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Prasejarah Song Keplek Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan AJat Batu Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur Seri Terjemahan Arkeologi No. 7 Ribuan GUllung, Ribuan AJat Batu Prasejarah Song Keplek Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur HUBERT FORESTIER Diterjemahkan oleh GUSTAF SIRAIT, DANIEL PERRET & IDA BUDIPRANOTO Disunting oleh Prof. Dr. TRUMAN SIMANJUNTAK KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) École française d'Extrême-Orient Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional Forum Jakarta-Paris 2007 Judul asli: Technologie et typologie de la pierre taillée de deux sites holocènes des Montagnes du Sud de Java (Indonésie) oleh Hubert Forestier © Hubert Forestier, Paris, 1998 Disertasi Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Judul terjemahan: Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Batu: Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur © Hak penerbitan terjemahan Indonesia pada KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia); Jakarta Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang Diterbitkan oleh KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) bekerja sama dengan École française d'Extrême-Orient, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional dan Forum Jakarta-Paris KPG l6l-2007-90-S Tata letak: Laurence Billault (IRD Orléans) Cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre du programme d'aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère français des Affaires étrangères à travers le Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle de l'Ambassade de France en Indonésie et le Centre Culturel Français de Jakarta. Buku ini diterbitkan dalam rangka program bantuan penerbitan dengan dukungan Departemen Luar Negeri Prancis, melalui Bagian Kerjasama dan Kebudayaan Kedutaan Besar Prancis di Indonesia serta Pusat Kebudayaan Prancis di Jakarta. Hubert Forestier Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Batu: Prasejarah Song Keplek, Gunung Sewu, Jawa Timur 314 hlm., 21x 29,7 cm ISBN-13: 978-979-91-0064-1 \. ISBN-I0: 979-91-0064-X Alamat Penerbit: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) JI. Permata Hijau Raya Blok A No. 18 Jakarta Selatan 12210 Isi di luar tanggung jawab Percetakan Grafika Mardi Yuana, Bogor Ulttee~ melttÜ41t9 tem41t~ee Veedet V'ttW4IttO'tO fl41t9 tet4k memde'tt 1t4m4 "~ejo". .. 9tW4 fl41t9 meltc,tltt4t mtd-te'tt fl4~tlt d-e~4et d4kw4 deltd4 meltflemdeeltflt~41t d-ed-ee4tee d4'tt m4t4 fl41t9 mem4ltd41t9ltfl4 .. , '»t. P'toeed-t (.ee tem/td- 'tet'toee()é) , DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar 15 Prakata 19 Ucapan Terima Kasih 23 h~~~~ ~ BAB 1 33 INDUSTRI LITIK DI ASIA TENGGARA: DIMENSI GEOGRAFIS DAN KRONOLOGIS 1) Industri-Industri Asia Tenggara Daratan 38 1.1) Industri-Industri Tertua 38 1.1.1 Myanmar 40 1.1.2 Thai1and 40 1.1.3 Vietnam 41 1.2) Industri-Industri di Penghujung P1estosen dan di Awa1 Holosen 41 1.2.1 Vietnam 43 1.2.2 Tekno1ogi dan Penyebaran Hoabinhian 47 1.2.3 Hoabinhian: Sebuah Sintesis 48 1.2.4 Hoabinhian: Kematian Sebuah Mode1 yang Hampir Sempuma? 