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When the Mountain Became the Escarpment.FH11
Looking back... with Alun Hughes WHEN THE MOUNTAIN BECAME THE ESCARPMENT The Niagara Escarpment hasnt always been But Coronelli was not the first to put Niagara known by that name. Early in the 19th century it on the map. That distinction belongs to Father Louis was often referred to as the Mountain, and of course Hennepin, the Recollect priest who was the first it is still called that in Hamilton and Grimsby today. European to describe Niagara Falls from personal We in eastern Niagara have largely forgotten the observation. In his Description de la Louisiane, name, though it survives in the City of Thorolds published in 1683, five years after his visit, he speaks motto Where the Ships Climb the Mountain. of le grand Sault de Niagara, and labels it thus on the accompanying map. This is the form that So when did the name Niagara Escarpment first prevails thereafter, and it is the spelling used for Fort come into use? And what about the areas other de Niagara, established by the French at the mouth Niagara names, like Niagara Falls, Niagara River of the river in 1726. The English followed suit, and Niagara Peninsula? When did these first appear? though on many early maps (e.g. Moll 1715, I dont pretend to have definitive answers there Mitchell 1782) they use the name Great Fall of are too many sources I have not seen but I can Niagara rather than Niagara Falls. suggest some preliminary conclusions. In his Description Hennepin also refers to la The name Niagara is definitely of native origin, belle Riviere de Niagara, so the name Niagara though there is no agreement about its meaning. -
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN I. ON AN INCREASE IN THE NAIAD FAUNA OF SAGINAW BAY, MICHIGAN 11. THE NAIAD SPECIES OF THE GREAT LAI(ES BY CALVINGOODRICH AND HENRYVANDER SCHALIE 1. NINE species of Naiades were found by Dr. H. B. Baker to inhabit Saginaw Bay in the vicinity of Sand Point, Huron County, Michigan, when he made his study of the molluscan fauna of the region in 1908. The survey was a very thorough one and several weelis mere devoted to the work. Twenty-three years later, a much more perfunctory survey was made by the writers of this paper in the same locality, their visits to Sand Point being more in the nature of holidays than for collecting purposes. Yet their findings amounted to thirteen species in contrast to Baker's nine. Moreover, they are enabled to report that five of the nine species of the Baker list proved to be more abundant in 1931 than they were in 1908. Such an increase in ~nollnsca appears to be unusual in American species. The writers are unable to find in the litera- ture of the subject any inention of anything quite like it. In- stances have occurred where an introduced species, Bytlzinia tentaculata (Linnaeus), for example, has developed such a fecundity as to be a pest (F. C. Balier, 1902 ; Sterlqi, 1910). A circnmboreal land snail, Vallonia ~~z~l~lzella(Miiller) , is kno~\~nto have developed exceedingly large colonies that prob- ably were larger than those wliich existed before the trans- plantation of European agriculture on this continent (G. -
Glen Haffy Conservation Area Welcome
www.trca.on.ca Glen Haffy Conservation Area Welcome to Glen Haffy Conservation Area, a beautiful natural area located within the Humber River Watershed, Humber River Watershed Fishing at Glen Haffy at the junction of Ontario’s two most dominant The Humber River watershed covers an area of 903 square Each year, Glen Haffy raises 60,000 rainbow trout at its on-site geological features - The Niagara Escarpment and kilometres, from the headwaters on the Niagara Escarpment fish hatchery, and these fish are released into the fishing the Oak Ridges Moraine. and Oak Ridges Moraine down to Lake Ontario. The watershed ponds at Glen Haffy Conservation Area, the Glen Haffy Fly provides many benefits to the people who live within it including Fishing Club and Heart Lake Conservation Area. The proceeds Glen Haffy Conservation Area is a 189 hectare Toronto drinking water, solace, renewal and contact with nature. generated by angling fees help fund the fish rearing program. and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) property with great hiking trails you can escape into. Oak Ridges Moraine Glen Haffy Fly Fishing Club The Oak Ridges Moraine stretches as a ridge of hilly terrain for Join the Glen Haffy Fly Fishing Club, escape into 160 kilometres from the Niagara Escarpment in the west to the tranquility and enjoy: headwaters of the Trent River in the east. Rain that is collected and stored in the moraine’s vast underground layers of sand and • Access to private gated Headwaters Ponds located on 600 gravel, which are known as aquifers, eventually resurfaces as acres of prestine conservation lands Become a healthy, clean water that feeds the majority of river systems in • Use of Row Boats, Docks and Log Cabin Conservation the Greater Toronto Area. -
The Niagara Escarpment the Niagara Escarpment Extends from The
