DOCSLIB.ORG

The Distinctive Cellular Responses to DNA Strand Breaks Caused by a DNA Topoisomerase I Poison in Conjunction with DNA Replication and RNA Transcription

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Distinctive Cellular Responses to DNA Strand Breaks Caused by a DNA Topoisomerase I Poison in Conjunction with DNA Replication and RNA Transcription Genes Genet. Syst. (2015) 90, p. 187–194 The distinctive cellular responses to DNA strand breaks caused by a DNA topoisomerase I poison in conjunction with DNA replication and RNA transcription Ryo Sakasai* and Kuniyoshi Iwabuchi Department of Biochemistry I, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan (Received 26 February 2015, accepted 9 September 2015; J-STAGE Advance published date: 25 November 2015) Camptothecin (CPT) inhibits DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) through a non- catalytic mechanism that stabilizes the Top1-DNA cleavage complex (Top1cc) and blocks the DNA re-ligation step, resulting in the accumulation in the genome of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), which are converted to secondary strand breaks when they collide with the DNA replication and RNA transcription machinery. DNA strand breaks mediated by replication, which have one DNA end, are distinct in repair from the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that have two ends and are caused by ionizing radiation and other agents. In contrast to two-ended DSBs, such one-ended DSBs are preferentially repaired through the homologous recom- bination pathway. Conversely, the repair of one-ended DSBs by the non- homologous end-joining pathway is harmful for cells and leads to cell death. The choice of repair pathway has a crucial impact on cell fate and influences the effi- cacy of anticancer drugs such as CPT derivatives. In addition to replication- mediated one-ended DSBs, transcription also generates DNA strand breaks upon collision with the Top1cc. Some reports suggest that transcription-mediated DNA strand breaks correlate with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the details of the repair mechanisms of, and cellular responses to, transcription-mediated DNA strand breaks still remain unclear. In this review, combining our recent results and those of previous reports, we introduce and discuss the responses to CPT- induced DNA damage mediated by DNA replication and RNA transcription. Key words: camptothecin, DNA double-strand break, DNA replication, RNA transcription CELLULAR RESPONSES TO DNA DOUBLE- has been a mainstay of cancer therapy for decades. Most STRAND BREAKS of these cytotoxic agents kill cancer cells by causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and, as a consequence, Cells are equipped with sophisticated surveillance and there has been a major effort toward understanding how repair systems to guard against the deleterious effects of DSBs are recognized and repaired. DNA damage. Central to this paradigm is a conserved The two major DSB repair pathways are homologous network of proteins that transduces DNA damage signals recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining to coordinate the processes of cell cycle arrest and DNA (NHEJ) (O’Driscoll and Jeggo, 2006; Shibata and Jeggo, repair. The collapse of these systems renders cells vul- 2014) (Fig. 1), which are active in different stages of the nerable to genotoxic stresses and subsequently leads to cell cycle. HR is an error-free DSB repair mechanism genomic instability and an elevated susceptibility to that requires a sister chromatid and is therefore restricted cancer. Thus, many of the genes associated with the to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. NHEJ is a fun- DNA damage response are tumor suppressor genes. On damental mechanism to rejoin two DSB ends, and can the other hand, the introduction of DNA damage into can- occur throughout the cell cycle. Unlike HR, the NHEJ cer cells via radiotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy process is error-prone, often resulting in the introduction of mutations at the joining site (McVey and Lee, 2008; Edited by Hiroshi Iwasaki Shibata and Jeggo, 2014). * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The molecular choreographies of HR and NHEJ have DOI: http://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.15-00023 been elucidated and the following consensual model has 