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Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan AJat Batu Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur Seri Terjemahan Arkeologi No. 7 Ribuan GUllung, Ribuan AJat Batu Prasejarah Song Keplek Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur HUBERT FORESTIER Diterjemahkan oleh GUSTAF SIRAIT, DANIEL PERRET & IDA BUDIPRANOTO Disunting oleh Prof. Dr. TRUMAN SIMANJUNTAK KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) École française d'Extrême-Orient Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional Forum Jakarta-Paris 2007 Judul asli: Technologie et typologie de la pierre taillée de deux sites holocènes des Montagnes du Sud de Java (Indonésie) oleh Hubert Forestier © Hubert Forestier, Paris, 1998 Disertasi Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Judul terjemahan: Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Batu: Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur © Hak penerbitan terjemahan Indonesia pada KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia); Jakarta Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang Diterbitkan oleh KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) bekerja sama dengan École française d'Extrême-Orient, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional dan Forum Jakarta-Paris KPG l6l-2007-90-S Tata letak: Laurence Billault (IRD Orléans) Cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre du programme d'aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère français des Affaires étrangères à travers le Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle de l'Ambassade de France en Indonésie et le Centre Culturel Français de Jakarta. Buku ini diterbitkan dalam rangka program bantuan penerbitan dengan dukungan Departemen Luar Negeri Prancis, melalui Bagian Kerjasama dan Kebudayaan Kedutaan Besar Prancis di Indonesia serta Pusat Kebudayaan Prancis di Jakarta. Hubert Forestier Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Batu: Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur 314 hlm., 21x 29,7 cm ISBN-13: 978-979-91-0064-1 \. ISBN-I0: 979-91-0064-X Alamat Penerbit: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) JI. Permata Hijau Raya Blok A No. 18 Jakarta Selatan 12210 Isi di luar tanggung jawab Percetakan Grafika Mardi Yuana, Bogor Ulttee~ melttÜ41t9 tem41t~ee Veedet V'ttW4IttO'tO fl41t9 tet4k memde'tt 1t4m4 "~ejo". .. 9tW4 fl41t9 meltc,tltt4t mtd-te'tt fl4~tlt d-e~4et d4kw4 deltd4 meltflemdeeltflt~41t d-ed-ee4tee d4'tt m4t4 fl41t9 mem4ltd41t9ltfl4 .. , '»t. P'toeed-t (.ee tem/td- 'tet'toee()é) , DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar 15 Prakata 19 Ucapan Terima Kasih 23 h~~~~ ~ BAB 1 33 INDUSTRI LITIK DI ASIA TENGGARA: DIMENSI GEOGRAFIS DAN KRONOLOGIS 1) Industri-Industri Asia Tenggara Daratan 38 1.1) Industri-Industri Tertua 38 1.1.1 Myanmar 40 1.1.2 Thai1and 40 1.1.3 Vietnam 41 1.2) Industri-Industri di Penghujung P1estosen dan di Awa1 Holosen 41 1.2.1 Vietnam 43 1.2.2 Tekno1ogi dan Penyebaran Hoabinhian 47 1.2.3 Hoabinhian: Sebuah Sintesis 48 1.2.4 Hoabinhian: Kematian Sebuah Mode1 yang Hampir Sempuma? 