Analysis of Cultural Landscape for Sustainable Tourism Development of Region Ratnesh Shukla 1 & Kashif Imdad2 Abstract Kanpur city was well known as the “Manchester of the East” and is also known as a growing commercial and trade centre as well as an educational hub of at present. The present paper is an attempt to explore the cultural heritage of an industrial town Kanpur and to ascertain probability of tourism development. To analyzed cultural landscape for sustainable tourism development of Kanpur region is particular objective of the present paper. The image of Kanpur projected today is a highly polluted and highly crowed city, a metropolitan that has almost lost all its beauty, leisure and glorious history. The Intensity of distracting factors of the city is the most effective than attracting factors of the city. The present study is based on field survey of culturally renowned sites of Kanpur city. Multistage random sampling technique was used for selecting 80 tourists from various tourists’ places of Kanpur region for determining attracting and distracting factors of the tourism of Kanpur region and secondary data was also used. When one enters the city, unbearable smell of leather and other industries welcomes. Unorganized slums and deplorable condition of Ganga speaks of its plight but it is not all. The poor road surface quality, dust and dirt speak volumes. It is challenging task for policy makers and town planners to establish Kanpur as a tourist centre which can come at par with cities like Agra, Varanasi etc, and attract maximum foreign and Indian tourists. The fast pace of industrialization and unplanned growth has created unavoidable problems for the architects, civil engineers, conservation scientists and restorers. Some problems are found after micro-level survey. Thus planning strategies should be undertaken to develop Kanpur city as a reputed tourist place of Uttar Pradesh. © 2014 GSS Journals. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cultural Landscape, Tourism, Sustainable Development. 1. Introduction opportunities to man to interact with The changing relationship between dynamic environment through his creative or man and unstable earth gives innumerable distractive activities in process of uplifting

1 Department of Geography, S.R.K.P.G. College, Kurara (Hameerpur), Bundelkhand University, U.P., . Email: [email protected] (Corresponding Author) 2 Department of Geography, PPN PG College, Kanpur, UP. India, Email: [email protected] 42

Analysis of Cultural Landscape … his life style. Human intervention over Schluter (Martins, 1989, p 27).But the physical environment or natural settings is fundamental concept of cultural landscape called cultural landscape. As cited by O’Hare in geography was defined as landscape (1997 p 33-54), the cultural landscape is the modified by human activity by the German, environment as modified, classified, and father of human geographer, Friedrich Ratzel interpreted by mankind. Recreation trough in 1890s (Jones, 2003, p 33). Carl O. Sauer tourism is one of the most characteristics was the great progenitor geographer who socio-economic phenomena in this era was probably the most effective in (Tzonev, 1975, p 101-115). After recognizing promoting and developing concept of tourism as an industry Sustainable cultural landscape (Mitchell, 2000, p 27). development refers economic change and Tuvan (1979) also tried to explain the growth which leads concept of conservation differences and similarities between culture without compromising the environmental and landscape. The literature by Butler issues. Tourism as a new growing industry is (1991) on cultural landscape tourism a recent fascinating approach of the present development were beneficial to this study times to develop Kanpur metropolitan with which advocate advocate tourism as an sustainability. instrument of development and change like any other industry. As state by Christensen 2. Aims and Objectives (1995, p. 63-68), tourism is possible option The prime aim of the present paper is for community development which leads analyzed phases of evolution of Cultural sustainable economic development landscape in context of sustainable tourism without compromising the environmental development of Kanpur region. This paper issues. Recent research work of Collins and has following two objectives: first, others (1995) is also present description of identifying the emerging status of tourism in cultural landscape of tourism in South Wales Kanpur region and secondly, ascertaining and Victoria. O’ Hare also interprets cultural the issues and concerns of tourism landscape for tourism development. As an development in Kanpur. Finally, planning Indian cultural geographer Singh Rana P. B. strategies are recommended to sustainable (1993 & 2011) has valuable research work on tourism development. This paper intends to sustainable tourism development planning answer of following questions. The prime of the world heritage city, Varanasi and rural research questions are:- landscape of Asia. Majumdar (1960) studies 1. What is present status of tourism in social contours of Kanpur as an industrial city Kanpur region? and Singh (1990) presents planning for 2. What are the emerging issues and development this industrial city. concerns of tourism development in Kanpur region? 4. Methodology 3. Which push or pull determinants are 4.1 Study area: responsible for female migration? This paper focuses on all cultural heritage 4. What can be done to develop Kanpur as sites of the Kanpur region. In Kanpur region a significant tourist place? the periphery area of Kanpur city i.e. , 3. Review of the Literature ,Musanagar, , Kannuaj Cultural landscape as an academic term is and NawabGanj (Unnao) along with Kanpur first used by the German geographer Otto city are included for wide scope field study of 43