188 R. SAKASAI and K. IWABUCHI Fig. 1. Two distinct types of DSBs leading to two distinct cell fates. DSBs induced by ionizing radiation are repaired through two pathways, HR and NHEJ, the latter being regulated and catalyzed by DNA-PKcs, Ku and DNA ligase IV (Lig4). Both HR and NHEJ are important for cells to survive DSBs. Replication-mediated one-ended DSBs induced by CPT are preferentially repaired through the HR pathway, resulting in cell survival; by contrast, NHEJ is toxic and results in cell death. been proposed. In NHEJ, the Ku complex, composed of tin remodeling and the DNA end resection required for Ku70 and Ku86 proteins, binds to the DNA end and subsequent strand exchange (Goodarzi et al., 2008; You et recruits DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit al., 2009), whereas DNA-PKcs senses DSBs as a complex (DNA-PKcs), X-ray repair cross-complementation group 4 with Ku proteins and promotes synapsis of two DNA ends (XRCC4) and DNA ligase IV. Other proteins, including and the subsequent end-joining reaction (DeFazio et al., Artemis and some polymerases, are also involved in 2002; Spagnolo et al., 2006). NHEJ, depending on the situation (McVey and Lee, 2008; How is the repair pathway for DSBs chosen? This is Lieber, 2010). On the other hand, in the initial steps of an open question, and many aspects of this process HR, the 5′ end is resected to expose the single-strand region remain to be discovered. HR is suppressed by p53 bind- for the strand exchange reaction; end resection is regulated ing protein 1 (53BP1), a large DNA damage response pro- by factors such as CtIP and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 com- tein that accumulates around the DSB site and blocks plex (Sartori et al., 2007; Takeda et al., 2007; Stracker and DNA end resection (Iwabuchi et al., 1998; Rappold et al., Petrini, 2011). The exposed single-stranded DNA is coated 2001; Bothmer et al., 2010; Bunting et al., 2010). 53BP1 with replication protein A (RPA), followed by loading of is recruited to the DSB site in response to the ubiquitina- Rad51, the protein responsible for strand exchange tion of histones and chromatin proteins by RING finger (O’Driscoll and Jeggo, 2006; San Filippo et al., 2008). protein 8 (RNF8) and RNF168, E3 ubiquitin ligases that Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinases are involved in the DNA damage response; conversely, including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- 53BP1 is excluded from the DSB site in a breast cancer- and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-PKcs function as DNA associated gene 1 (BRCA1)-dependent manner (Huen et damage sensors. ATM and DNA-PKcs are primarily al., 2007; Kolas et al., 2007; Mailand et al., 2007; Doil et activated in response to DSBs, whereas ATR functions as al., 2009; Stewart et al., 2009; Chapman et al., 2012; a major sensing factor in response to DNA replication Kakarougkas et al., 2013). Thus, BRCA1-deficient cells stress (Cimprich and Cortez, 2008; Lovejoy and Cortez, cannot ensure DNA end resection, and end resection is 2009). ATM is immediately activated by DSB formation likely to be a key reaction to select HR at the pathway and contributes to the HR pathway by promoting chroma- choice step. Top1 poison-induced DNA damage response 189 MECHANISMS OF CPT-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE water-soluble derivative, irinotecan (CPT-11), is a prod- rug which is processed by carboxyesterase in vivo, and CPT is a natural alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca then becomes the active form SN-38 (Mathijssen et al., acuminata, and is known as a major DNA topoisomerase 2001; Pizzolato and Saltz, 2003; Pommier, 2006). 1 (Top1) poison because it specifically targets Top1 and CPT-trapped Top1ccs are processed and repaired by a compromises its function. Top1 resolves the torsional subset of the base excision repair (BER) system. In a stress accompanying DNA replication and RNA transcrip- proposed model, X-ray repair cross-complementation tion through a cycle of DNA nicking and re-ligation. group 1 (XRCC1) recruits tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase Top1 cleaves DNA by generating a covalent bond between 1 (TDP1) and polynucleotide kinase 3′-phosphatase the 3′ end of DNA and tyrosine 723 at the C terminus of (PNKP). TDP1 cuts the phospho-tyrosyl bond between Top1, and is immediately