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Understanding the Livelihoods of Small-Scale Fishers in Lamberts Bay

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Understanding the Livelihoods of Small-Scale Fishers in Lamberts Bay UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Understanding the livelihoods of small- scale fishers in Lamberts Bay: Implications for the new Small-scale Fisheries Policy Master of PhilosophyUniversity in Environment, of Cape Society, Town and Sustainability, UCT/EGS EGS5008H Supervisor: Dr. Serge Raemaekers May 2015 By Tsele Tommy Nthane The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town i Abstract Small-scale fishers (SSFs) are among the most vulnerable socio-economic groups because of their high dependence on marine resource harvesting. While small-scale fisheries employ the overwhelming majority of the world’s fishers and contribute substantially to the global catch, they are, on the whole, marginalised and ignored. Despite their importance in providing food security and livelihoods in coastal communities, state management authorities routinely neglect small-scale fisheries in favour of industrial fisheries. In South Africa, the exclusion of small-scale fishers is intricately linked with the oppressive policies of the apartheid government, which limited access to the fisheries for the largely Black and Coloured small- scale fishers. Changes within fisheries management practices led to the development of management tools that moved away from conventional resource-centred strategies, to management approaches that recognised the complexity of natural and ecological processes inherent within small-scale fisheries. Many of these new approaches have been embraced in South Africa’s new small-scale fisheries policy. The policy represents a long line of arguably failed attempts at reforming South African fisheries undertaken by the South African government. While the policy is unique in the scale of participation by the small-scale fishers themselves it is still faced with the hurdle of implementation. The adoption of the individual rights approach embodied by the individual quota (IQ) system in the post-apartheid reforms has led to divisions within the community. Fishing rights benefited a small elite and disenfranchised many more fishers for whom fishing was a livelihood, but were excluded from the rights allocations. The new small-scale fisheries policy is widely acknowledged as progressive and carries the hope of inclusion for small-scale fishers along South Africa’s coasts. After decades of disenfranchisement and individual rights allocations, the major challenge in the new policy’s implementation will be dealing with the range of complex and unique communities in which the policy will be carried out. The purpose of this study was to establish a profile of the Lamberts Bay small-scale fisher groups and their perceptions regarding the new small-scale fisher policy, in order to inform the policy’s implementation in Lamberts Bay. The study employed a multi-method research strategy predominantly consisting of household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus groups. These were used to understand the socio-economic context of the small-scale fishers, to determine whether socio-economic differences existed between the fisher groups, to gather the perceptions of the fisher groups with respect to the new policy, and to aid in identifying the factors that will enable the expectations and needs of different groups to be accommodated in the SSF policy implementation. The study focused on two fisher groups: West Coast Rock Lobster Right Holders (WCRLRHs) and Interim Relief Permit (IRP) fishers. It was found the WCRLRHs earned far greater income than the IRP fishers, as a result of the WCRLRHs superior Lobster quota allocation. Both fisher groups showed almost identical historical livelihood dependence on fisheries prior to the introduction of the IQs. This allocation of the IQs did not represent a repetition of historical instances of elite capture in Lamberts Bay, but, however, the introduction of the medium-term IQs in 2001 and the long-term IQs in 2005 resulted in ii externally imposed income differences within the fishing community. This led to household food security and income differences among the fishers, which created divisions within the Lamberts Bay fishing community. All the IRP fishers had missed meals as a result of their household food security context, while very few WCRLRHs experienced comparable food insecurity. The far-reaching reforms of the new small-scale fisher policy (SSFP) were therefore overwhelmingly welcomed by the IRP fishers while the WCRLRHs perceived the policy as a threat to their existing privilege. The key finding of this research was that the Lamberts Bay fishing community is not homogenous and struggles with a low sense of community cohesion. This was a direct result of the external income differences imposed by DAFF’s fishing rights and permit allocations. Implementation strategies for the SSF policy must take this community fracturing into account. Particular attention must be paid to addressing the general educational, institutional and infrastructural deficits that plague both fisher groups, in addition to an in-depth understanding of the challenges of incorporating two fisher groups with important household differences in relative prosperity, into one small-scale fisher policy. Future fisheries research in the Lamberts Bay community must focus on specific implementation challenges centred on fisher co-operatives, giving agency to the fishers by liberating the fishers from the exploitative established fisher companies, and incorporating the small-scale fishers into the lucrative local value chains as well as macro-economic export environment. iii Declaration I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all the work in the dissertation, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. This thesis uses the Harvard-Anglia (2008) referencing method throughout. Tsele Nthane, November 2014 iv Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to extend gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Serge Raemaekers, whose support and encouragement never wavered from the moment he agreed to take me on as his student. His incredible passion and knowledge provided much needed energy and encouragement, while guiding me through the complexities of this research. My gratitude also goes out to Associate Professor Merle Sowman whose insight from her decades of work in the fisheries was of great assistance. I also owe Dr Samantha Williams my thanks for her guidance during the difficult early phases of the study and for introducing me to her contacts in Lamberts Bay. I would also like to thank my parents Ntate Tseliso and Mme Maphoka, whose emotional and material support kept me going throughout. The fieldwork was supported and funded by the Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU), for which I am grateful. Special thanks are due to Nico Waldeck who kindly agreed to open his home and his fridge to me during the duration of my fieldwork. In addition, his vast reservoir of fisheries knowledge and familiarity with the fishery intricacies of Lamberts Bay made picking his brain over lunch and dinner an absolute delight. To him, I am indebted for his patience and guidance as we navigated my way through the Lamberts Bay fisheries. The kindness of his family and the sacrifice they made to provide me with a quiet working space was very much appreciated. And, finally, Garth, with whom many hundreds of metres were walked conducting surveys and interviews, and who alleviated any sense of isolation by sharing his friends with me over afternoon tea and sport. The data collection process could not have been more pleasant. v Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Declaration ................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aim .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 International Small-scale fisheries .............................................................................. 6 2.2 Concepts in Small-Scale Fisheries Management .......................................................
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