OF THE l:t!SAR biSTRICT. ' .1.'

Oompiied and Published under the authority of the Punjab Government.

~hore:

PRINTED AT TliE ,. ARYA PREss.'' BY RAM bAS. PREFACE.

-·~·- - THE period fixed by the Punjab Government for the compilatio of the Gazetteer of the Province being limited to. twelve months tb Editor has not been able to prepare any original matter for the pr~se work ; and his duties -have been confined to throwing the alreac existing material into shape, supplementing it as far as possible : contributions obtained from district officers, passing the draft through t. press, circulati_ng it for revision, altering it in_ accordance with the correc tions and suggestions of revising officers, and printing and issuing th final edition. · - The material available in print for the Gazetteer of this distt·ic consisted of the Settlement.Reports, and a draft Gazetteer compilec between ._1870 and 1874 by Mr. F. Cunningham, Barrister-at-Law lNotes on certain points have been supplied by district officers; while \the r~port on the Census of 1881 has been utilised. Of the present ';volume, Section A of Cap. V (General Administration), and the whole pf Cap. VI (Towns), have been for the most part supplied by the ~ eputy Commissioner ; while Section A of Cap. I I I I( Statistics of opulation) has been taken from the Census Report. But with these exceptions, the great mass of the text has been- taken almost, if not quite verbally, from Mr. Cunningham's con;tpilation already referred to, which again was largely based upon Munsh1 Amln Chand's Settlement Report of the district. ( The report in question .was written ·in 1863, and, modelled on the ;Jneagre lines of the older settlement reports, affords very ina.dequate material for an account of the district. No better or fuller material, .how_ever, was either available or procurable within the time .allowed. 1But when the district again comes under settlement, a second and more ( complete edition of this Gazetteer will be prepared; and meanwhile , the present edition will serve the useful purpose of collecting and .· publishing in a systematic form, infonnation which had_ before been scattered, and in part unpublished. , The draft edition of this Gazettee-r has been revised by Colonels Minchin and MacMahon, and Mr. Ogilvie: The Deputy Commis­ sioner is responsible for the spelling of vernacular names, which has been fixed throughout by hun. in accordance with the prescribed S¥,Stem· of translitera~ion. The final edition, though completely com­ piled by the. Editor, has been passed through the press by Mr. Stack.. CONTENTS,

Pag•, :UAP. L-THE'DISTRIOT. .. ;. 1 I , iL-HISTORY ~·. 8 , -IIL--,-THE PEOPLE , .. 2ll A.-STATISTICAL• 22 B.-RELIGIOU~AND SoOIAL LIFm . 27 0.-TRIBES AND 0ASTES · • 32 D.-VILLAGE OOlllliiUNITIES AND TENURES 39 IV.-PRODUOTION AND DISTRIBUTiON 46 A.-'-AGRIOULTURE AND LivE-STOCK . .. . 46 B.-0COUPATIONS0 INDUSTRIES AND 00MMERCE ... 51 0.-PateEs, W~IGHTB AND MEASt!RES, Allll OoMMuNICATIONB 58 , V.:_.ADMINISTRATION .AND FlNANOE , .. ··.• 60 , YI.-TOWNS AND MUNIOIPALITIES ...... 66 'afiSTIOA!, TABLES (INDEX ON PAGII ur ...

. OHAPTER I.-THE DISTRIOT. 1General description-Ge_n_-.ral features 1 General features-Chak HariB.np. 2 Chak Bagar-Chak Nali · # ,3 Chak Na!i-The Gbs.ggnr-Westem Jamna Oanal-Lin•a of drainage _4 Jhlls or swamps_: Rainfall, temperature, and clima,te-Disease 5 Disease-Geology-Minerals-Wild animals. Sport-Flora · - .., .. 6 • 7 ~lora

OilAPTER TI,-IliSTORY, · Early history _ · 8 Early history-Antiquities 9 Antiquities-Subsequent history 10 Subsequent history-The Bhattfs 12 The Bhattis-The swn chal(sa famine 13 The san chalfs