released from DNA by re- Top1 and the DNA, and PNKP converts the 3′-P to 3′-OH ligation of the nick after topoisomerization (Pommier, for subsequent repair by DNA polymerase and ligase 2006). CPT blocks the re-ligation step and stabilizes the (Dexheimer et al., 2008). Top1 is known to be ubiquit- Top1-DNA cleavage complex (Top1cc) with Top1 still inated by Cul3 or Cul4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes and bound to the 3′ end of the nick (also referred to as a sin- degraded by the proteasome (Zhang et al., 2004; gle-strand break [SSB]) (Fig. 2). Thus, CPT is a struc- Kerzendorfer et al., 2010). Previous studies have pro- tural inhibitor of Top1 but not a catalytic chemical vided a tentative model in which the residual peptide of inhibitor. Although CPT itself has low water solubility, Top1 is removed from DNA by TDP1 after degradation hydrosoluble derivatives have been developed for clinical (Debethune et al., 2002; Interthal and Champoux, 2011). use as anticancer drugs. One of these derivatives, topo- Interestingly, Top1 degradation is dependent on tran- tecan, directly binds to the Top1cc, whereas another scription (Desai et al., 2003); however, the molecular basis of how transcription contributes to Top1 degrada- tion has not yet been revealed. Early clues as to how CPT causes DSBs came from the finding that CPT-induced toxicity was blocked by inhibi- tors of DNA replication (Hsiang et al., 1985; Avemann et al., 1988). Subsequent studies showed that Top1ccs are barriers to DNA replication and that a collision between an active replication fork and a Top1cc leads to the pro- duction of DSBs that are responsible for CPT toxicity (Hsiang et al., 1989; Ryan et al., 1991).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Novel Roles of Replication Protein a Phosphorylation in Cellular Response to DNA Damage Moises A
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2013 Novel Roles of Replication Protein A Phosphorylation in Cellular Response to DNA Damage Moises A. Serrano East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, and the Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons Recommended Citation Serrano, Moises A., "Novel Roles of Replication Protein A Phosphorylation in Cellular Response to DNA Damage" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1206. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1206 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Novel Roles of Replication Protein A Phosphorylation in the Cellular Response to DNA Damage _____________________________ A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Department of Biomedical Science East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Science _____________________________ by Moises Alejandro Serrano August 2013 _____________________________ Yue Zou, Ph.D., Chair Phillip R. Musich, Ph.D. Antonio E. Rusiñol, Ph.D. Michelle M. Duffourc, Ph.D. William L. Stone, Ph.D. Keywords: DNA Repair, DNA Damage Responses, RPA, p53, Apoptosis ABSTRACT Novel Roles of Replication Protein A Phosphorylation in Cellular Response to DNA Damage by Moises Alejandro Serrano Human replication protein A (RPA) is an eukaryotic single-stranded DNA binding protein directly involved in a variety of DNA metabolic pathways including replication, recombination, DNA damage checkpoints and signaling, as well as all DNA repair pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Section Review
    Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL AT INIST-CNRS Gene Section Review RPA2 (replication protein A2, 32kDa) Anar KZ Murphy, James A Borowiec Dept of Biochemistry and New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA (AKZM, JAB) Published in Atlas Database: April 2010 Online updated version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/RPA2ID42146ch1p35.html DOI: 10.4267/2042/44940 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 France Licence. © 2011 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology The coding sequence is contained within nine exons. Identity There is no confirmed alternative splicing of the RPA2 Other names: REPA2, RPA32 gene, or differential promoter usage. HGNC (Hugo): RPA2 Transcription Location: 1p35.3 The RPA2 mRNA transcript is 1.5 kb. The RPA2 Local order: The human RPA2 gene maps on 1p35.3 promoter contains four E2F consensus sequences between the SMPDL3B (sphingomyelin within the region about 400 bp upstream of the mRNA phosphodiesterase, acid-like 3B) and C1orf38 start site, and putative binding sites for ATF-1 and SP-1 (interferon-gamma inducible gene ICB-1 (induced by transcription factors. Expression is upregulated 2 to 3- contact to basement membrane)). fold by E2F, with mutation of the three start site- proximal E2F sites causing a loss of E2F DNA/RNA responsiveness (Kalma et al., 2001). Description Pseudogene The RPA2 gene is contained within 24.5 kb of RPA2 does not have known pseudogenes. chromosome 1. The sequence numbering corresponds to EMBL locus DQ001128 (26.6 kb).