Ratnesh Shukla & Kashif Imdad tourism industry. Actually Kanpur tourism scores of individual factors were added. region is a buffer of 45 kilometers around Added total value was divided by the total Kanpur city boundaries. number of respondents who ranked the particular factor. In this way these means 4.2 Research Design and Tool Used: scores for the factors were calculated and the Descriptive type of survey design was used major issues and concerns for tourism were to collect data with the help of interview identified. schedule, observation and focus group discussions and historical approach is also 5. Interpretation of the present research used to elaborate evolution of Cultural paper landscape. 5.1 Phases of evolution of Cultural 4.3 Sample Collection and Data Collection: landscape Multistage random sampling technique was Kanpur City is situated between the parallels 0 0 0 used for selecting 80 tourists from various of 25 26' and 26 58' north latitude and 79 31' 0 tourists’ places of Kanpur region. Secondary and 80 34' east longitude. It is situated on data was also collected from the Department the most important national highways no. 2 of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh. and 25 and state highway and on the main -Howrah railway trunk line. It is situated 4.4 Data Analysis: on the bank of holy river Ganga and is about Frequencies, percentages and mean were 126 meters above the sea level. There are used for analysis of descriptive data. The three phases of evolution of cultural emerging image of Kanpur region is carved landscape which are given below:- out by respondents’ answer. A list of positive 1. Period of first revolt from origin to 1857. and negative factors which are determining issues and concerns of tourism development 2. Period of post first revolt from 1857 to in Kanpur region was prepared after 1947. exhaustive review of literature and 3. Period of After Independence. discussion with the experts in the field. The respondents were ranked these 1. Period of first revolt from origin to determinants in order of preference which 1857 are responsible for future of tourism. Given Legend culture of Kanpur concerns to , ranked in order of the respondents’ the wife of Lord came to live at preference were converted into scores by the ashram of sage Valmiki, after Rama using the following formula: expelled her from Ayodhya which is situated at the bank of Ganga and known as Bithoor Percent position = 100 (R - 0.5)/N (Brahmavarta). It is 25 km far from Kanpur. It Where, was here that she gave birth to the R = Rank of the individual factors in the twins (Ramayana) and series ranked by an individual. (Ramayana), and disappeared back into the earth (from where she was born). N = Number of factors ranked by an Kanpur was founded by king Hindu Singh of individual. the erstwhile state of Sachendi and was According to Garrett and Woodworth (1981) known as ‘Kanhpur’. Upto the 1st half of the ranking table the percent position of each 18th century Kanpur was an insignificant rank obtained was converted into scores. The 44

