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Étude Des Facteurs Contrôlant La Présence De L’Algue Didymosphenia Geminata Et Des Impacts De Sa Présence Sur Le Saumon Atlantique Juvénile

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Étude Des Facteurs Contrôlant La Présence De L’Algue Didymosphenia Geminata Et Des Impacts De Sa Présence Sur Le Saumon Atlantique Juvénile Université du Québec Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Eau Terre Environnement ÉTUDE DES FACTEURS CONTRÔLANT LA PRÉSENCE DE L’ALGUE DIDYMOSPHENIA GEMINATA ET DES IMPACTS DE SA PRÉSENCE SUR LE SAUMON ATLANTIQUE JUVÉNILE Par Carole-Anne Gillis Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences de l’eau Jury d’évaluation Président du jury et Claude Fortin examinateur interne Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement Examinateurs externes Marc Trudel, Pêches et Océans Canada Station Biologique de St. Andrews Keith J. Nislow USDA-Forest Service Northern Research Station Directeur de recherche Normand E. Bergeron Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement © Droits réservés de Carole-Anne Gillis, 2018 REMERCIEMENTS J’aimerais remercier l’ensemble des personnes ayant, de près ou de loin, contribué à l’élaboration, la concrétisation et la réalisation de ce projet qui me tient à cœur. Mon intérêt pour l’algue didymo a été soudain et franc. Lorsque j’étais étudiante au baccalauréat en Biologie de l’Université du Québec à Rimouski, on m’a informé qu’il y avait des proliférations massives dans « ma » rivière. C’était la rivière Matapédia et l’algue didymo. De mettre à profit mes connaissances, ma curiosité, mon temps afin de répondre à une problématique locale était ma plus grande source d’inspiration et de motivation. Robert Chabot et Mireille Chalifour ont certainement été les piliers de ma carrière en recherche. Ils m’ont soutenu, guidé et encouragé à pousser plus loin. Une introduction à la recherche est devenue une micro- thèse et dont les résultats ont été publiés dans une revue scientifique. Bernard Beaudin et Gaston Lepage ont ensuite été des personnages clés ayant mis sur pied un fond de recherche pour la recherche sur l’algue didymo grâce à une publicité des Rôtisseries St-Hubert ! Prête à entamer une maîtrise sur le sujet, ils ont reconnu ma passion et je les remercie grandement de m’avoir fait confiance ! Avec le financement en poche, j’ai pu choisir mon directeur de recherche. Normand, je te remercie pour ton enthousiasme, tes idées, ta confiance, ton support. Je n’aurais pas pu demander mieux ! J’ai confiance que cette thèse ne constitue pas notre dernière collaboration. J’aimerais remercier mes collègues qui m’ont accueilli à travers le monde et qui ont partagé leurs connaissances avec moi, Cathy Kilroy, Max Bothwell et Lisa Kunza. À tous mes co-auteurs, James Cullis, Rachel Gabor, Stephen Dugdale, Brian Hayden, Leah Elwell, Isabelle Lavoie, ce fût un plaisir de collaborer avec vous! À toute l’équipe du Labo Bergeron et comparses du programme en Sciences de l’Eau, je vous salue et vous avez fait de ce parcours une aventure mémorable! À mon équipe terrain et géomatique, Pascale Gosselin, André Boivin, Jesse Allain, Rébecca Gagnon, Alexandre Dionne, Magaly Oakes, Anne Provencher-St-Pierre et Andrew Olive. Andrew, you are my rock, my reasoning voice, my even keel. You are certainly the most patient, funny, loving, caring, understanding human being I have ever had the chance to know. Thanks for making my everyday bright and making this journey bearable. You’ve helped me find strength and courage to push through. Aux membres de ma famille, qui m’ont encouragé, donné des ondes positives et énormément d’amour, je vous aime! À Maman, qui m’a donné une force intérieure et a fait de moi une femme résiliente dotée iii d’une grande sensibilité. To Dad, who always believed in me and knew I could reach for the stars when I thought I couldn’t. Ce projet d’envergure n’a certainement pas été réalisé sans le soutien matériel et financier considérable de divers organismes œuvrant pour la conservation du saumon atlantique : la Fondation de la Conservation du Saumon Atlantique, l’Organisme de Bassin Versant Matapédia-Restigouche, Ristigouche Salmon Club, Conseil de l’Eau Gaspésie-Sud, Corporation de Gestion des Rivières Matapédia et Patapédia, Conseil de Gestion du Bassin Versant de la Rivière Restigouche, Fondation de l’Université du Québec, Fédération Québécoise pour le Saumon Atlantique, Fédération du Saumon Atlantique, la Fondation Québécoise pour la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies, le Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et Génie, la Caisse Desjardins Monts-et-Rivières, Fondation Richard Adams Inc., Fonds de Fiducie de la Faune du Nouveau-Brunswick, le Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et écologie aquatique, Fondation de la faune du Québec, les Offices jeunesse internationaux du Québec, le Fonds Gérard D. Lévesque. Finalement, merci à ma superbe équipe de travail de la rivière Restigouche, pour vos encouragements et pour la flexibilité de travail afin que je puisse terminer cet œuvre. Je suis choyée de travailler avec une équipe dont le sentiment d’appartenance est aussi grand que le mien. Je suis fière de cheminer avec vous tous ! iv RÉSUMÉ L’algue Didymosphenia geminata est une diatomée à potentiel envahissant. Cette algue microscopique, attachée au substrat, peut sécréter des quantités phénoménales de mucilage et créer de vaste amas fibreux tapissant le lit d’une rivière. Autrefois considérée très rare et représentative d’une qualité d’eau impeccable, elle est maintenant répertoriée omniprésente dans les rivières oligotrophes à travers le monde. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, son émergence a créé un intérêt marqué de la part des écologistes et gestionnaires de rivières puisque sa biologie et les facteurs régissant son occurrence et sa sévérité sont méconnus. Au Québec, c’est à l’été 2006 que les premières proliférations massives de l’algue didymo ont été observées dans la rivière Matapédia. Le manque de connaissances à son égard, plus précisément sur sa distribution, les causes de l’apparition des proliférations et de l’impact négatif possible de cet envahissement sur le réseau trophique mais surtout sur le cycle de vie du saumon atlantique en rivière a créé un état de panique chez les gestionnaires et les utilisateurs des rivières à saumon. Il existait dès lors un urgent besoin de combler ces lacunes. Afin de mieux comprendre les facteurs régissant tant la croissance cellulaire que la croissance des amas mucilagineux, un modèle conceptuel a été élaboré grâce à la collaboration de plusieurs chercheurs travaillant au Colorado, à l’île de Vancouver, en Nouvelle-Zélande et au Québec afin de colliger les observations et les données de terrain. Ce travail de synthèse a permis d’identifier les facteurs favorisant sa colonisation, sa croissance et sa persistance en rivière. La dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’algue didymo est dépendante de divers facteurs (ou conditions environnementales) dont les seuils critiques déterminent son comportement de prolifération. En rivière, la croissance d’algues benthiques est principalement déterminée par les variations saisonnières du débit, la température, la lumière et la chimie de l’eau. Ainsi, la connaissance des paramètres d’habitats favorables permet de déterminer si un bassin versant est favorable à la présence cellulaire de l’algue didymo et à la probabilité que celle-ci puisse y proliférer. Le modèle conceptuel permet d’établir la variabilité et la sévérité saisonnière du comportement envahissant de l’algue didymo en rivière. Afin d’appliquer le modèle conceptuel développé à l’échelle du bassin versant, nous avons mis sur pied un réseau de suivi volontaire des proliférations d’algue didymo dans le bassin versant de la rivière Restigouche. Vingt-deux organisations différentes totalisant 70 bénévoles ont été formés à identifier et quantifier les proliférations d’algue didymo. Entre 2010 et 2015, 1 228 observations ont été réalisées. L’analyse de cette base de données, nous a permis de déterminer que 71% de la variabilité de la sévérité des proliférations durant l’été est inversement proportionnelle à l’intensité de la crue printanière. À l’échelle du tronçon, l’analyse des proliférations pour différents types de faciès-substrat a permis de d’identifier une préférence accrue pour les seuils. Par la suite, afin d’appliquer le modèle conceptuel à l’échelle régionale, nous avons comparé la distribution de l’algue didymo dans trois régions de l’est du Québec (i.e. Gaspésie, Bas-St-Laurent et Côte-Nord) avec divers paramètres physico-chimiques de vingt-neuf rivières à saumon. Le v principal facteur régissant la présence-absence de cellules est le pH. Les diatomées ont des optimums de pH très spécifiques et la géologie contrastante de la Côte-Nord (Bouclier canadien) par rapport aux basses terres du Saint-Laurent et les Appalaches en Gaspésie, a permis d’identifier que les eaux acides riches en tanins et lignines ne sont pas favorables à la survie et la croissance de l’algue didymo. Grâce à une meilleure connaissance des facteurs de contrôle de l’algue didymo à diverses échelles spatiales, nous pouvons déterminer les rivières à risque de proliférations massives. Au sein des rivières exhibant des proliférations, nous avons déterminé que les préférences d’habitat de l’algue didymo sont identiques à celles du saumon atlantique juvénile (i.e. eaux rapides, peu profondes, claires, froides, faible en nutriments avec un substrat grossier). Afin de déterminer l’ampleur de l’impact de la présence des proliférations sur le réseau trophique, nous avons vérifié son impact sur la communauté algale. La structure dense et fibreuse crée un environnement physique dans lequel plusieurs diatomées peuvent s’y loger. Nos résultats confirment que l’algue crée un habitat de choix pour les plus petites diatomées favorisant ainsi une plus grande diversité taxonomique. Malgré une augmentation de la complexité du biofilm suivant son épaississement, il n’y a pas d’impact supplémentaire sur la structure et la diversité taxonomique des échantillons. Puisque la structure de l’habitat est modifiée par les tapis et que ces derniers sont susceptibles d’altérer la structure et le fonctionnement de l’écosystème, nous avons évalué l’effet des proliférations sur le comportement alimentaire des saumons juvéniles.
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