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Novel Rpa-Protein Interactions Using the Yeast
    IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL RPA-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS USING THE YEAST TWO-HYBRID ASSAY AND IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONS IMPORTANT FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN RPA AND RAD24 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Gunjan Piya In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Chemistry and Biochemistry July 2013 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Identification of novel RPA-protein interactions using the yeast two-hybrid assay and identification of regions important for interaction between RPA and Rad24 By Gunjan Piya The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Stuart J. Haring Chair Erika G. Offerdahl Glenn P. Dorsam Kendra J. Greenlee Approved: 7/25/2013 Gergory R. Cook Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Replication Protein A (RPA) [Replication Factor A (RFA) in yeast] is an ssDNA binding protein composed of Rpa1, Rpa2, and Rpa3 and involved in numerous DNA processing pathways such as Replication, Recombination, and Repair. It participates in such diverse pathways by its ability to interact with numerous proteins. The goal of my project was to find novel RPA-protein interactions using the yeast two hybrid assay. Using this method, we identified several known and unknown proteins that interact with Rfa1 and showed that these interactions were dependent on the phosphorylation state of Rfa2. Next, we determine the region important for interaction between Rfa1 and Rad24. Rad24 is a checkpoint protein important for initiation of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling.
    [Show full text]
  • Replication Protein A2 Phosphorylation After DNA Damage by the Coordinated Action of Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated and DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase 1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 61, 8554–8563, December 1, 2001] Replication Protein A2 Phosphorylation after DNA Damage by the Coordinated Action of Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated and DNA-dependent Protein Kinase 1 Hongyan Wang, Jun Guan, Huichen Wang, Ange Ronel Perrault, Ya Wang, and George Iliakis2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 ABSTRACT RPA2 becomes hyperphosphorylated after exposure to IR, UV, certain chemotherapeutic agents, or inhibitors of DNA replication, Replication protein A (RPA, also known as human single-stranded implicating RPA modification in the cellular responses to DNA dam- DNA-binding protein) is a trimeric, multifunctional protein complex in- age (9–17). Identification of the kinases that phosphorylate RPA2 volved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. Phosphoryl- ation of the RPA2 subunit is observed after exposure of cells to ionizing after DNA damage as well as throughout the cell cycle is important radiation (IR) and other DNA-damaging agents, which implicates the for an understanding of the functions and the putative regulatory modified protein in the regulation of DNA replication after DNA damage properties of the protein. Evidence exists that certain cdk-cyclin or in DNA repair. Although ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and complexes mediate some of the modifications observed during the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) phosphorylate RPA2 in vitro, progression of cells through the cell cycle (6, 7, 18–22). Other kinases their role in vivo remains uncertain, and contradictory results have been have been implicated in the phosphorylation of RPA2 after DNA reported. Here we show that RPA2 phosphorylation is delayed in cells damage.
