

S U D A N

S O U T H S U D A N Mwanza Kigali

RWANDA TANZANIA BURUNDI Data Source: Worldclim Multiple sectors, multiple institutions, linked by water and natural resources…

Need for Integrated Water Resources Management Agriculture Department Livestock Department Precipitation Forest Department

Fishing Rural Water Supply Department Forest Hydropower Urban Water Supply Department Reservoir

Runoff Irrigation Department

Industry River Basin BoundaryPower Department/Utilities Urban WSS Industry Department Rural WSS Rainfed Agr Fisheries Department Livestock River Restoration Recreation Protected Areas Mgmt. Groundwater Inflow Community Use Environment Department Transport Department Irrigation Return Flow Infiltration / Recharge Tourism Department Navigation Central, State, district, local govts. Wetlands / Environment Surface & Ground water Base Flow / Pumping Investment Institutions Groundwater Irrigation Basin/Sub-basin Organizations Watershed User Associations/Catchment Committees, WUAs Farmers, Private Sector, Local Govt., NGOs, Academia, General Public … …Need for a shared multi-sectoral vision supported by modern Groundwater Outflow information, institutions, and investments… Streamflow

Precipitation Groundwater GRACE Soil MoistureSoil Evapotranspiration Elevation Population CIESIN

Population Drought Severity/VCI Facebook Wetlands NDVI

Wetness Koga Reservoir Dynamics Complex Water Systems Models

INF100_3 INF209_3 INF205_3 INF207_5 UTTARKHAND INF209_4 INF207_1 INF100_1 INF100_4 INF205_2 INF209_2 INF205_1 INF205_4 INF207_4 Upper Arun DAM209_3 INF207_3 Yamuna River INF205_5

Pancheswar Tamur NEPAL _4

INF101_1 DAM209_6

dam DAM207_1 Arun III Arun DAM209 Kaliganghaki I Saptakosi River

DAM205_1 Seti Purnagiri dam 2 5 DAM207_7 DAM207_7

Lakhwar Dam INF207_2 Arun Lower DAM205_2 Marsyandi Trisuli Reservoir DAM207_5 DAM207_4 DAM207_6 Sunkosi II DAM209_

DAM101_1 DAM209_ Banbhasa Burhi Gangaki ii

HIMACHAL PRADESH INF100_2 Headworks Vyasi Dam DAM205_3 IT05_1 Chisapani (kamali) Andhi Khola INF209_1 DAM207_2 Kotti Behl Kaligandhaki INF209_5 DAM101_2 Dam Dam Sapta Ganghaki Upper Ganga Reservoir East Ganga IRR205_1 INF205_6 Kosi Hhogh IT00_1 DAM205_8IRR205_3 INF205_8 Dam INF210_1

River DAM207_3 INF101_2 Canal DAM100_6 Canal INF208_1 Dam (Sarada) INF209_6 Mahakali Mahakali DAM207_8 IRR100_1 INF207_6 IT07_1 DAM209_7 INF100_5 IRR100_2 Gomti Rapti Kamala Dam IT05_3 INF205_7 DAM209_1 IT09_2 BANGLADESH riverIT03_1 Dam IT05_6 Kulekhani INF103_1 IRR207_1 IT09_1 DAM205 Yamuna West Yamuna East DAM208_1 Lucknow City Rapti_9 IRR209_2 river Canal Canal Madhya West INF100_6 river INF208_2 IRR209_1

Madhya East Karnali (Ghagra) (Ghagra) Supply Nepal FL5 Mechi River IRR101_1 IRR101_2 Ganga Ganga IT05_2 IT01_1 WS103_1 Babai (Surya) IRR205_5 IT07_2 IRR100_3 IT00_2 IRR100_4 IT05_7 IT05_4 IT05_5 IT08_1 FL1 INF100_7 Sarda Western Gandhak INF101_3 Kosi western IT09_3 INF314_1 Sahayak IRR107_2 Kosi Eastern canal IT10_1 Agra Canal Hinden R. IT00_3 IRR105_2 Girija IT05_9 canal IRR109_3 IRR101_3 B Rapti B Eastern IRR109_4INF110_2 FL7 INF313_1 INF101_4 FL2 Surya B IRR105_6 Gandhak Lower Ganga IT01_2 IRR105_ FL4 IRR107_3FL6 Canal FL3 IT00_4 UTTAR 4 INF105_10 Banganga River IRR100_5 River Kamala INF100_8 PRADESH INF105_9