OHAPTER III.-THE PEOPLE. Section A.-Statistl· · 'oaJ - _ . . . Page; Dietribution of population-Migration and birth·place of population · •• .- 22 Migra.tion and birth-place of population-Increase and decrease of popu~~: 2a. Jnor:: and decrease of population~Births and .deatba-Age, se~, an~ civil condition · . ... 25 Age, sex, and civil condition ...... · 26 · Inftnilities-;European and Euras~&n populatiOn ... 27 Section B.-Religious and Social Life:- ... 21 HouaeaDress-Food-General statJStlcB· · and ·d.istrl 'b ut i on of re. I! g1ons · . . . ··-- .28. General statistics and distribution of religions-Reli~ous gatherings- Language-Education · SO Education-Poverty or wealth of the people 31 Poverty or weulth of the people '" .32. Section 0.-TI;bes and Castes- Statistics and local distribution of tribes and castes 32. "? Statistics and loeal distribution of tribes and castes-J4ts 33. J ats-Rajputs 34 The Bhattis ... 35 Pachhlldas-Bishnols ... 31. Bishnols-Bani6s--Br6.bmans . , ... ila Section D.-Village Communities and Tenures.,-- Village tenures-Proprietary ienures-Su.l:hlambar• , .,. . 3~ Sukhlan.bare--The Skinner family-Tenants and rent-Kirsiln kadlm 40. · Kwsiln Kadlm-Tenants proper-Village officers . ·d · · Village taxee--Chaubilchha ... - 4!t Chaubilchha-Village menials ... 4 ~-' Village menials-Agriculturi.l labourers.:....Petty village grantees-Poverty· . or wealth of the proprietors ·. . . ~ . . •.. Size of holdings--Leading familiea 45,4 I OH.APTER IY,-PRODUOTION AND DISTRIBUTION.. I Section A.-.Agticulture and Live-stock- Oet;-e~ statlsti"!' of agric~lture-Tbe seasons. lla~fall-Irrigatioa : · . ~. Imgatlon-AgnoulturalliDplements and appliances-Manure a.nd rotation- of crops · ;.. 4'l" Manuye and rotation of_ crops-Principal staples-Average yield. Produc- tion and consumption of food-grains · · · · '4s Oattle-Hisllr Oattle .Fair-HisB.r Oattle Farm 49o llis6.r Oattle Farm-Sheep and goats 50- Sheep and goats-Horses and Mules · ... 51 Section B.-Occupations, Industries, and. Commerce.:.. , OPrin'7"~paltio!"'dof th~ pecpdle-Principal industries and manufactures ct m ... 5~ ustries an manufactures . ,, --~~ Oourse and nature of trade-Trade of Bhiwtlni · ... 6a- Ji!W' District.] ... "' Section B.-Occupations, Industries, and Commerce-(continu•dJ- . . . . . Pag6. Trade of Bh>wani-Tra.de of -Tra.de of town-Tra.do of Fateh&Md, ... 67 Section c:~Prices, Weights a.nd Measures, a.nd Communi~tions­ I'rices,~wages, rent-rates, interest-Local weights and mca.sures-Oommuni· · cations-Railways-Roads . . ... liS Roads-Post Offices-Tdegraph 69

_OHAPTER. v .....:ADMINISTRATION AND FINANOE. "Exectitive and Judicial-'-Orimina.l, Police, and Gaols ... 60 Revenue, Taxation, a.nd l;tegistmtion-Oustoms'-Education-Bhiwolnl District School .. . 61 Disttict School-Medical-Eccleaiast.ica.l-Head-quarten of other departments-Statistics · of land revenue-Summary Settlement, 1816 A.D. • ,, 6:1• Summary Settlement, 1816 A.n.-Regular Settlement, 1840 A.D.-Regular . .Settlement, ··1852 A.D -Revision of SetMement, 1864 A.D .. · ... 64 . Ourrent Settlement-cGovernment lands, forests, &c. 66