50 2) Industri-Industri Asia Tenggara Kepulauan 54 2.1) Industri-industri Tertua 54 2.1.1 Jawa dan Pu1au-Pulau Sekitamya 54 2.1.2 Fi1ipina 57 2.2) Industri Antara 40.000 dan 10.000 Tahun Lalu 57 2.2.1 Sarawak, Sabah, dan Kalimantan 57 2.2.2 Sulawesi 60 2.2.3 Pu1au Flores, Timor dan Am 61 2.2.4 Fi1ipina 62 Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Satu 2.3) Industri-industri Preneolitik Kala Holosen Antara 10.000 dan 5.000 Tahun lalu 62 2.3.1 Sulawesi: Toalian 63 2.3.2 Jawa Timur: Sampungian 67 2.3.3 Pulau-pulau Iain di Nusantara 71 2.3.4 Filipina 73 BAB II 75 LINGKUNGAN ALAM INDONESIA, JAWA, DAN DAERAH PENELITIAN PEGUNUNGAN SELATAN (JAWA TIMUR) 1) Konfigurasi Geografi Indonesia Sebagai Kepulauan Terbesar Di Dunia 75 1.1) Ciri-Ciri Umum 75 1.2) Keanekaragaman Habitat, Fauna dan Flora 76 1.3) Iklim 77 1.4) Vulkanisme dan Tektonik 80 2) Pulau Jawa Dan Pegunungan Selatan 81 2.1) Morfologi Pulau Jawa 81 2.2) Formasi Pegunungan Selatan di Pulau Jawa 83 2.2.1 Pegunungan Se1atan 83 2.2.2 Selintas Tentang Geografi Gunung Sewu 84 2.2.3 Formasi Gunung Sewu 85 2.2.4 Fauna yang Ditemukan Bersama Dengan Manusia Modern Jawa 87 3) Situs Song Keplek 89 3.1) Keadaan Geografis dan Sejarah Singkat 89 3.2) Area Ekskavasi, Stratigrafi dan Penarikhan 93 3.3) Penemuan-Penemuan Paleontologis dan Arkeologis 94 BAB III 99 PERMASALAHAN, KONSEP DAN METODE PERMASALAHAN 1) Permasalahan 99 1.1) Permasalahan Umum 99 1.2) Sasaran yang Hendak Dicapai Dalam Penelitian Ini 101 2) Metodologi 102 2.1) Pendahuluan 102 2.2) Teknologi dan Konsep-Konsepnya: dari Artefak ke Pembuatnya 106 2.2.1 Kontribusi Konseptual 106 2.2.2 Metode Analisis 109 10 Daftar Isi 2.3) Analisis Peralatan: dari Support yang Dicari hingga Support yang Diretus 111 3) Metode Penelitian: Dasar-Dasar Analisis 113 3.1) Metode Penelitian Terhadap Produk-Produk Pemangkasan 113 3.1.1 Pemilahan Artefak 113 3.1.2 Pengukuran dan Analisis Morfometris 113 3.1.3 Arti Keberadaan dan Posisi Korteks 115 3.1.4 Ciri Dataran Pukul (DP) (Aspek dan Ketebalan) 117 3.1.5 Pendekatan Diakritis 118 3.1.6 Ciri-ciri Bahan Baku 119 3.2) Analisis Support yang Diretus 120 3.3) Analisis Batu Inti 122 3.3.1 Batu Inti 122 3.3.2 Konsep Bentuk, Struktur, dan Volume 122 3.3.3 Batu Inti di Antara Struktur dan Sistem 124 3.3.4 Menuju Kerangka Struktural Pengamatan Bentuk Berfaset 125 3.4) Penerapan Model Pengamatan Teknologis 128 3.4.1 Mengapa Suatu Model? 128 3.4.2 Model dan Sistem Teknis 128 3.4.3 Invarian Teknologis atau Tekno-Tipe 130 3.5) Model Pengamatan Teknologis 131 3.5.1 Rincian Invarian Atau Tekno-Tipe 131 3.5.2 Urutan Teoretis Produksi Serpih 133 Bab IV 141 INDUSTRI LITIK SONG KEPLEK 1) Analisis Teknologis Serpih 142 1.1) Bahan Baku 142 1.1.1 Batu Rijang: Gambaran Umum dan Mutunya untuk Pemangkasan 143 1.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Bahan Baku Yang Digunakan Untuk Pemangkasan 144 1.2) Serpih-Serpih Kotak F8 145 1.3) Serpih Kotak D3 150 1.4) Serpih Kotak B6 155 1.5) Kesimpulan Analisis Teknologis Serpih 156 2) Analisis Tipologis 160 2.1) Serut Samping 160 2.1.1 Kotak F8 (50 buah) 160 2.1.2 Kotak D3 (175 buah) 163 2.1.3 Kotak B6 (149 buah) 165 11 Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Satu 2.2) Serut Gerigi 168 2.2.1 Kotak F8 (35 buah) 168 2.2.2 Kotak D3 (116 buah) 170 2.2.3 Kotak B6 (105 