The Niagara Escarpment King Road, looking south from the escarpment, ca. 1910 Source: Halton Information Network The Niagara Escarpment extends from the Niagara River to the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula and continues through Manitoulin Island. In total, the escarpment stretches 2,300 kilometres and in some places is as much as 250 metres above sea level (Davidson 1989). A variety of landforms exist along the brow of the escarpment, and the vicinity of the escarpment itself is cut by numerous creeks. Several large valleys exist near Waterdown, Lowville, Campbellville and Limehouse. There are scenic gorges further north at the Forks of the Credit (Chapman and Putnam 1984). These physiographic elements have accumulated over red shale bedrock belonging to the Upper Ordovician Queenston formation (Davidson 1989). Contrary to previous belief, the Niagara Escarpment did not emerge as the result of a fault, but rather when much of North America was covered by warm shallow waters 5–4 million years ago. While glaciation did not create the Niagara Escarpment, glacial Lake Iroquois etched and eroded the escarpment face. Prior to Euro-Canadian contact, the Niagara Escarpment was well-utilized by First Nations peoples in the Burlington area. It provided a transportation route along which the long trek could be made northwesterly to the Bruce Peninsula. Additionally, it provided a local resource for the materials used in the production of stone tools such as arrowheads and spear points. Early settlement in the vicinity of the Niagara Escarpment was quite slow due to the complex geography of the escarpment. Farming escarpment lands proved difficult for rudimentary agricultural implements due to the abundance of underlying rock. -
Danahub 2021 – Reference Library E & O E Overview the Great Lakes Region Is the Living Hub of North America, Where It
Overview The Great Lakes region is the living hub of North America, where it supplies drinking water to tens of millions of people living on both sides of the Canada-US border. The five main lakes are: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Combined, the Great Lakes contain approximately 22% of the world’s fresh surface water supply. Geography and Stats The Great Lakes do not only comprise the five major lakes. Indeed, the region contains numerous rivers and an estimated 35,000 islands. The total surface area of the Great Lakes is 244,100 km2 – nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the US states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire combined! The total volume of the Great Lakes is 6x1015 Gallons. This amount is enough to cover the 48 neighboring American States to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 meters)! The largest and deepest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior. Its volume is 12,100 Km3 and its maximum depth is 1,332 ft (406 m). Its elevation is 183 m above sea level. The smallest of the Great Lakes is Lake Erie, with a maximum depth of 64 m and a volume of 484 Km3. Lake Ontario has the lowest elevation of all the Great Lakes, standing at 74 m above sea level. The majestic Niagara Falls lie between Lakes Erie and Ontario, where there is almost 100 m difference in elevation. Other Rivers and Water Bodies The Great Lakes contain many smaller lakes such as Lake St. -
Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARLY LIFE HISTORIES OF SIXTY TWO SPECIES OF FISHES FROM LAKE ERIE AND ITS TRIBUTARY WATERSl By MARIE POLAND FISH CONTENTS Page Development of species-Continued. ' Introduction _ Page 294 Family Cyprinidre, minnows-Con. Collection of materiaL _ 295 18. NotropiB heterolepiB _ 331 Laboratory technique '_ -_ 295 19. Notropis deliciosus strami- Very small specimens with cartilagi- neus ~ _ 332 nous skeletons - - _ 296 20. NotropiB hudsonius _ 334 Large specimens with bony skeletons_ 296 21. NotropiB atherinoideB _ 335 Additional methods of study _ 297 22. NotropiB rubrifrons _ 338 Explanations _ 298 23. Notropis cornutus chryso- Acknowledgments _ 298 cephalus _ 339 Numerical synopsis of specimens exam- ined _ 24. N otemigonus crysoleucas 305 crysoleuc~s _ 342 Development of species _ 305 25. HyborhynchuB notatuB _ 343 Family Lcpisosteidre, gar-pikes _ 305 26. Pimephales promelfl,s pro- 1. Lepisostcus osseus _ 305 melas _ 347 Family Hiodontidre, mooneyes _ 306 27. Campostoma anomalum _ 348 2. Hiodon tergisus _ 306 Family Ameiuridre, catfishes _ 349 Family Coregonidre, whitefishes _ 308 28. Ictalurus punctatus _ 349 3. Leucichthys artedL _ 308 29. Ameiurus nebulosus _ 350 4. Coregonus clupeaformis _ 310 30. Ameiurus natalis _ Family Salmonidre, trouts _ 350 315 31. Noturus flavus _ 351 5. Cristivomer namaycush na- maycush _ Family Umbridre, mudminnows _ 352 315 32. Umbra limL _ 6. Carpiodes cyprinus _ 316 352 Family Esocidre, pickerels _ Family Catostomidre, suckers _ 317 352 33. Esox lucius _ 7. Catostomus commersonii _ 317 352 34. Esox masquinongy _ 8. -
The Welland River Eutrophication Study in the Niagara River Area of Concern in Support of the Beneficial Use Impairment: Eutrophication and Undesirable Algae