OHAPTER VI.-TOWNS AND 1\IUNIOIPALITIES. General statistics of towns-Hisar town; description 66 • Hisar town;· description-History . 67 History-Taxation and toa.de-Population and vital statiotioa 68 opulation and vital statistics-Hansi Town · · 69 ansi Town-Vital statistics · 70 :Vital statistics:_Sisae Town-,-Bhiwani Town 71 hiwS.ni 'rown ' · -· 73 uhana 'fown_:Ratiya Town-Fatehablld Town 74 atehagad Town. · · 71l Table No. I, showing LEADING STATISTICS. - ' i. 2 :J 5 8 1 ' I I ' I I I - DgrAfL 'o• TABBU.S, ' DETAILS. DISTRJor... Bissar. BwL BhiwAni. . · Barwllla. Fa~. ' I - I _.. Total square milea (1881) ... 3,540·· 841 761 685 580 773 Culliv&ted square mUee (1878) ...... 1,815 200 243 473 . 332 587 Culturable square milee (1878) ...... 1,457 . 841 • 4~ 82' 204 168 lrrlpted square milee (1878) ... ,... - 165 17 117 .. . 23 8 Average oquaro milee under crops (1877 to 1881) ... 2,ill3 299 346 47J 330 587 .(\nnual raiolali W: incheo (1866 lo 1882) "' 16·3 16·3 16-2. 16•3 15'7 15·7 Number of inhabited lowoo and villagco (1881) ... 031 135 115 100 132 149- Total population (1881) ...... 504,153 98,106 . 130,614. 103,556 78,849· 93,358 llurol population (1881) ...... 428,065 83,939· 112,784 69,794 74,394 87,184 Urban population (188L) ...... 76,118 . 14,167 17,830 33,762 4,155 6,20-1 Total population par square milo (1881) ... ' 143 117. 172 177 135 121 Rural population por aquare mile (1831) ... I'll 100 148 120 128 113 Hindu• (1881) ...... 384,366 81,2()0. 105,781- 91,912 51,279· 84,194 Sikba·(1881) ...... 3,143 4' 39 •3' 677 2,420 • J &inl (1881) ... .~ ...... 3,102' 568· ~.775 386 276 97 • .!4 uaolmlinl (1881), ...... 113,517 16,290 23,014 11,251. 20,317 36,845 Average- annual Land Revenue (1877 lo 1881-)" .... 426,652 89,382 . 142,867 71,594 58,353 86,616 A ••rose annual groaa 'revenue (1877 lo 1881) t .... 508,914. ' " ...... -· . -- ' - .. Fixed, fluolualing1 and miscellaneoWI.. t Land, Tribute, Ulcal rates, Excise, anil. Stam!!B< · Hisar District.]

CHAPTER I.