    [Show full text]
  • A Conserved but Plant-Specific CDK-Mediated Regulation of DNA Replication Protein A2 in the Precise Control of Stomatal Terminal Division
    A conserved but plant-specific CDK-mediated regulation of DNA replication protein A2 in the precise control of stomatal terminal division Kezhen Yanga, Lingling Zhua,b, Hongzhe Wanga, Min Jianga, Chunwang Xiaoc,d, Xiangyang Hue, Steffen Vannestef,g,h, Juan Dongi, and Jie Lea,b,1 aKey Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093 Beijing, China; bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; cCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China; dHulun Lake Reserve Grassland Ecology Research Station, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China; eShanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China; fCenter for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; gDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; hLaboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 21985 Incheon, Republic of Korea; and iWaksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 Edited by David C. Baulcombe, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved July 29, 2019 (received for review November 11, 2018) The R2R3-MYB transcription factor FOUR LIPS (FLP) controls the condition, RPA2 is hyperphosphorylated by the PIKK-family stomatal terminal division through transcriptional repression of kinases (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK) that facilitates mitotic exit the cell cycle genes CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE (CDK) B1s (CDKB1s), and the initiation of DNA repair (13–15). All known RPA2 CDKA;1,andCYCLIN A2s (CYCA2s). We mutagenized the weak mu- homologs have a conserved N-terminal phosphorylation domain, tant allele flp-1 seeds with ethylmethane sulfonate and screened although the specific residues may be not conserved in different out a flp-1 suppressor 1 (fsp1) that suppressed the flp-1 stomatal species (11).
    [Show full text]
  • ROR1/RPA2A, a Putative Replication Protein A2, Functions in Epigenetic Gene Silencing and in Regulation of Meristem Development in Arabidopsis W
    The Plant Cell, Vol. 18, 85–103, January 2006, www.plantcell.org ª 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists ROR1/RPA2A, a Putative Replication Protein A2, Functions in Epigenetic Gene Silencing and in Regulation of Meristem Development in Arabidopsis W Ran Xia,a,1 Junguo Wang,a,1 Chunyan Liu,b Yu Wang,a Youqun Wang,a Jixian Zhai,b Jun Liu,a Xuhui Hong,a Xiaofeng Cao,b Jian-Kang Zhu,c and Zhizhong Gonga,2 a State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China b Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China c Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 We screened for suppressors of repressor of silencing1 (ros1) using the silenced 35S promoter-neomycin phosphotrans- ferase II (Pro35S:NPTII) gene as a marker and identified two allelic mutants, ror1-1 and ror1-2 (for suppressor of ros1). Map- based cloning revealed that ROR1 encodes a 31-kD protein similar to DNA replication protein A2 (RPA2A). Mutations in ROR1 reactivate the silenced Pro35S:NPTII gene but not RD29A promoter-luciferase in the ros1 mutant. DNA methylation in rDNA, centromeric DNA, and RD29A promoter regions is not affected by ror1. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation data suggest that histone H3 acetylation is increased and histone H3K9 dimethylation is decreased in the 35S promoter in the ror1 ros1 mutant compared with ros1. These results indicate that release of silenced Pro35S:NPTII by ror1 mutations is independent of DNA methylation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dynamic Model for Replication Protein a (RPA) Function in DNA Processing Pathways Ellen Fanning*, Vitaly Klimovich and Andrew R
    4126–4137 Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 15 Published online 25 August 2006 doi:10.1093/nar/gkl550 SURVEY AND SUMMARY A dynamic model for replication protein A (RPA) function in DNA processing pathways Ellen Fanning*, Vitaly Klimovich and Andrew R. Nager Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351634, Nashville, TN 37235-1634, USA Received April 3, 2006; Revised June 23, 2006; Accepted July 14, 2006 ABSTRACT ssDNA that would interfere with DNA processing, but it also appears to actively coordinate the sequential assembly Processing of DNA in replication, repair and and disassembly of DNA processing proteins on ssDNA recombination pathways in cells of all organisms (16,17). The ability of RPA to guide DNA processing requires the participation of at least one major depends in large part on RPA interactions with other proteins single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein. This in each pathway. Although these mechanisms are not yet well protein protects ssDNA from nucleolytic damage, understood, we will review here several examples and discuss prevents hairpin formation and blocks DNA rean- possible models for protein-mediated RPA conformation nealing until the processing pathway is successfully changes that may underlie its assembly and disassembly on completed. Many ssDNA-binding proteins interact ssDNA. physically and functionally with a variety of other DNA processing proteins. These interactions are thought to temporally order and guide the parade of RPA: A MODULAR PROTEIN WITH MULTIPLE proteins that ‘trade places’ on the ssDNA, a model CONFORMATIONS known as ‘hand-off’, as the processing pathway RPA is a stable complex of three subunits RPA70, RPA32 progresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table 2