Analysis of Cultural Landscape … village. In May, 1765, Shuja-ud-daula the known as North India’s major industrial Nawab Wazir of Awadh was defeated by the centres.In spite of its own historical, religious British near . The Britishers relized the and commercial importance it faded into importance of this place and. European oblivious as true passed. At present scenario businessman had gradually started Kanpur is such 11th biggest metropolitan establishing themselves in Kanpur. Kanpur city of India, sprawling over an area of 260 sq was passed into the British hands under the km and also known as educational and treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of commercial capital of Uttar Pradesh. Awadh. This was a turning point in the According to the census 2011, Kanpur has a history of Kanpur as it soon became one of population of 29.20 lakhs, administratively the most important military stations of divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with an British India. It was declared a district on 24th average ward population range of 19000 to March 1803. The Gadar of 1857 brought 26000 (census 2001). Kanpur once again into the limelight. In this 5.2 Cultural Heritage of Kanpur region war of Independence, as some of the leading 1. Jajmau luminaries i.e. Nana Sahib, Tantiya Tope, The mount of Jajmau on the eastern end of Azimoolah Khan and Brigadier Jwala Prasad the city occupies a high place among ancient all hailed from here. The three strategic sites of the region. During 1957-58, events of the 1857 war at Kanpur were the excavations were carried out on mound fight at wheeler’s entrenchment the which unearthed antiquities ranging from massacre at ‘Sati Chaura Ghat’ and the 600 BC to 1600 AD. In ancient times, Jajmau massacre’. The Bibighar was dismantled by was known as Siddhapuri and was the the British on reoccupation of Kanpur and a kingdom of Yayati, the Puranic king. The ‘memorial railing and a cross’ raised at the high mound overhanging the Ganga is site of the well. The well is now bricked over known as the site of his fort. Today Jajmau and remains of a circular ridge survive which houses the Siddhnath and Siddha Devi can still be seen at the . temples and the mausoleum of Makhdum 2. Period of post first revolt from 1857 to Shah Ala -ul-Haq, the famous Sufi saint, built 1947 by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1358. A mosque It is period of industrialization in Kanpur. build by Kulich Khan in saint, built by Firoz After 1857, the development of Kanpur took Shah Tughlaq in 1358. A mosque build by place in the form of Government Harness Kulich Khan1679 is also situated here. and Saddle Factory which started for 2. Bithoor supplying leather material for the army in On the banks of the Ganga, this spot is of 1860, followed by Cooper Allen & Co. in considerable historical and religious Bithoor 1880. The first cotton Today Textile Mill, the is situated 27 km away from Kanpur on the Elgin Mills were started in 1862 and Muir Road. Situated importance. Mills in 1882. The Kanpur Memorial Church According to Hindu scriptures Lord Brahma was raised in honor of the fallen at the north- came to Utpalaranya, as it was known then, east corner of Wheeler’s entrenchment in for the creation of mankind. The place which 1862 by the British. first witnessed the creation of mankind came 3. Period of After Independence to be known as Brahmavarta or the seat of Kanpur the eastern Manchester of India Brahma. Later Brahma installed a Shivalinga stands on the banks of the Ganga and was which is still worshipped as Brahmeshwar 45

