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Sulfur Management for Iowa Crop Production

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Sulfur Management for Iowa Crop Production Sulfur Management for Iowa Crop Production ulfur (S) is often classified as a “secondary” essential Alfalfa Response to Sulfur Fertilization element, mainly due to a smaller plant requirement, In 2005, the observations of poor alfalfa growth and Sbut also because it is less frequently applied as a production led to research trials at several northeast Iowa fertilizer compared to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- field sites. At each site 40 lbs S/acre applied as either sium. This was certainly the case in Iowa where research ammonium sulfate or calcium sulfate (gypsum) was had not documented S deficiency or fertilization needed for compared to a non-S treated control in replicated plots. optimal crop production. However, if deficient, S can have The S fertilizers were applied during the first crop growth a dramatic effect on plant growth and crop productivity— prior to harvest, and in paired locations in established more than the classification “secondary” would imply. alfalfa that had exhibited poor growth/coloration and alfalfa that appeared normal in growth and coloration. Before 2005, over forty years of field research with corn The alfalfa yields from those trials (Table 1) documented and soybean conducted at many locations across Iowa had a large increase (doubling of yield) from the S application measured a yield response to S application only three times in the poor growth areas, but no increase in the good out of approximately 200 trials—an indication of adequate growth areas. This yield response was also measured in available S supply and quite limited S deficiency. This the first cutting of the second year. began to change in the early 2000s as producers in north- east Iowa began to notice yellow plant foliage and reduced plant growth in areas of alfalfa fields. After investigating several potential reasons, such as plant disease, demonstra- tion of S fertilizer application showed improved coloration and growth of alfalfa in affected areas; see example in Figure 1. Several factors for why S responses have increased include reduced deposition with precipitation, fields with no manure application, higher crop yields, and low S con- tent in commonly applied fertilizers. Figure 1. Demonstration of S fertilizer application showing improved coloration and growth of alfalfa in affected areas. CROP 3072 April 2015 Table 1. Alfalfa forage yield, plant S analysis, and harvest S removal with S fertilizer application in field areas with observed Table 3. Alfalfa total dry matter for harvests collected, 2006. poor and good plant coloration/growth. Site † ‡ 2005 2006 Sulfur rate† Wadena Waucoma‡ Nashua Waukon West Union Lawler Cuts 2+3 Cut 2 Cuts 2+3 Cut 1 lb S/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dry matter yield Plant top S§ S removal Dry matter yield 0 1.32 1.85 6.73 1.39 0.78 2.14 Sulfur Observed coloration/growth area ¶ 15 2.59 3.06 6.98 2.97 1.05 2.11 application Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good 30 2.76 3.14 6.85 3.33 1.07 2.11 - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - - - - - - - % S - - - - - - - - - - - lb S/acre - - - - - - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - 45 2.92 3.24 7.14 3.58 1.07 2.07 None 1.18d# 2.99ab 0.14d 0.22c 2.8e 10.6d 1.10b 2.04a § AMS 2.76bc 3.26a 0.40a 0.35b 16.5bc 18.2ab 2.18a 2.22a Statistics * * NS * * NS CaS 2.49c 3.21a 0.41a 0.37b 15.3c 18.1ab 2.14a 2.19a Max rate, lb S/acre¶ 25 22 0 29 12 0 Cut harvested 2+3 2+3 1+2+3+4 2+3 3 2+4 † Across three field sites in 2005, Elgin (Fayette silt loam), Gunder (Downs silt loam) and West Union (Downs silt loam), Iowa. Extractable † sulfate-S soil test and soil organic matter for the poor and good areas, respectively: soil sulfate-S—Elgin, 6 and 7 ppm; Gunder, 7 and 8 ppm; Sulfur applied as calcium sulfate (gypsum) in April at Nashua and in May at other sites. West Union, 6 and 7 ppm and organic matter—Elgin, 2.3 and 2.3%; Gunder, 2.7 and 2.9%; and West Union, 2.3 and 2.6%. ‡ Waucoma site had 10 lb/acre of elemental S applied in spring across the entire field. ‡ Across two field sites in 2006 (S application in 2005), Elgin and Gunder, Iowa. § Indicates statistically significant (*) or non-significant (NS) yield response to S application rate,P ≤ 0.10. § Sulfur concentration for six-inch plant tops collected before second cut. ¶ Applied S rate at the maximum dry matter yield response. ¶ Sulfur (AMS, ammonium