IT05_8 River Kanpur city Mohananda INF101_5 (Bangladesh) Delhi Water IT01_3 Supply IT00_5 INF100_9 INF312_1 River Supply WS100_1 INF105_11 Mohananda River (India) River Jamuna River

Agra City Upper Meghna WS101_1 Gandhak River INF100_17 Rapti River Ghagara River Supply INF100_10 Bagmati River INF100_11 INF100_14 Kosi River WS101_2 IT01_4 INF101_9 INF101_12 INF101_18 INF100_12 BIHAR Ganges Barrage INF100_13 (planned) IT00_8 IT00_19 IT00_16 Padma River IT00_6 IT00_14 IT00_18 INF101_16 IT00_9 IT00_10 Ganges River IT00_11 IT00_12 IT00_13 IT00_15 FL8 Ganges River IT00_17 IT01_9 IT00_7 Parwan IT01_12 Farakka IT01_5 IT01_11 INF100_15 INF100_16 Irrigation IT01_14 IRR101_12 Musakhand IRR101_4 IT01_16 Dam IT11_4 River IRR101_10 IT01_15 IRR101_11 Rangwan DAM104_2 INF111_1 IRR102_2 Adhuara Dam IT04_1 Mayurakshi Lower Meghna RAJASTHAN IT01_6 Municipal area Massanjore IRR300_6 INF101_11DAM101_11IT02_2 River INF101_8 Daudhan WS104_1 Maithan Dam Dhaolpur municipal Dam DAM111_2 DAM111_1 Naugarh Dam INF111_2 area DAM101_10 INF102_2 DAM104_1 WS101_3 INF101_10 INF101_17 IT11_2 IT11_3 Hoogly END2 Keolari INF111_3

Ken River Banghirathi / IT01_7 INF104_1 END3 28 IT01_10 IRR101_7 Damodar River IT02_1 Panchet million Chambal left Son left Son Right Bank Chambal right INF101_15 Karmanasa Resevoir Kangshabati bank IRR106_1 IRR106_2 bank River IT06_1 DAM111_3 DAM111_4 IT11_1 22 IRR101_5 Kota Dam IT01_13 INF106_3 INF111_4 IRR101_6 IT06_3 million DAM101_ Haldia River 5 IT06_2 INF101_7 INF102_1 IRR106_3 JHARKHAND 15 Ranapratapsagar million Tons DAM101_4 IT01_8 INF101_14 WEST River END1 BENGAL 2.3 million River INF106_4 Gandhisagar INF101_13

MADHYA North Kael 3.1 million Dam INF106_2 IRR101_8 INF106_1 DAM101_3 PRADESH Meer Delhi utMoradaba 20 Bareillyd Kathmand million 15 INF101_6 Pardkh CHHATTISGARH u Aligar million Chambal River IRR101_9 Jaipur Agra L River Dam h 13 Kanpur u Patna (Existing) Kota Gwali million c or Allahabad Diversion Irrigation Varanasik n International Bhopa Asansol Khulna Dam (Planned) Indore o Boundary l 1025 Structures w 3.3 million Kolkata State Boundary 4.5 million Mashreq Water Data Portal https://spatialagent.org/Mashreq (also has links to Knowledge Explorer & E-Book) High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Watersheds, Topography Population Population Trends Historical Climate Recent Precipitation Real-time Weather Rainfall Vegetation (NDVI) Soil Moisture Evapo-Transpiration Evapo-Transpiration Evapo-Transpiration Sub-surface Soil Moisture Streamflow Forecasts & Hindcasts Satellite Altimetry Satellite Altimetry Waterbody Area Dynamics (GEE)

WAPOR (FAO) Climate Change

Large Displays TouchScreens Physical Interactive Models

Touch Tables VR

Touch Projectors Virtual Missions

Platform, Translation, Breakouts Recordings Satellite Imagery Drone Services Cloud Analytics/Mapping Prepare for Reflect in Reflect in next Virtual Flythroughs e-Minutes Agenda, Mission Presentations

Polls, Collaborative Work Online/In-Situ Surveys/Interviews Digital Twins Interactive Documents Pre-Mission Virtual Mission Post-Mission Presentation: Remote Supervision Tools for Dam Safety

Presentation: Remote Supervision Tools for Dam Safety Development Scenario Visualization on Landscapes From Aurelie Rossignol and the Bank VR Team: https://wbgvr.org/Albia Illustrative Interactive Dashboards Example for Dam Operation Decisions to be Supported: When to release? How much to release?