    Supplementary Table 2. Differentially Expressed Genes following Sham treatment relative to Untreated Controls Fold Change Accession Name Symbol 3 h 12 h NM_013121 CD28 antigen Cd28 12.82 BG665360 FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 Flt1 9.63 NM_012701 Adrenergic receptor, beta 1 Adrb1 8.24 0.46 U20796 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 2 Nr1d2 7.22 NM_017116 Calpain 2 Capn2 6.41 BE097282 Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha 12 Gna12 6.21 NM_053328 Basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B2 Bhlhb2 5.79 NM_053831 Guanylate cyclase 2f Gucy2f 5.71 AW251703 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12a Tnfrsf12a 5.57 NM_021691 Twist homolog 2 (Drosophila) Twist2 5.42 NM_133550 Fc receptor, IgE, low affinity II, alpha polypeptide Fcer2a 4.93 NM_031120 Signal sequence receptor, gamma Ssr3 4.84 NM_053544 Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 Sfrp4 4.73 NM_053910 Pleckstrin homology, Sec7 and coiled/coil domains 1 Pscd1 4.69 BE113233 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 Socs2 4.68 NM_053949 Potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H (eag- Kcnh2 4.60 related), member 2 NM_017305 Glutamate cysteine ligase, modifier subunit Gclm 4.59 NM_017309 Protein phospatase 3, regulatory subunit B, alpha Ppp3r1 4.54 isoform,type 1 NM_012765 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C Htr2c 4.46 NM_017218 V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog Erbb3 4.42 3 (avian) AW918369 Zinc finger protein 191 Zfp191 4.38 NM_031034 Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha 12 Gna12 4.38 NM_017020 Interleukin 6 receptor Il6r 4.37 AJ002942
    [Show full text]
  • Elucidating the Role of Menin During Islet Cell Development in the Human Fetal Pancreas
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-27-2013 12:00 AM Elucidating the Role of Menin During Islet Cell Development in the Human Fetal Pancreas Jessica L. Dubrick The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Rennian Wang The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Pathology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Jessica L. Dubrick 2013 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Developmental Biology Commons Recommended Citation Dubrick, Jessica L., "Elucidating the Role of Menin During Islet Cell Development in the Human Fetal Pancreas" (2013). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 1287. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1287 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ELUCIDATING THE ROLE OF MENIN DURING ISLET CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HUMAN FETAL PANCREAS (Thesis format: Monograph) by Jessica L. Dubrick Graduate Program in Pathology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Jessica L. Dubrick 2013 Abstract Studies show that Menin, a tumour suppressor encoded by the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (Men1) gene, is required during murine pancreatic development. In humans, mutation results in the MEN1 tumourigenic syndrome; however, knowledge of menin in human pancreatic development is limited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Program of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Replication in Vivo
    Page 1 of 65 Diabetes The genetic program of pancreatic beta-cell replication in vivo Agnes Klochendler1, Inbal Caspi2, Noa Corem1, Maya Moran3, Oriel Friedlich1, Sharona Elgavish4, Yuval Nevo4, Aharon Helman1, Benjamin Glaser5, Amir Eden3, Shalev Itzkovitz2, Yuval Dor1,* 1Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel 2Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. 3Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel 4Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, The Hebrew University and Hadassah, The Institute for Medical Research Israel- Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel 5Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel *Correspondence: [email protected] Running title: The genetic program of pancreatic β-cell replication 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online March 18, 2016 Diabetes Page 2 of 65 Abstract The molecular program underlying infrequent replication of pancreatic beta- cells remains largely inaccessible. Using transgenic mice expressing GFP in cycling cells we sorted live, replicating beta-cells and determined their transcriptome. Replicating beta-cells upregulate hundreds of proliferation- related genes, along with many novel putative cell cycle components. Strikingly, genes involved in beta-cell functions, namely glucose sensing and insulin secretion were repressed. Further studies using single molecule RNA in situ hybridization revealed that in fact, replicating beta-cells double the amount of RNA for most genes, but this upregulation excludes genes involved in beta-cell function.