Ratnesh Shukla & Kashif Imdad Mahadeva at the principal ghat of Bithoor, The distance between two pillars was 1 kos the Brahmavarta Ghat. A nail of the Horse (3.2 km). Generally the kos minar is of 3m shoe embedded in the steps of the ghat is an height and area (paridhi) with the top object of special reverence for devotees as shaped like a shankh. This minar is construc it’s considered to be of Brahma’s horse which ted with old bricks and lime plaster. he used while going for Ashwamedha Yajna. 5. Nimbia Khera - Brick Temple On the completion of the yajna, the forests This ancient temple seems to be constructed of Utpalaranya came to be known as in 11th or 12th century. The main hall Brahmavarta, from which Bithoor name is entrance has a sub-temple situated at each derived. In later centuries, Uttanpad ruled of its four corners due to which this temple is the Brahmavarta and his son Dhruva called of‘Panchayatan shelly’. It has been penanced here in order to please Brahma constructed with old home-made bricks and and place is known as Dhruva Teela. There is lime and is decorated with ornaments. The a small pool inside Valmiki Ashram, famous main door of the garbhgreh is made of Balua as Sita-kund. Sita‘Rasoi’ is still preserved, near stone with the statues of Brahma which stands ‘Swarga Naseinee’ or Deep Mahesh adorning at the top. ’s statue in Malika Stambha, studded with niches all the centre professes it to be a Shiv temple. around for illumination. During 1753-75 6. Kacheri under the rule of Nawab Shuja -ud-daula, the The Kacheri Cemetery dates back to the time administration of Bithoor was entrusted to when the first European troops Marched into Almas Ali Khan, who erected a mosque near the District in response to a treaty Lakshman Ghat on the right-bank of Ganga. Negotiated in 1765 with the Nawab of Oude. 3. Town of Ghats The earliest epitaph of Lt CoI John Stainforth The historic town of Bithoor, once famous by dated 1781 coincides with the first the name of ‘Bavan Ghaton ki Nagari’, (city of ecclesiastic returns of births, marriages and 52 Ghats) is left with only 29 Gahts. The chief deaths to reach Calcutta from Kanpur – among them being the Tuta Ghat, Patkapur Known as Cawnpore. Firstly, it was chiefly the Ghat, Khanderao Ghat, Rishikul Ghat, Kalvari military officers of the Ghat, Hanuman Ghat, Chhappar Ghat, and their Wives and children who were Bramhavarta Ghat, Pandav Ghat, Jhansi Rani buried here and private soldiers were buried Ghat, Mahapatra Ghat, Chhatta Ghat, in another cemetery at Hiramun-Ka-Purwa. In Maharaj Ghat etc. Out of 29 Ghats, 1814, a Bishop of Calcutta was appointed most beautiful is the Patthar Ghat built by after 50 Years of consecration of cemetery. the Raja Tikaitrai. The other important ghat Upto 1846, Kacheri Cemetery was known as of Bithoor is the Kalvari Ghat, where a large the Officers’ Burial Ground but after the Ganesh Temple built by the exists. mutiny (1857), when the flag Staff Barracks Other notable sites at Bithoor are the Tripura were replaced by the Kacheri Law Courts, it Sundri temple, Shivananda Ashram, came to be known as Kacheri Cemetery. Gyaneshwar Mahadev temple, Janki temple, 7. The Kanpur Memorial Church-All Pantha Devi temple and Sri Gayatri Dham. soul’s cathedral 4. Kos Minar The Kanpur Memorial Church was built in During the Mughal Period, Sher shah Suri 1875 in honour of the British who lost their had constructed a road and built a pillar to lives in the war of 1857. The Church was earmark the distance called as Kos minar. designed by Walter Granville, architect of 46

Analysis of Cultural Landscape … east Bengal Railway. The complete church in Shanker Vidyarthi Memorial building, where Lombardic Gothic style is attractively an Orthopedic Rehabilitation Hospital was executed in bright red brick with run after the first World War, is located. Nana polychrome dressings. In east of the church Rao Park is located to the west of Phool is Memorial Garden which can be Bagh. It is the site of the ‘Bibighar Massacre’ approached through two gateways. It has of 1857. handsome carved gothic screen designed by 11. Henry Yule. Its centre is occupied by the The large Temple of Bhitargaon is a unique beautiful carved figure of an angle by Baron specimen of the brick architecture of the Carlo Marochetti, with crossed arms, holding early Gupta period. It is built of large-sized palons i.e. symbol of peace. The king Edward bricks and decorated with well modeled VII memorial hall and Christ Church . terra-cotta panel. The temple is the oldest 8. Shri Radhakrishna Temple (J.K. Temple ) roofed Hindu shrine extant with a high J.K. Temple, built by J.K. Trust, is a unique Sikhara. The interior of the temple is plain blend of ancient architecture with the but on the outside it is decorated with modern. Among the five shrines, central one carved brickwork and numerous terracotta is consecrated to Shri Radhakrishna and the panels. Inside the temple only the sanctum others are adorned with idols of Shri or garbhagriha and the porch exist. The Laxminarayan, Shri Aradhanarishwar, Shri upper chamber above sanctum was Narmadeshwar and Shri Hanuman Panaki. damaged in the 18th century. The most 9. Jain Glass Temple marked feature of the temple is its recessed It is situated in Maheshwari Mahal behind plan. The temple is the sole surviving record the Kamla Tower. It is a beautiful temple of this early phase of temple architecture in highly decorated with glass and enamel India. works. Among other temples, Hanuman 12. Archeological Sites temple at Panki, Anandeshwar temple, Notable archaeological sites around Kanpur Jageshwar temple, Dwarikadhish temple, are the ‘Shiv temple’ at Nimbia Khera, the Prayagnarayan temple, Kailash temple, temple at Behta Buzurg and the Buddhadevi temple, Kherepati temple, Lala Bhagat Pillar. In Nimbia Khera, 9th-10th Varahidevi temple, Bhairav temple are Century old Shiva temple is located at Behta important. Buzurg. It is Lala Bhagat houses the famous 10. Places of Fun and Frolic Kukkutadwaj, known as Lala Bhagat Pillar Kanpur Zoo, Allen Forest Zoo, was opened in standing in the middle of a modern temple. 1971 and ranks among one of the best zoos This red sandstone, six and a half feet high of the country. Kamla Retreat lies next to the octagonally carved pillar with a small Allen Forest. It has a swimming tank with inscription was once surmounted by a cock equipment for producing artificial waves and capital, which dates back to 1st century and arrangement for lighting. Besides parks and is of unique antiquity value. It is broken from a canal with boating facilities, a zoo and the pillar shaft and lies nearby. museum, which has a good collection of 13. Musanagar historical and archaeological artifacts is also The ancient temple of Muktadevi built in there. and are another Treta-Yug by Raja Bali is located at ancient beautiful park in the heart of the city on the site of Musanagar. A large fair is held at Mall Road. In the centre of the park, Ganesh Muktadevi temple on the occasion of Kartik 47