buah) 172 2.3) Serut Cekung 174 2.3.1 Kotak F8 (35 buah) 174 2.3.2 Kotak D3 (94 buah) 176 2.3.3 Kotak B6 (113 buah) 178 2.4) Pisau Berpunggung A1ami 182 2.4.1 Kotak F8 (39 buah) 182 2.4.2 Kotak D3 184 2.4.3 Kotak B6 (22 buah) 185 2.5) Serut Ujung 186 2.5.1 Kotak F8 (11 buah) 186 2.5.2 Kotak D3 (4 buah) 188 2.5.3 Kotak B6 (6 buah) 188 2.6) Gurdi 190 2.6.1 Kotak F8 (21 buah) 190 2.6.2 Kotak D3 (18 buah) 192 2.6.3 Kotak B6 (32 buah) 194 2.7) Limas 196 2.7.1 Kotak F8 (11 buah) 196 2.7.2 Kotak D3 (11 buah) 196 2.7.3 Kotak B6 (9 buah) 198 2.8) Serpih dengan Jejak Pakai 198 2.8.1 Kotak F8 (152 buah) 198 2.8.2 Kotak D3 (230 buah) 200 2.8.3 Kotak B6 (217 buah) 202 3) Batu Inti Dari Song Keplek 204 3.1) Pengamatan Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak F8 207 3.2) Analisis Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak D3 223 3.3) Pengamatan Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak B6 240 BAB V 251 PENUTUP 1) Sintesis Analisis Artefak Litik dari Song KepIek 251 1.1) Support-Alat 251 1.2 ) Batu Inti dan Metode Pemangkasan yang Digunakan 254 1.3) Hubungan Antara Bentuk dan Struktur Dalam Tekno1ogi Litik 261 12 Daftar Isi 2) Kesimpulan dan Korelasi Regional 268 2.1) Ikhtisar Pendekatan yang Dipilih 268 2.2) Kecenderungan Umum Produksi: Artefak-artefak Kortikal dan Memanjang 269 2.3) Kecenderungan Umum Alat-alat 269 2.4) Algoritme: Suatu Metode, Suatu Teknik, dan Sejumlah Volume 270 2.5) Bagaimana Halnya Dengan Pandangan Tentang 271 Posisi Kronologis Industri Ini? 17 Glosarium 273 Daftar Pustaka 281 Daftar Ilustrasi 299 Indeks 305 13 KATA PENGANTAR Prof. Dr. Harry Truman Sima11iuntak Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies (ICPAS) "Bahan alat-alat serpih ini semestinya berasal dari Pegunungan Selatan ", demikian kurang lebih pemikiran G.H.R. von Koenigswald ketika dia menemukan alat-alat serpih di Bukit Ngebung, Sangiran pada tahun 1934. Atas dasar pemikiran itu pula, maka setahun kemudian, dia bersama M WF Tweedie, kurator Rajjles Museum di Singapura, mengunjungi daerah Punung yang merupakan bagian dari Pegunungan Selatan, dan secara tidak diduga, mereka justru menemukan situs Paleolitik yang sangat kaya: Kali Baksoka. Betapa senangnya Koenigswald di kala itu, hingga konon bersama kepala desa setempat ia menggelar pertun­ jukan wayang selama 7 hari 7 malam untuk merayakan penemuan itu. Diinformasikan pula bahwa tidak kurang dari 3.000 artefak berhasil dikumpulkan dari situs ini di kala itu. Penemuan bersejarah di atas menjadi momentum yang mengawali penelitian arkeologi berkelanjutan di Pegunungan Selatan, khususnya wilayah Pegunungan Seribu yang lebih dike­ nal sebagai Gunung Sewu. Penemuan itu sekaligus menjadikan wilayah ini dikenal luas di dunia prasejarah. Kini, selama lebih dari 70 tahun semenjak penemuan itu, hasil-hasil peneli tian telah memunculkan pandangan-pandangan baru dalam menjelaskan kehidupan prasejarah wilayah ini. Dari penelitian-penelitian itu pula tampak pada kita bahwa wilayah Gunung Sewu merupakan kompleks hunian prasejarah yang sangat luas, intensif, dan berkesinambungan dalam rentang Plestosen-Holosen.
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  • New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E