The Welland River Eutrophication Study in the Niagara River Area of Concern in Support of the Beneficial Use Impairment: Eutrophication and Undesirable Algae March 2011 Niagara River RAP Welland River Eutrophication Study Technical Working Group The Welland River Eutrophication Study in the Niagara River Area of Concern in Support of the Beneficial Use Impairment: Eutrophication and Undesirable Algae March 2011 Written by: Joshua Diamond Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority On behalf of: Welland River Eutrophication Technical Working Group The Welland River Eutrophication Study in the Niagara River Area of Concern in Support of the Beneficial Use Impairment: Eutrophication and Undesirable Algae Written By: Joshua Diamond Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority On Behalf: Welland River Eutrophication Technical Working Group Niagara River Remedial Action Plan For more information contact: Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority Valerie Cromie, Coordinator Niagara River Remedial Action Plan Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority 905-788-3135 [email protected] The Welland River Eutrophication Study in the Niagara River Area of Concern Welland River Eutrophication Study Technical Working Group Ilze Andzans Region Municipality of Niagara Valerie Cromie Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority Sarah Day Ontario Ministry of the Environment Joshua Diamond Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority Martha Guy Environment Canada Veronique Hiriart-Baer Environment Canada Tanya Labencki Ontario Ministry of the Environment Dan McDonell Environment -
NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1)
ATLAS NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1) September 2013 During the development of the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1), an impressive collection of existing plans, studies, reports, data, information and maps were gathered and reviewed to help establish the overall physical, biological and ecological conditions of the Niagara River Watershed. This Atlas is a full assembly of these resources, providing a comprehensive record of previous watershed efforts utilized in the watershed management planning process. NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN Developed By: 1250 Niagara Street Buffalo, NY 14213 Buffalo Niagara RIVERKEEPER® is a community‐based organization dedicated to protecting the quality and quantity of water, while connecting people to water. We do this by cleaning up pollution from our waterways, restoring fish and wildlife habitat, and enhancing public access through greenways that expand parks and open space. In Conjunction with: 2919 Delaware Ave. 478 Main Street Kenmore, NY 14217 Buffalo, NY 14202 Financial support for the development of this Atlas and the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1) is from the New York State Department of State with funds provided under Title 11 of the Environmental Protection Fund. For more information on the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1), or to become involved in our regional watershed’s protection and restoration, visit Buffalo Niagara RIVERKEEPER® online at www.bnriverkeeper.org. For more information regarding watershed planning in New York State, visit the NYS Department of State’s website at www.nyswaterfronts.com/watershed_home.asp. 1 NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 2 NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN Atlas Layout The Atlas has been divided into the following sections that correspond with the watershed as a whole and the 11 sub-watersheds that make up the Niagara River watershed. -
Sacket's Harbor, Located on the Eastern End of Lake Ontario in New York State, Was a Well Protected Harbor on the Lake, Only F
Sacket’s Harbor during the War of 1812 The site of two military engagements during the War of 1812, Sacket’s Harbor served as the site of a decisive action in the battle for the Great Lakes. Located on the eastern end of Lake Ontario in New York State, Sacket’s Harbor was a well protected harbor on the lake, only forty miles from Britain’s naval base at Kingston. Originally founded and owned by Augustus Sacket, the land was a natural harbor with abundant natural resources and a haven for smugglers after the Embargo Act of 1807. Sacket sold the land for use as a naval base by the United States and by the time war broke out, Sacket’s Harbor was the major shipbuilding community on the Great Lakes with an original population of about one hundred growing to 5000 to 12,000 during the war as builders, carpenters, merchants, soldiers and sailors all migrated to the area. Forts and defenses were constructed and by 1812 Sacket’s Harbor was New York’s third largest population center behind only New York City and Albany. Prominent shipbuilders Henry Eckford and brothers Adam and Noah Brown operated in Sacket’s Harbor. British strategy on Lake Ontario included eliminating American shipbuilding capability as a means to controlling the lake and targeted the town at Sacket’s Harbor as early as the summer of 1812. On 19 July 1812 five British naval ships approached Sacket’s Harbor, demanded surrender, and fired on the brig USS Oneida under the command of Captain Melancthon Woolsey. -