T:S:E DISTEICT. The Hisar district is the central one of the three districts Chapter I. included in the Hisar division, and lies between north latitude . . 28° 36' and 29° 49,' and east longitude 75° 16' and 76° 22'. Lyihg Descnptive. on the confines qf Rajputana, and forming a part of the great Gcue~al deocrlption. prairies which stretch between and include Bikaner on the one hand and Pati.ala on the other, it shares with and Simla , only among Punjab <;listricts'the peculiarity of having absolutely no river-frontage. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the Native State of Patiala, on the east by the , and the State of , on·the south and south-east by the Dadri territory of Jindand the State ofLuharu, and on the west the prairies ofBikaner l!hd the district. It is thus completely stuTOunded by Native States; save where at its north-western and south-eastern corners it touches the ·Sirsa and Rohtak districts. It is divided into five taltsils, of which that of Barwala occupies the north-east, that of FatehabRd the north-west, that of Hansi the east centre, that of Hisarthe.west centre, and that of Bhiwani the south and south­ west of the -district. Some leading statistics regarding the district and the several tal!sils into which it is divided are g1Ven in Table No. I on the opposite page. The district contains three towns of more than 10,000 souls, as follows:- BhiwAni .. , 33,762 Hisar 14,167 - Htlnsi 12,656 The administrative head:quarters are situated at Hisar, which lies nearly in the centre of the district. Hisar stands 12th in order of area and 21st in order of population among the 32 districts of the province, comprising 8·32 per cent. of the total area, 2·68 per cent. of the total population, and 3·12 per cent. of the urban population of British - -~ North Feet above I Town. · . Lo.titudo. Longitude. aca-levcl, territory. The latitude, I longitude, and height in . HfL'll' ... 2{1'10' 75"46'-· .... Banal -· . - 29"6' 76'0' 'i0.5 feet above the sea, of the B'J.iwnni ...... 76~1' 870* B:lrwn.In .. 29'22' 75'67' . 1so• principal places in the 1F4tobahad .. 29'81' 76'30' . 720. district are shown in the - •· Approximate, margin. . . - The tract under description consis ts of vast and, for the most General featureo. p lrt._ sandy plains, scrubby towards the north, with raDk grass and bushwood, which relieve the dreariness of the · prospect by i tervals of green. Stretchin/ southwards, the plains become more a d more sandy and more an more sterile, and the dead level is i terru~;>ted by undulating sand hills. Here coarse grasses and ~ stunted growth af d~rt trees and sh n1bs form the sole trace ~ spontaneous vegetation. The sands hills increase in height 1 [Punjab Gazetteer, 2 CHAP. I.-TilE DISTRICT, - Chapter!. towards the-south until at last, some 15 to 25 miles from the -. LuMru and Bik~er border, they give way to a series of bare Descriptive. rocky hills, which rise like islands out of a '!as~ of sand ; the Goner&! foaturee. highest of them, Iiowever, at the foot of which hes the town. of Tushll.m, does not rise more than 800 feet above the surrounding plain. Such are the general features of the {ace of the country, as they would strike a passing. traveller. It must not, however, be supposed that ·there are no variations "'f soil. Indeed; on the banks of the Western Jamna Canal, which p>ll!S9S through the district from east to west, close by the towns of Hansi and Hisar, the soil is of more than ordinary productiveness, except in years when the canal water fails. ' Cha.k HarlAna. The whole area of the. district is divisible into three tracts, each with ita own characteristics. They are styled respectively · ch.alc Ha.riana, chak Bagar, and chalc N ali• Chak Hariana is the largest of these tracts, containing 292 out of the 659 villages · into which the district is divided. It occupies the heart of the district, and is traversed by the Western Jamna Canal, which, running through the district from east to west, separates this clUJ/i into two nearly equal portions. In this part of the district the 'soil is technically decribed as dakar and rauali. The former of these terms is applied to a strong clayey·. soil, breaking up into large clods, and requiring very abundant rain to saturate it suffi­ ciently for seeding.. The latter term implies a very similar soil, but_ less close and firm, having generally an admixture of sand.· ·It does not require quite the same amount of saturation as the harder dakar. Even here, however, in the central portion of the· district, the soil is freely interspersed with patches of sand, and- towards the south it blends gradually with the sandy ;Plains and hillocks . 'a1ready. described. :rhough rich w~en B?-fficr~ntly saturated, .it produces almost nothmg when there IS a failure m the natural rams. Water is only touched in the wells at a depth varying from 107 to 133 feet below the surface ; and the cost of constructing wells seldom, falls .below Rs. 1,500. Well irrigation is therefor~ not attempted, except in very bad seasons, when a few acres of land are irrigated for growing vegetables around the village site. Again, the hardness of the soil renders ploughing a matter of· great labour. It is said amon~ .the peasants of the tract that that ·season only is favourable m which.the soil becomes moist for 100 inches below... the surface. 1n dry seasons not only is there no· harvest,but hardly an ordinary gra:;s crop. In order to make the mo» of the rain-fall, the farmers leave large .tracts uncultivated, md, colleetin~ the drainage from these by means of water-coU'les, conduct 1t on to their cultivated fields. Such uncultivated jots are styled uprahan, and the water-courses agam. The canal ~ tion is confined to 54 :villages, lying immediately ·on. either ~de of the canal, The soil of these is in all respects the same as pat of the villages a little further removed from the canal, with!:he

exception that the constant irrigation has rendered it. softer 1nd tnore rich. . Even this, however, produc;es nothing unless imgatd.-

• ' Til• wC!nl cl!a~ appli<;" t<> any {'Qrtioq of h\nd divided olf, ~ suh·

CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT.

