/11... United States Department of Agriculture Insect Infestation of Fire­ Forest Service Injured'Trees in the • Intermountain Research Station Research Note Greater Yellowstone Area INT-398 September 1991 Gene D. Amman1 Kevin c. Ryan2 ABSTRACT Survival of conifers following fire depends on the type and degree of injuries sustained, initial tree Permanent plots were established in the Greater vigor, and the postfire environment, including Yellowstone Area (GYA,) following the 1988 fires to weather and insect and disease population dynam­ determine response of bark beetles to fire-injured ics (Ryan 1982, 1990). As fire injuries increase, the conifers. Within 2 years (1989 and 1990), 67 percent probability of tree death increases. Numerous of the Douglas-(z.r had been infested by bark beetles authors (compare Peterson 1985; Peterson and (primarily the Douglas-fir beetle) and wood borers; Arbaugh 1986, 1989; Ryan 1990; Ryan and others 44 percent of the lodgepole pine were infested (prima­ 1988) have identified the proportion of crown killed rily by the pine engraver); 82 percent of the Engel­ as the key injury contributing to death of most mann spruce were infested (mostly by spruce beetle); trees, but injuries to bole cambium or roots or both and 71 percent of the subalpine fir were infested may dominate in some cases (Ferguson and others (mostly by wood borers). Bark beetle infestation 1960; Ryan and others 1988; Ryan and Reinhardt usually occurred in trees having 50 percent or more 1988). Resistance to cambium injury increases with • basal girdling by fire. However, uninjured Douglas­ the square of the bark thickness (compare Martin fir also had 46 percent of the trees infested in 1990. 1963; Peterson and Ryan 1986), which in tum The large proportion of uninjured Douglas-fir that increases approximately linearly with diameter was infested by Douglas-fir beetle in 1990 suggests (Ryan and Reinhardt 1988). Multiple injuries are infestation will increase in unburned portions of the common and increase the likelihood of death GYA Of the trees that died, a fire-injury model (Furniss 1965; Ryan 1990; Ryan and others 1988; correctly predicted death for one-half of the Douglas­ Wagener 1961). Mortality resulting from crown kill fir and two-thirds of the lodgepole pine, but all of the is often apparent by the end of the first growing Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. season following fire, while death resulting from bole and root injury often does not become apparent KEYWORDS: Pseudotsuga menziesii. Pinus before the second growing season (Ferguson and contorta, Picea engelmannii, Abies others 1960; Ryan and others 1988; Ryan and lasiocarpa, Dendroctonus pseudo­ Frandsen 1991). tsugae, Ips pini. Dendroctonus Bark beetles and wood borers are frequently rUfipennis. Cerambycidae, associated with tree mortality following fire. How­ Buprestidae, Dendroctonus ever, it is difficult to adequately assess fire injuries, ponderosae particularly to the bole and roots. In the absence of significant bole or root injuries, the probability of attack by primary bark beetles is initially low with light defoliation, increases with moderate to heavy IProjeet leader, Mountain Pine Beetle Population Dynamics defoliation, and often declines with complete defolia­ research work unit, Intermountain Research Station, Forest tion (Furniss 1965; Miller and Keen 1960; Mitchell Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, located at the Forestry and Martin 1980; Wagener 1961). Bark beetles also Sciences Laboratory, Ogden, UT. attack trees with cambium injury but are thought to 2Research Forester, Intermountain Research Station, Forest contribute little to mortality, except in conjunction • Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, located at the Inter­ with defoliation or when a large proportion of the mountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. circumference is killed (Ferguson and others 1960; from species and diameter and used as a measure Ryan and Frandsen 1991; Wagener 1961). Second­ of resistance to cambium injury, to predict the fate • ary bark beetles (those commonly attracted to of burned trees. Bevins (1980) modeled postfire severely weakened or recently killed trees, as survival of Douglas-fir 1 year after burning using opposed to primary bark beetles that can infest and tree diameter and scorch height as predictive kill healthy trees) and wood borers are commonly variables. attracted to burned trees, but their contribution to Although our understanding of fire-caused mortal­ mortality, while thought to be minor <Mitchell and ity has improved and application models have been Martin 1980), is largely unknown. developed for predicting the fate of fire-scorched Ryan and others (1988) reexamined conifers conifers in the Northern Rocky Mountains, the 8 years after burning and demonstrated the impor­ relationship of insects to fire injury is still not well tance of bole injury in predicting survival. Percent­ understood. In the aforementioned studies, insects age crown scorch, degree of cambium injury, and attacked trees to varying degrees, but their contri­ diameter were the best predictors of survival for bution to mortality and hostfmsect species relation­ those trees. Wyant and others (1986) also found ships was not determined. The degree to which that percentage of crown scorch and tree diameter fire-injured trees lead to a buildup of populations were the best predictors of Douglas-fir survival. capable of attacking nearby unburned trees also has Peterson and Arbaugh (1986) found percentage not been determined for most species. Therefore, crown scorched and percentage basal circumference studies were started in the Greater Yellowstone scorched were the best predictors oflodgepole pine Area (GYA) in 1989 following the large fires that survival in the Northern Rocky Mountains. They occurred in 1988 to determine (1) rate of bark beetle showed crown scorch and the level of insect attack infestation of fire-injured trees; (2) change in infes­ were most important as predictors of survival of tation behavior from fire-injured to uninjured trees; Douglas-fir. However, they did not identify the and (3) bark beetle and wood borer infestation in insects causing tree mortality. In contrast, Peterson relation to degree of individual tree injury. and Arbaugh (1989) observed that insect attack was Forest fires in the Greater Yellowstone Area not a significant variable in predicting the fate of (which consists of Yellowstone National Park and fire-injured Douglas-fir in the Cascade Mountains, adjacent lands) severely charred millions of trees, • possibly because insect populations were low. instantly killing them. Countless others were Several recent studies have modeled postfire defoliated, girdled, or partially girdled by heat survival of Northern Rocky Mountain conifers. (fig. 1). Fire-killed and injured trees provide infes- Ryan and Reinhardt (1988) modeled postfire sur­ tation opportunity to bark beetles and wood-boring vival of seven Northern Rocky Mountain conifer insects (Fellin 1980; Furniss and Carolin 1977) species. They used percentage crown scorch as the when populations exist in the vicinity of the fires. only injury variable, and bark thickness, calculated • t Figure 1-Trees girdled or par­ tially girdled by heat in 1988, Yellowstone National Park. 2 Bark beetle surveys in the GYA suggest that all species were at low population levels at the time of the 1988 fires, with the exception of the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins) (DFB). The massive infestations of mountain pine beetle • (D. ponderosae Hopkins) (MPB) that covered over 965,000 acres in Yellowstone Park in 1982 had declined to only 310 acres by 1986 (Gibson and Oakes 1987) and to no infested trees in 1987 (Gibson and Oakes 1988). In the nearby Bridger­ Teton National Forest, MPB infestation declined from 3,224 trees in 1987 to 890 trees in 1988 (Knapp and others 1988). Although no survey estimates are available for other bark beetle species in Yellowstone Park, sur­ veys of adjacent areas showed only the DFB was increasing, whereas spruce beetle (D. rufipennis Kirby) (SB) infestation was light (Knapp and others 1988) and pine engraver (Ips pini Say) populations had declined (Gibson and Oakes 1989). METHODS Canopy fires that caused complete defoliation usually resulted in complete burning or severe scorching of the inner bark, especially in tbin­ barked species, so that trees with this type of injury were no longer suitable for bark beetle infestation (Amman in press). As a result, our sampling focused on areas where canopy fires did not occur • and in adjacent unburned forests. Observations were made in GYA areas covered by four fires (fig. 2): (1) North Fork Fire-Bunsen Peak and Figure 2-Study plot locations in Yellowstone Madison River; (2) Snake River Fire-Grant Village; National Park and vicinity: (1) Bunsen Peak, (3) Huck Fire-Rockefeller Memorial Parkway; and (2) Madison River, (3) Grant Village, (4) (4) the Hunter Fire-Ditch Creek, about 35 miles Rockefeller Memorial Parkway, (5) Ditch south of Yellowstone Park. In each area, variable Creek. plots (10 ft2/acre basal area factor) were established in 1989, with five additional plots established in 1990. Plots were mostly at low elevations between measured as the percentage of basal circumference 6,725 and 8,000 feet; therefore, trees consisted in which the cambium was killed, and percentage mostly of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. Trees crown scorch. Cambium injury was determined by were classified alive or dead, based on the presence removing small sections of bark and visually inspec­ or absence of living foliage and the percentage of ting tissues. Crown scorch was ocularly assessed basal circumference girdled by fire. Mortality by and expressed as the percentage of the prefire year (1988 to 1990) could still be determined in crown volume killed. Boring frass expelled from the 1990. Individ1,18l trees within the plots were perma­ bark was the usual sign of insect infestation. Some nently marked in order to follow survival for several bark was removed from trees infested by insects so years, except in the heavily used Madison River that insects could be identified.