    [Show full text]
  • Menin Associates with FANCD2, a Protein Involved in Repair of DNA Damage1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 63, 4204–4210, July 15, 2003] Menin Associates with FANCD2, a Protein Involved in Repair of DNA Damage1 Shenghao Jin,2 Hua Mao,2 Robert W. Schnepp, Stephen M. Sykes, Albert C. Silva, Alan D. D’Andrea, and Xianxin Hua3 Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160 [S. J., H. M., R. W. S., S. M. S., A. C. S., X. H.], and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115 [A. D. D.] ABSTRACT protein that binds single strand DNA, has been shown recently to interact with menin (12). Replication protein A is involved in DNA Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) is an inherited tumor replication, DNA repair, DNA recombination, and potentially gene syndrome characterized by tumors in multiple endocrine organs including transcription. However, it is not clear what role these menin-interact- the parathyroids, pancreatic islets, and the pituitary. The gene mutated in MEN1 patients, Men1, encodes a protein of 610 amino acid residues, ing proteins play in the development of MEN1. menin, and mutations in the Men1 gene lead to the MEN1 syndrome. Several previous reports show increased chromosome breakage in Although the chromosomal instability in the peripheral lymphocytes from lymphocytes from MEN1 patients (13, 14). Peripheral blood lympho- the MEN1 patients has been reported previously, it is not clear whether cytes from MEN1 patients undergo extensive chromosomal breakage, menin is involved in repair of DNA damage. Here we show that menin as compared with normal lymphocytes, after treatment with DEB, an specifically interacts with FANCD2, a protein encoded by a gene involved agent cross-linking double-strand DNA (15, 16).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Proteins Involved in the Maintenance of Genome Stability
    Identification of Proteins Involved in the Maintenance of Genome Stability by Edith Hang Yu Cheng A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto ©Copyright by Edith Cheng2015 Identification of Proteins Involved in the Maintenance of Genome Stability Edith Cheng Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto 2015 Abstract Aberrant changes to the genome structure underlie numerous human diseases such as cancers. The functional characterization ofgenesand proteins that maintain chromosome stability will be important in understanding disease etiology and developing therapeutics. I took a multi-faceted approach to identify and characterize genes involved in the maintenance of genome stability. As biological pathways involved in genome maintenance are highly conserved in evolution, results from model organisms can greatly facilitate functional discovery in humans. In S. cerevisiae, I identified 47 essential gene depletions with elevated levels of spontaneous DNA damage foci and 92 depletions that caused elevated levels of chromosome rearrangements. Of these, a core subset of 15 DNA replication genes demonstrated both phenotypes when depleted. Analysis of rearrangement breakpoints revealed enrichment at yeast fragile sites, Ty retrotransposons, early origins of replication and replication termination sites. Together, thishighlighted the integral role of DNA replicationin genome maintenance. In light of my findings in S. cerevisiae, I identified a list of 153 human proteins that interact with the nascentDNA at replication forks, using a DNA pull down strategy (iPOND) in human cell lines. As a complementary approach for identifying human proteins involved in genome ii maintenance, I usedthe BioID techniqueto discernin vivo proteins proximal to the human BLM- TOP3A-RMI1-RMI2 genome stability complex, which has an emerging role in DNA replication progression.
    [Show full text]