Chapter i. on the northern branch are called collectively Sotar. In all these villages, no crop at all is grown .except on land which hru! been Descriptive. irrigated from one or the other of the branches of the Ghagg~. ChRk NAIL And as the flow of water in these is most variable and uncertam, the harvests too, if for this reason only, would be highly precarious. But the river irrigation, available at the best for not more than a month or six weeks in the year, is not alone sufficient to ensure the ripening of a crop; 9;11d the ~}tima~ result of the !).!"""est is almost as dependent upon timely rams as m the more sterile parts of the district. In the ])aban villages there is one . harvest, that of the spring (rabi), which, though sow~ after irrigati~n f!om the ;iv~r, is entirely dependent for commg to perfect10n upon ram m December or January. If no rain falls, the out-turn is reduced by . one-half. In the Sotar villas-es two harvests are secured ·in good years, that of the autumn bemg rice. Well irrigation is carried on ·to a considerable extent to supplement irrigation from the river, but the farmers never trust to this alone for their crops. ·water, however, is plentiful and good; nor is the cost of constructing wells excessive. In Jat villages the wells ·are of masonry (palclca), bllli the ambition of the Pachhadas, who occupy the greater part of the elude, does not soar so high, and they are content .to leave their wells unlined ( kacl!cha). · , . · . . The Ghaggar. The Ghaggar, already alluded to, rises in the Himalayas bordering upon the , and, passing: through Ambala and the Native State o( Patia.Ia, enters the district in two branches a few miles to t~e s?uth-west of ~al~h, a town in Patiala, ¥~ traversing the district, passes on mto Sirsa.. The flow of water 1S most uncertain, the stream being entirely dependent for its supply upon· the fall of rain in the lower Himalayas. Moreover, a large portion of the water is .carried off for purposes of irrigation before the stream enters this district. • ' Western Jamna · 1'he canal enters the district about half-way down the ~tern Cani1L border, and runs through it from east to west pasSing the towns of Hansi and Hisar. After crossing the western border, any water that remains is swallowed up in the sands of Bikaner.. The canal was first constructed by the Emperor Flroz Shah to water his new town of Hisar Firoza about A.D.l360. It was found Closed when the country passed· under British rule, and waa first reopened in the season of 1826-27, but the people for several years· obstinately refused to avail themselves of its advantages, under the impressi.hn, not unusual at the -time, that' the use · of its water would Tbe followed by rui immediate enhancement of the sum demanded as · land revenue. A severe famine in 1832-33 "first drove them to it, and since that period irrigation has been steadily progressihg. . · Linea~~ drainage, . The surface drainage of the district, which is not utilized y water-courses for purposes of irrigation, finds its way through t e district by the Western J arona Canal and the Ghaggar. There ar.e no other water-coul."lles of any significance. The Ghaggar, preca~;-i­ ous and uncertain as to flow of. water, is tbe only j!tream that • For a more detailed doacription of the Ghaggar, ace the Gazetteer of the Amblila district. ' t s.. AmWI.. Gazetteer. • Hisar District. J CHAP. I.-THE DISl'RlCT, 5 -enters tlie district. The bed of the old nala is utilized Chapter r. for the Western Jamna Canal.• • - - · Descriptive. Near Fateh:ibad, and acmino- at Mura. Khera, a villafe near Jhlu or awampo. 'th e Gh aggar, there are.jldls, or swampy lakes, caused by t e over- flow of the Gliaggar in time of he.avy rain. The FateMMd jhft is 1! miles in 1ength by t mile broad, with an area, when full, of 15,960 acres, and a depth of from 8 to 9 feet in the deepest parts. The Mura Khera jMl is about ! mile long by l mile in breadth, having an area of 800 acres, !lJld a depth of 7 or 8 feet. These, however, are not perennial, and do not deserve the name of lakes. · They invariably dry up in the hot season. Crops of paddy are grotvn in the. shallows, and, when dry, wheat, gram and barley are sown in their beds. · Table No. III shows in inches-the total rainfall registered at Rainfall, tempera - j -each of the rain-gauge stations in the . turc, and climate. Year, , Inches. _ district for each year, from _1866-67 to 1882-83. The fall at head-quartet'S for the 1862-63 ... . 21•9 four preceding years is shown in the margin. o£863--64 .. . 24'8 The· distribution of the rainfall throughout 1864·65 ; .. _14•3 1865-66 ... 28•1 the year ia shown in Tables Nos. IIIA and I IDB. Tables Nos. · XI, _XIA, XIB, and :lq..IV give annual and Diseaao. monthly statistics of birth and deaths 'for the district and for its - towns during the last five years; while the. birth and death-rates since 1868, so far as -available, will be found at page 25 for the · 'general population, andin Chapter VI under- the heads of the ·several large towns of the district. -Table No. XII shows the number of insane, blind; deaf-routes, and lepers as ascertained at theOensus ofl881; whil~Table No. XXXVIII show• the workin"' of the dispensaries sine~ 1877. In the District Census Report fo';. 1881, the Civil Surgeon wrote as follows:- • -,.The villagers along the canal suf!'er from malarial fever, dyspepsiR, enlargement of the spleen and liver. They look sallow and anremic, whereas the inhabitants of our bclrani tracts, Ranghars, J ats, Bishnois, "eu · trs and Kaim "KMnJs are strong, athletic, and healthy looking, with ph" ical det•elopment ·and bodily vigour good. They suffer mostly from ski diseases, guinea. worm, gravel, stone in the bladder, aud tuborcular foot and h!l.nd, called reri ntigra, both red and blnck parasitic fungi. Th level of the subsoil watj)r varies very much. The superficial stra um- in the district consists· of clay more or i<•ss mixed with sand, exte ding to a depth of 10 to 20 feet, and then impervious clay, having Jittl or no sand intermixed with it, which refains the rain water in tanks for rinking use. The supply of water is sometimes inadequate to the de and during the summer. The superficial stratum in some parts of the district is composed of grey and white ka1tkar; tree cultivation hasfe.ither not bee? sufficien~ly encouraged or _has not thriv~n in this. dist-nct, although m the netghbourhood of Hisar and Hans1 we have ex~1nsive foreSt jangal. ,, , The Civil Surgeon also states that the most prevalent diseases in the