Ratnesh Shukla & Kashif Imdad Poornima. Musanagar is also a rich The city attracts tourists and pilgrims archaeological site and has yielded a large throughout the city. The religious fairs are number of artifacts and specimens of the organized during festivals. The important post Harrapan, Shunga, Maurya and Kushana fairs organized at city level are Shivratri mela periods. at Sidhant temple and Anandeshwar temple; 14. Angira Ashram Navratri Mela at Kushmanda Devi temple, Maharshi Angira, one of the saptarishis, has chat pujan in the month of November at penanced at Angira Ashram. The ancient Ganga river and Dashera mela in the month Jagannath temple houses the original of October at Ganga.Basant mela of wooden idol of Lord Jagannath which is Makanpur, urs sufi festival of Makanpur, identical with that of the famous Jagannath Takiya Unnao mela of Hazrat Mohabbat Shah temple. in Poos (December) and Urs of Hazrat 15. Kannauj Makhdoom Shah, Jajmau also represent Kannauj was the capital of King tremendous culture of incredible India. Harshavardhana’s empire. Today it is famous 5.3 Present Status of Tourist Arrivals for the Indian essence (attar) industry. Since 2001, number of tourists visiting Kannauj of also known for its ancient temple. Kanpur city has increased yearly. Kanpur has Kannuj is also holy centre of the sufi of received 2.6 lake tourists in the year 2005. Chishti order. Hazrat Hazi Shareef Zindani, Out of total tourist arrived in 2005, about 94 Peerane peer of Hazrat Khawaja Gareeb percent were Indians whereas only 6 percent Nawaj Ajmeri, nourishes Ganga Jamuni were foreigners. Since 2001 to 2005, 40 culture of Kanpur. percent growth has occurred in total tourist 16. Religious Fairs And Activities arrivals in Kanpur. Figure 1: Indian and Foreigner Tourist Arrivals in Kanpur City Indian and Foreigner Tourist Arrivals

300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 Tourist Population Tourist 50000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Indian Tourist 181992 185678 213647 228411 245524 Foreigner Tourist 4602 6287 4534 5987 6359 Total 186594 191965 218181 234398 251883

Source: Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh. dominant factor to determine it. 5.4 Image of Kanpur city: Attracting and Unfortunately, Kanpur is such as city where Distracting factors ‘kanpurian’ do not want to live here. Each city has some attracting and distracting According to Table-1.1, it was observed that factors. Tourism behavior is the most 48