Climate Flows System Levels • Rainfall in upstream watershed • Current and historical flows (from • Current and historical levels (GPM, in-situ gauges/radar, in-situ observations, satellite of this dam’s reservoir as CHIRPS, …) – current & historical estimates where possible) well as other storages in • Weather forecasts (short-term, • Dam inflow forecasts (e.g. from system (e.g. from satellite, seasonal); Storm tracks GEOGLOWS Global Streamflow in-situ gauges)… • Snowmelt estimates (if Forecasting, local forecasts)… relevant)…

Downstream Other Data & Analytics • … • Irrigation status (crops, crop • Inundation forecasts stage from earth observation • Systems water infrastructure needs and in-situ) • Systems model to explore … • Soil and sub-surface soil implications of alternative dam moisture, groundwater (from operations earth observation and in-situ)… • Hi-resolution Satellite data • Crowdsourced data Need to draw upon global and other accessible data and analytic services to make interactive maps, graphs, and analytics for such decision support dashboards that are accessible on portals, apps, e-books, touchscreens, etc. E-Packaging of Knowledge (e.g. Interactive E-books/ Storymaps)

Outreach (e.g. virtual/online learning, hackathons, Expos) Groundwater Management Challenges

Water Investments Decision Support (e.g. Dams, Irrigation Systems, Water Supply, …)

Implementation (Investment Preparation, Financing, Notification, …)

Knowledge Integrated Basin Plans (information, institutional, and investments)

Planning Process (Analytical and Stakeholder Inputs to assess impacts, trade-offs) Resource Management Investment (New/ Rehab) & System Information Issues/ Options/ Goals Operation Issues/ Options/ Objectives

Models (Water balance, Systems Simulation/Optimization, Multi-Criteria, climate resilience) Historical Climate, Flow, and other Surveys Brainstorming Options Data (e.g. Groundwater, Topography, Soils, (investments, system temporal and spatial data Socio-economic, Environmental, Water operations) Infrastructure) The Data Value Chain Example: Deciding on Coping with Floods

Flood Coping Actions Decision Support (stakeholder actions to minimize loss of life / livelihood)

Dissemination/Preparedness (Stakeholder Channels – DSS, Bulletins, SMS, Radio, TV, Social Media, Portals, Apps, Podcasts, phone, emails, Knowledge Flood Early Warning…) & Recommendations

Products & Services (Formats, Frequency, Messaging, Customization, Media) Flood Weather Hydrologic Information Inundation Forecasts Forecasts Forecasts

Models (Seasonal to nowcasting; statistical/ hydrologic systems/ hydrodynamic, …) Historical Climate, Data Surveys & Studies “Top-Down” Data “Bottom-up” Data Flow, and Flooded (detailed Digital Elevation Model, (from remote sensing/ earth (from field gauges, manual area Data Soils, Geomorphology, Water observation products) reporting, crowdsourcing) Infrastructure Status, Flood impacts) In Summary • Rapidly evolving technologies have the potential to “disrupt” traditional challenges in groundwater management

• Reimagine Information, Institutions/Policy and Investments with a broader spatial and sectoral perspective

• Great potential to leverage (and contribute to) global, regional, and national hydroinformatics data and analytics for local benefit

• Improve ecosystem of new open data services and collaboration across sectors and countries

• Improved access to “wholesale” data, analytics, knowledge learning platforms and engaging all stakeholders (incl. youth) http://spatialagent.org/KIDS/

MC4 - 840 Disrupt or Be Disrupted! Thanks!

Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Harsh) http://spatialagent.org/Mashreq/ Global Lead (Disruptive Technology) Environment, Natural Resources & Blue Economy Global Practice The World Bank 1818 H St NW Washington DC 20433 [email protected] http://spatialagent.org/KIDS/

Download the Spatial Agent App at: http://apps.worldbank.org