sulfate and CaS, calcium sulfate) applied at 40 lb S/acre after the first cut in 2005. # Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different,P ≤ 0.10. Table 4. Alfalfa total dry matter harvest and six-inch plant top S analysis at early bud stage, Nashua Research and Demon- stration Farm†, 2010-2011. Table 2. Alfalfa plant tissue S concentration and site characteristics, 2006. Dry matter production Plant analysis Site Treatment 2010 2011 2-yr mean 2010 2011 Sulfur rate† Wadena Waucoma‡ Nashua Waukon West Union Lawler - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % S - - - - - - - - - lb S/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % S§ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - None 6.15b‡ 6.44b 6.30b 0.22 0.19 0 0.14 0.21 0.33 0.18 0.18 0.27 Boron 6.10b 6.68b 6.39b 0.17 0.20 15 0.20 0.30 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.36 Sulfur 6.91a 7.85a 7.38a 0.39 0.47 30 0.30 0.43 0.34 0.40 0.29 0.39 Sulfur + Boron 6.67a 8.07a 7.37a 0.36 0.43 45 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.41 0.28 0.37 † Readlyn loam soil; 3.3% organic matter and 6-8 ppm sulfate-S soil test. Alfalfa seeded fall 2009, with sulfur applied as gypsum (40 lb S/acre) and boron (2 lb B/acre) as Borate-48 in the fall 2009 and March 2011. Soil SO -S, ppm¶ 7 3 7 1 6 3 4 ‡ Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different,P ≤ 0.10. Soil OM, %¶ 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.8 3.3 2.6 Fayette Wapsie Clyde-Floyd Fayette Fayette Ostrander Soil type silt loam loam loam silt loam silt loam loam † 400 Sulfur applied as calcium sulfate in April at Nashua and in May at other sites. ‡ Waucoma site had 10 lb of elemental S applied in the spring across the entire field. 2 § Sulfur concentration for six-inch plant tops collected before second cut. 350 R = 0.52 P = 0.006 Linear-Plateau joins at 0.23% S ¶ Soil samples collected after first cut, 0- to 6-inch depth. 300 Subsequent research was conducted with established greater than approximately 0.22%–0.25% S (Figure 2). 250 alfalfa at multiple fields in northeast Iowa to study With the price of alfalfa and S fertilizers, the economic response to S rate (tables 2 and 3). Four of six sites had break-even point would be near 0.23% S. The same success 200 a yield increase to S application, with the maximum dry (indicating S deficiency), was not found with the soil sul- matter increase occurring at 12–29 lb S/acre. Most impor- fate-S test (calcium phosphate extraction) of samples from 150 tantly, the S concentration in the plant tissue (six-inch the top six inches of soil. Examples of this can be seen plant top collected before cutting), indicated a critical in tables 1–3, where the responsiveness of a site was not eld Increase per Cut (%) 100 concentration similar to that found in other research, related to extractable soil sulfate-S concentration. More Yi 0.25% S. Combining data from all alfalfa research trials recent research at the Nashua Research and Demonstration 50 indicated a low to no increase in alfalfa dry matter when Farm also found an alfalfa plant and production response the tissue concentration (top six inches of growth), was to S application (Table 4). 0 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Plant Analysis (% S) 2 Sulfur Management for Iowa Crop Production Table 1. Alfalfa forage yield, plant S analysis, and harvest S removal with S fertilizer application in field areas with observed Table 3. Alfalfa total dry matter for harvests collected, 2006. poor and good plant coloration/growth. Site † ‡ 2005 2006 Sulfur rate† Wadena Waucoma‡ Nashua Waukon West Union Lawler Cuts 2+3 Cut 2 Cuts 2+3 Cut 1 lb S/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dry matter yield Plant top S§ S removal Dry matter yield 0 1.32 1.85 6.73 1.39 0.78 2.14 Sulfur Observed coloration/growth area ¶ 15 2.59 3.06 6.98 2.97 1.05 2.11 application Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good 30 2.76 3.14 6.85 3.33 1.07 2.11 - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - - - - - - - % S - - - - - - - - - - - lb S/acre - - - - - - - - - - ton/acre - - - - - 45 2.92 3.24 7.14 3.58 1.07 2.07 None 1.18d# 2.99ab 0.14d 0.22c 2.8e 10.6d 1.10b 2.04a § AMS 2.76bc 3.26a 0.40a 0.35b 16.5bc 18.2ab 2.18a 2.22a Statistics * * NS * * NS CaS 2.49c 3.21a 0.41a 0.37b 15.3c 18.1ab 2.14a 2.19a Max rate, lb S/acre¶ 25 22 0 29 12 0 Cut harvested 2+3 2+3 1+2+3+4 2+3 3 2+4 † Across three field sites in 2005, Elgin (Fayette silt loam), Gunder (Downs silt loam) and West Union (Downs silt loam), Iowa.
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