NIAGARA ROCKS, BUILDING STONE, HISTORY and WINE
NIAGARA ROCKS, BUILDING STONE, HISTORY and WINE Gerard V. Middleton, Nick Eyles, Nina Chapple, and Robert Watson American Geophysical Union and Geological Association of Canada Field Trip A3: Guidebook May 23, 2009 Cover: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 13 October, 1812 (Library and Archives Canada, C-000276). The cover engraving made in 1836, is based on a sketch by James Dennis (1796-1855) who was the senior British officer of the small force at Queenston when the Americans first landed. The war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States offers several examples of the effects of geology and landscape on military strategy in Southern Ontario. In short, Canada’s survival hinged on keeping high ground in the face of invading American forces. The mouth of the Niagara Gorge was of strategic value during the war to both the British and Americans as it was the start of overland portages from the Niagara River southwards around Niagara Falls to Lake Erie. Whoever controlled this part of the Niagara River could dictate events along the entire Niagara Peninsula. With Britain distracted by the war against Napoleon in Europe, the Americans thought they could take Canada by a series of cross-border strikes aimed at Montreal, Kingston and the Niagara River. At Queenston Heights, the Niagara Escarpment is about 100 m high and looks north over the flat floor of glacial Lake Iroquois. To the east it commands a fine view over the Niagara Gorge and river. Queenston is a small community perched just below the crest of the escarpment on a small bench created by the outcrop of the Whirlpool Sandstone. -
A Guide to Celebrate Niagara Peninsula's Native Plants
A GUIDE TO CELEBRATE NIAGARA PENINSULA’S NATIVE PLANTS 250 Thorold Road West, 3rd Floor Welland, ON L3C 3W2 Phone: 905.788.3135 Fax: 905.788.1121 www.npca.ca Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com/NiagaraPeninsulaConservationAuthority Follow us on Twitter @NPCA_Ontario © 2014 Sixth Edition – Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority has made every attempt to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this publication and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority warns consumers that it is not advisable to eat any of the fruits or plants described in this publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................2 to 5 Flowering Times and Bloom Colour ............................................................................6 to 7 Native Plant List .................................................................................................... 8 to 15 Dry Conditions - Sunny - Wildflowers ..................................................................... 16 to 22 Dry Conditions - Sunny - Grasses ....................................................................................23 Dry Conditions - Sunny - Trees ........................................................................................24 Moist to Wet Conditions - Sunny - Wildflowers ........................................................ 25 to 28 Moist to Wet Conditions -
Methodology and Application of a Statistical Approach to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (Usle): Welland River Case Study
Middle States Geographer, 1996, 29:105-113 METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION (USLE): WELLAND RIVER CASE STUDY Shannon L. Vickers1 , Kim N. Irvine2, and Ian G. Droppo3 1. Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1. 2. Department of Geography and Planning, State University College, Buffalo, NY 14222. 3. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, L7R 4A6. ABSTRACI': The WeI/and River watershed drains an area of 880 km2 and is part of the Niagara River Area of Concem. As one step towards remediation, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to estimate soil erosion inputs to the river from each of the 34 sub-basins in the watershed. An innovative approach using risk and uncertainty analysis was incorporated into the conventional USLE estimates in order to address concems about uncertainty due to the variability of the USLE parameters across the WeI/and River watershed. This paper describes the methodology for the statistical approach to the USLE and those sub-basins with high potential soil loss were identified. INTRODUCflON (USLE) was used to estimate soil erosion rates for each of the 34 sub-basins in the watershed. A risk and uncertainty analysis (including probability The Welland River watershed is part of the distribution fitting and simulations using Latin Niagara River Area of Concern. Areas of Concern Hypercube sampling) was incorporated into the around the Great Lakes have been designated by conventional USLE estimates and was performed the International Joint Commission (DC) as using BESTFIT and @RISK, which are EXCEL exhibiting various environmental impairments.