50 2) Industri-Industri Asia Tenggara Kepulauan 54 2.1) Industri-industri Tertua 54 2.1.1 Jawa dan Pu1au-Pulau Sekitamya 54 2.1.2 Fi1ipina 57 2.2) Industri Antara 40.000 dan 10.000 Tahun Lalu 57 2.2.1 Sarawak, Sabah, dan Kalimantan 57 2.2.2 Sulawesi 60 2.2.3 Pu1au Flores, Timor dan Am 61 2.2.4 Fi1ipina 62 Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Satu 2.3) Industri-industri Preneolitik Kala Holosen Antara 10.000 dan 5.000 Tahun lalu 62 2.3.1 Sulawesi: Toalian 63 2.3.2 Jawa Timur: Sampungian 67 2.3.3 Pulau-pulau Iain di Nusantara 71 2.3.4 Filipina 73 BAB II 75 LINGKUNGAN ALAM INDONESIA, JAWA, DAN DAERAH PENELITIAN PEGUNUNGAN SELATAN (JAWA TIMUR) 1) Konfigurasi Geografi Indonesia Sebagai Kepulauan Terbesar Di Dunia 75 1.1) Ciri-Ciri Umum 75 1.2) Keanekaragaman Habitat, Fauna dan Flora 76 1.3) Iklim 77 1.4) Vulkanisme dan Tektonik 80 2) Pulau Jawa Dan Pegunungan Selatan 81 2.1) Morfologi Pulau Jawa 81 2.2) Formasi Pegunungan Selatan di Pulau Jawa 83 2.2.1 Pegunungan Se1atan 83 2.2.2 Selintas Tentang Geografi Gunung Sewu 84 2.2.3 Formasi Gunung Sewu 85 2.2.4 Fauna yang Ditemukan Bersama Dengan Manusia Modern Jawa 87 3) Situs Song Keplek 89 3.1) Keadaan Geografis dan Sejarah Singkat 89 3.2) Area Ekskavasi, Stratigrafi dan Penarikhan 93 3.3) Penemuan-Penemuan Paleontologis dan Arkeologis 94 BAB III 99 PERMASALAHAN, KONSEP DAN METODE PERMASALAHAN 1) Permasalahan 99 1.1) Permasalahan Umum 99 1.2) Sasaran yang Hendak Dicapai Dalam Penelitian Ini 101 2) Metodologi 102 2.1) Pendahuluan 102 2.2) Teknologi dan Konsep-Konsepnya: dari Artefak ke Pembuatnya 106 2.2.1 Kontribusi Konseptual 106 2.2.2 Metode Analisis 109 10 Daftar Isi 2.3) Analisis Peralatan: dari Support yang Dicari hingga Support yang Diretus 111 3) Metode Penelitian: Dasar-Dasar Analisis 113 3.1) Metode Penelitian Terhadap Produk-Produk Pemangkasan 113 3.1.1 Pemilahan Artefak 113 3.1.2 Pengukuran dan Analisis Morfometris 113 3.1.3 Arti Keberadaan dan Posisi Korteks 115 3.1.4 Ciri Dataran Pukul (DP) (Aspek dan Ketebalan) 117 3.1.5 Pendekatan Diakritis 118 3.1.6 Ciri-ciri Bahan Baku 119 3.2) Analisis Support yang Diretus 120 3.3) Analisis Batu Inti 122 3.3.1 Batu Inti 122 3.3.2 Konsep Bentuk, Struktur, dan Volume 122 3.3.3 Batu Inti di Antara Struktur dan Sistem 124 3.3.4 Menuju Kerangka Struktural Pengamatan Bentuk Berfaset 125 3.4) Penerapan Model Pengamatan Teknologis 128 3.4.1 Mengapa Suatu Model? 128 3.4.2 Model dan Sistem Teknis 128 3.4.3 Invarian Teknologis atau Tekno-Tipe 130 3.5) Model Pengamatan Teknologis 131 3.5.1 Rincian Invarian Atau Tekno-Tipe 131 3.5.2 Urutan Teoretis Produksi Serpih 133 Bab IV 141 INDUSTRI LITIK SONG KEPLEK 1) Analisis Teknologis Serpih 142 1.1) Bahan Baku 142 1.1.1 Batu Rijang: Gambaran Umum dan Mutunya untuk Pemangkasan 143 1.