Analysis of Cultural Landscape … among attracting factors the highest ranked was observed to be highly polluted and factor was educational hub (mean score = crowded (mean score = 69.72) followed poor 58.16). The next ranked factor was easy law and order (mean score = 60.75), poor survival (mean score = 56.54). According to road surface quality (mean score = 42.38), Table-1.2, in case of distracting factors which less urban facilities (mean score = 58.68). was the major powerful barrier for tourism Table 1: Attracting Factors of Kanpur Region Attracting factors Number of individual Sum of score of Mean who ranked particular the particular score factor (A) factor (B) C=B/A City of Labors 75 3869 51.59 Educational hub 25 1454 58.16 Easy survival 41 2318 56.54 Good market 23 1205 52.39 Good linkage and accessibility 17 859 50.53 Source: Survey data Figure 2: Attracting Factors of Kanpur Region

Attracting Factors of Kanpur Region 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 Mean Score Mean 46 Good Linkage Educational City of Labors Easy Survival Good Market and Hub Accessibility Mean score 51.59 58.16 56.54 52.39 50.53

Table-1.2 Distracting Factor of Kanpur Region Number of Sum of score individual who of the Mean score Distracting factors ranked particular particular C=B/A factor (A) factor (B) Unplanned city 54 3110 57.59 Highly polluted and crowded 60 3716 61.93 Poor road surface quality 62 3640 58.71 Less urban facilities 75 4401 58.68 Uncultured population 55 3149 57.25 Poor law and order 65 3949 60.75 Lack of five stars hotels 17 859 50.53 Source: Survey data Figure -1.3 Distracting factors of Kanpur Region. 49

Ratnesh Shukla & Kashif Imdad

Distracting Factor of the Kanpur Region

70 60 50 40 30 20 Mean Score Mean 10 0 Highly Poor Road Unculture Lack of Unplanned Polluted Less Urban Poor Law Surface d Five Stars city and Facilities and Order Quality Population Hotels Crowded Mean score 57.59 61.93 58.71 58.68 57.25 60.75 50.53 ghat, Hanuman Ghat, Laxman Ghat, Chappar 5.5 Issues and concerns of tourism Ghat, Kaurav Ghat, Shra van Ghat, Sita ghat development in Kanpur and Bhairav Ghat. Further it is proposed to Emerging issues and concerns which relate divert the drainage pipe carrying sewerage tourism development of Kanpur region are water towards bhramvat ghat towards given below : Ganga upstream. The estimated cost of this 1. Non availability of public transport to is Rs. 743.5 lakh. About 1.5 km above Bhairon visit places of historical and religious Ghat, Ganga barrage has been constructed interest. and the flow of the Holy water has 2. Lack of public conveniences at historical been reverted towards Kanpur city so that it and religious places. passes through each Ghat. Keeping the 3. No proper enforcement of rules requirement of religious minded people regarding prohibited area. coming from various parts of U.P. to Kanpur 4. No strict regulation to stop in mind, the protection and beautification of encroachment on the protected areas Bhairon Ghat ,Hospital ghat, Sarsaya and lack of stringent action against Ghat,Gola Ghat,Bhaskar ghat has been those who damage the protected proposed and an estimated cost is Rs.362.2 monuments and encroach upon it. lakh which has been put up for sanction. The 5. Long hour power cuts affect tourist stay renovation of important religious places at Kanpur. were proposed at the cost of Rs. 6 crore 22 6. Poor law and order situation. lakh. It is proposed to provide benches,

7. Labor class majority, abusing language constructing water tank, toilets, providing and narrow minded thinking. night shelters at sarsaiya ghat, ganesh 5.6 Planning strategies udyan, tapeshwari devi temple, vaibhav Holy River gaga Ganga is basic identification lakshmi, shri chindmastika devi temple, J.K. of Kanpur region so beautification of ghats is temple, ganesh temple, hanuman te mple at prime issue for policies maker. The Panki, Manju shah majar at Jajmau etc. It has construction of benches, bathing cubicles, been proposed to construct the UP Samaj electrification of ghats, provision of drinking Kalyan Nirman Nigam Ltd near Gautam water at various ghats i.e. Dhruv ghat, Ram Buddha Park, Indira Nagar Road Kalyanpur,