    New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E

    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network.
  • “Politics” and “Religion” in the Upper Paleolithic: a Voegelinian Analysis of Some Selected Problems

    “Politics” and “Religion” in the Upper Paleolithic: a Voegelinian Analysis of Some Selected Problems

    “Politics” and “Religion” in the Upper Paleolithic: A Voegelinian Analysis of Some Selected Problems DRAFT ONLY Barry Cooper University of Calgary Paper prepared for APSA Annual Meeting Seattle WA September, 201 2 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Philosophy of consciousness 3. “Politics” 4. “Religion 5. Conclusions 3 “Politics” and “Religion” in the Upper Paleolithic 1. Introduction The Voegelinian analysis referred to in the title refers primarily to two elements of the political science of Eric Voegelin. The first is his philosophy of consciousness, systematically developed first in Anamnesis.1 The second is his concept of compactness and differentiation of experience and symbolization. It will be necessary to touch upon a few other Voegelinian concepts, notably his understanding of “equivalence,” but for reasons of space only a summary presentation is possible. A second preliminary remark: the terms “Religion” and “Politics” are in quotation marks because their usage in the context of the Upper Paleolithic is anachronistic, though not entirely misleading. The meaning of these terms is commonsensical, not technical, and is meant to indicate what Clifford Geertz once called “oblique family-resemblance connections” among phenomena.2 Third, as a matter of chronology the Upper Paleolithic conventionally refers to the period between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago (50KYBP- 1 Voegelin refined his analysis of consciousness in the last two volumes of Order and History. These changes are ignored on this occasion. 2 Geertz, Life Among the Anthros, ed. Fred Inglis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 224. 4 10KYBP). It corresponds in Eurasian periodization approximately to the Later Stone Age in Africa.
  • Tool Industries of the European Paleolithic: Insights Into Hominid Evolution and Shifts in Archaeological Theory and Practice from the James B

    Tool Industries of the European Paleolithic: Insights Into Hominid Evolution and Shifts in Archaeological Theory and Practice from the James B

    TOOL INDUSTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN PALEOLITHIC: INSIGHTS INTO HOMINID EVOLUTION AND SHIFTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE FROM THE JAMES B. BULLITT COLLECTION by Sophie K. Joseph Honors Thesis Department of Anthropology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2020 Approved: ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– R. P. Stephen Davis, PhD (Advisor) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Laurie C. Steponaitis, PhD –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Silvia Tomášková, PhD ABSTRACT From early archaeological excavation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to modern conceptions of Paleolithic stone tool evolution, radiometric dating techniques and studies of paleoenvironment have revolutionized the study of relationships and divisions between these different lithic industries. In addition, there has been a shift from the formal to the functional approach when categorizing lithic industries through time. This project aims to examine how lithic industries in France changed through the Paleolithic and early Neolithic using a curated sample from Dr. James B. Bullitt’s contribution to the North Carolina Archaeological Collection. Early and contemporary archaeological literature about early stone tools are compared and connected to broad theoretical shifts in the field since the 1800s. Because many artifacts in the Collection are used as teaching aids, it is hoped that this project provides insight into the value of the Collection to the study of about Paleolithic hominid evolution. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor and thesis committee chair Dr. Davis: without his diligent guidance and investment of time, this project truly would not have been possible. Furthermore, the James B. Bullitt Collection and larger North Carolina Archeological Collection would not be in the incredibly organized and accessible state they are today without Dr.
  • Implications of an Unusually Complex Bone Tool from the Late Pl

    Implications of an Unusually Complex Bone Tool from the Late Pl

    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 Are osseous artefacts a window on perishable material culture? Implications of an unusually 1 2 complex bone tool from the late Pleistocene of East Timor. 3 4 5 2¶&RQQRU6a, Roberston, G.b and Aplin, K. P.a* 6 7 8 a 9 Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National 10 11 University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia, [email protected] and 12 b 13 [email protected]; School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 14 15 4072, Australia, [email protected]. * corresponding author (tel: +61 2 61252245; fax: +61 2 6257 16 1893). 17 18 19 20 21 22 Abstract 23 24 25 We report the discovery of a unusually complex and regionally unique bone artefact in a late 26 27 Pleistocene archaeological assemblage (c. 35 ka) from the site of Matja Kuru 2 on the island of Timor, 28 29 in Wallacea. The artefact is interpreted as the broken butt of a formerly hafted projectile point, and it 30 31 preserves evidence of a complex hafting mechanism including insertion into a shaped or split shaft, a 32 33 complex pattern of binding including lateral stabilization of the cordage within bilateral series of 34 35 notches, and the application of mastic at several stages in the hafting process. It provides the earliest 36 direct evidence for the use of this combination of hafting technologies in the wider region of Southeast 37 38 Asia, Wallacea, Melanesia and Australasia, and is morphologically unparalleled in deposits of any age.