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Bahan Baku Yang Digunakan Untuk Pemangkasan 144 1.2) Serpih-Serpih Kotak F8 145 1.3) Serpih Kotak D3 150 1.4) Serpih Kotak B6 155 1.5) Kesimpulan Analisis Teknologis Serpih 156 2) Analisis Tipologis 160 2.1) Serut Samping 160 2.1.1 Kotak F8 (50 buah) 160 2.1.2 Kotak D3 (175 buah) 163 2.1.3 Kotak B6 (149 buah) 165 11 Ribuan Gunung, Ribuan Alat Satu 2.2) Serut Gerigi 168 2.2.1 Kotak F8 (35 buah) 168 2.2.2 Kotak D3 (116 buah) 170 2.2.3 Kotak B6 (105 buah) 172 2.3) Serut Cekung 174 2.3.1 Kotak F8 (35 buah) 174 2.3.2 Kotak D3 (94 buah) 176 2.3.3 Kotak B6 (113 buah) 178 2.4) Pisau Berpunggung A1ami 182 2.4.1 Kotak F8 (39 buah) 182 2.4.2 Kotak D3 184 2.4.3 Kotak B6 (22 buah) 185 2.5) Serut Ujung 186 2.5.1 Kotak F8 (11 buah) 186 2.5.2 Kotak D3 (4 buah) 188 2.5.3 Kotak B6 (6 buah) 188 2.6) Gurdi 190 2.6.1 Kotak F8 (21 buah) 190 2.6.2 Kotak D3 (18 buah) 192 2.6.3 Kotak B6 (32 buah) 194 2.7) Limas 196 2.7.1 Kotak F8 (11 buah) 196 2.7.2 Kotak D3 (11 buah) 196 2.7.3 Kotak B6 (9 buah) 198 2.8) Serpih dengan Jejak Pakai 198 2.8.1 Kotak F8 (152 buah) 198 2.8.2 Kotak D3 (230 buah) 200 2.8.3 Kotak B6 (217 buah) 202 3) Batu Inti Dari Song Keplek 204 3.1) Pengamatan Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak F8 207 3.2) Analisis Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak D3 223 3.3) Pengamatan Skema Pembuatan Batu Inti dari Kotak B6 240 BAB V 251 PENUTUP 1) Sintesis Analisis Artefak Litik dari Song KepIek 251 1.1) Support-Alat 251 1.2 ) Batu Inti dan Metode Pemangkasan yang Digunakan 254 1.3) Hubungan Antara Bentuk dan Struktur Dalam Tekno1ogi Litik 261 12 Daftar Isi 2) Kesimpulan dan Korelasi Regional 268 2.1) Ikhtisar Pendekatan yang Dipilih 268 2.2) Kecenderungan Umum Produksi: Artefak-artefak Kortikal dan Memanjang 269 2.3) Kecenderungan Umum Alat-alat 269 2.4) Algoritme: Suatu Metode, Suatu Teknik, dan Sejumlah Volume 270 2.5) Bagaimana Halnya Dengan Pandangan Tentang 271 Posisi Kronologis Industri Ini? 17 Glosarium 273 Daftar Pustaka 281 Daftar Ilustrasi 299 Indeks 305 13 KATA PENGANTAR Prof. Dr. Harry Truman Sima11iuntak Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies (ICPAS) "Bahan alat-alat serpih ini semestinya berasal dari Pegunungan Selatan ", demikian kurang lebih pemikiran G.H.R. von Koenigswald ketika dia menemukan alat-alat serpih di Bukit Ngebung, Sangiran pada tahun 1934. Atas dasar pemikiran itu pula, maka setahun kemudian, dia bersama M WF Tweedie, kurator Rajjles Museum di Singapura, mengunjungi daerah Punung yang merupakan bagian dari Pegunungan Selatan, dan secara tidak diduga, mereka justru menemukan situs Paleolitik yang sangat kaya: Kali Baksoka. Betapa senangnya Koenigswald di kala itu, hingga konon bersama kepala desa setempat ia menggelar pertun­ jukan wayang selama 7 hari 7 malam untuk merayakan penemuan itu. Diinformasikan pula bahwa tidak kurang dari 3.000 artefak berhasil dikumpulkan dari situs ini di kala itu. Penemuan bersejarah di atas menjadi momentum yang mengawali penelitian arkeologi berkelanjutan di Pegunungan Selatan, khususnya wilayah Pegunungan Seribu yang lebih dike­ nal sebagai Gunung Sewu. Penemuan itu sekaligus menjadikan wilayah ini dikenal luas di dunia prasejarah. Kini, selama lebih dari 70 tahun semenjak penemuan itu, hasil-hasil peneli tian telah memunculkan pandangan-pandangan baru dalam menjelaskan kehidupan prasejarah wilayah ini. Dari penelitian-penelitian itu pula tampak pada kita bahwa wilayah Gunung Sewu merupakan kompleks hunian prasejarah yang sangat luas, intensif, dan berkesinambungan dalam rentang Plestosen-Holosen.
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