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Analysis of Cultural Landscape … Kanpur. The modification & up keeping of  The haat should be built on the model of Nana Rao Park at Mall district , Kanpur has Delhi haat where artisans, craftsmen can been proposed & an expenditure estimate of display their things and some stalls can Rs 493.66 lakhs has been worked out. The be fixed for Kanpur industrialists and future vision to make the city a centre of traders to display their goods. historical importance and of tourist interest  The feasibility study should be conducted encompasses the improvement of the for developing the new places of tourist condition of roads with proper car and two- interest such as amusement parks, wheeler parking, proper traffic management, artificial lakes etc. effective law and order situation, political  Proper enforcement of law to stop support, provision of good hotels, water encroachment and damage to prohibited resorts and better conveyance or area. transportation system. We ought to respect  The river front of both Ganga and Pandu our guest because directly it is humanity and river should be developed by tree indirectly it is also source of our revenue. plantation, opening hotels and Steps should be taken to promote tourism restaurants, organizing water sports, which is given below:- boating etc. to provide boost to  Steps should be taken to promote Kanpur economy. as a tourist destination through proper  Better traffic management so that travel advertisement on television, internet, time taken between two tourist places radio and billboards on airports, trains can be reduced. and stations.  Construction of footpaths, road signs and  Steps should be taken to improve the rail, removal of encroachment on roads so road and air connectivity to Kanpur city, that tourists can have space to walk in provision for better civic amenities at specialized markets important historical and religious places  Law and Order situation should be and market places within the city. improved so that tourist wouldn’t feel  In Kanpur, two tourist circuits i.e. hesitant to move around different places historical and religious should be in the city. identified and developed by interlinking various tourist spots so that floating 5.7 Conclusion population can be increased which will Conservation of national cultural heritage is give boost to the economy. All the basic the most important step to develope facilities should be provided at identified tourism. Kanpur is a city of labors so our spots in the circuit. cultural, language and mental status ought  Need is to have a Tourist Information to higher and high-tech as requirement of Centre at railway station which will have postmodernism. To promote tourism in all the information related to tourist Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh government should spots; hotels and restaurants; trains, bus be work for advertising tourist places of and air booking and can arrange for the Kanpur. Soon name of Kanpur has fame of same. nice tourist place of north plain of India.  Travel Tours needs to be conducted for tourists covering important tourist places

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Ratnesh Shukla & Kashif Imdad References Butler, R. W., Tourism, Environment and Sustainable Development. In Environmental Conservation, 18 (3). Christensen, N. A., Sustainable Community-Based Tourism and Host Quality of Life. Topical Volume of compiled papers from a special session of annual meeting of the National Recreation and Park Association. Minneapolis, 1995. Collins, J. & Others, Cultural Landscape of Tourism in South Wales and Victoria. STCRC : An Australian Government Initative,1995. Garett, H. and Woodsworth, R.S., Statistics in Psychology and Evaluation. Vikil, Feffer and Simon Pvt. Ltd, Bombay, 1981. Jones, M., The concept of cultural landscape: discourse and narratives; in, Palang, Hannes and Fry, Gary (eds.) Landscape Interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003. Mitchell, D., Cultural Geography, A Critical Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2000. Majumdar, D.N., Social Contours of an Industrial City : Social Survey of Kanpur, 1954-56, Bombay, 1960. Martin, G.J., All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2005. O’Hare, D.,. Interpreting the Cultural Landscape for Tourism Development. Urban Design International, 2 (1), 1997. Singh, R.P. B., Varanasi: A World heritage city: The frame, historical accounts. Banaras (Varanasi),1993. Singh, R.P. B., International Symposium on Sustainable Rural Landscape & Planning in Asia Pacific Region, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2011. Singh, S.N., Planning and Development of an Industrial Town, Published by Mittal Publication, New Delhi, 1990. Tuan, Y., Landscape of Fear. Pantheon Books, New York, 1979. Tzonev, S., Social Implications of the Planning of Tourist Industry Development. Proceeding of the Symposium on the Planning and Development of the Tourist Industry in the ECE Region, ECE at Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1975.

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