6 CHAP. 1.-THE DISTRWT.

Chapter I. respiratory affections, and skin dj.sea8es. ~f f<:ver cas~ by far th~ greatest number have occurred ~ the Bh1wam and Hisar tc;t.. as , · Deaoriptive.·- respiratozy affections are also chiefly con!filed to t~ose .portions of Dlaeaao. the district, and the same may be sa.Id of skin.

CHAPTER II.

HISTORY_ Chapter II. The tract now included in this district, together with parts of the dist1~ct of Rohta.k, aro better known to history under the History. name of Hariana. The origin of the name is attributed by the 1-:nrly hi11tory. people to a Raja named Hari Chand, who is said, at some undefined period, to have come fi·om OudhJ and peopled this part of the country. Others derive the name from the word ha1i (slain), in allusion to a tradition of a great slaughter of Khatrias by Paras Ram, on 21 different occasions, at a village a few miles to the west of Jind. The Settlement Officer, Munshi Amin Chand, derives the name from lmritiban, the name of a wild plant, wit_h which the country was formerly said to be overgrown. A more probable derivation is. from !tara (green), in allusion to the expanse of brushwood.which once covered the greater part of the district, and even now covers large portions of it, giving at certain seasons of the year an aspect of greenness to the whole country. Of the period antecedent to the 1Iuhammadan conquest of Hindustan, the nearest approach to history is to be found in certain vague traditions of the settlement in the district of varlous branches of the Royal Tunwi1r Rajp6.t race of Dehli, followed, after the fall of that house, by fresh immigrations under Chauhan lenders. One thing is certa.in, that at the earliest period of which anything is known, the town of Hansi was the centre of local authority, and the capita.! of Hariana. The Muhammadan rule was extended to Hansi shortly after the fall of Dehli before Shahab-ud-~n. T~e city of Hisar had not yet bcon founft.l!d,... and Hansi st1ll contmued for many years the seat of local adp:tiinis­ tration. In the 14th century, however, the attention ~·f the Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlak was drawn to Hariana, an this monarch. founded a new town, naming it after himself, ,Hisar Firoza, or the " fort of Firoz." Au interesting account '~ this incident is given by Shams-i-Shiraz Afif, one of Sir H. \liot's historians. • " Sult,\n Firoz," we read, " passed several years after "his cumpaigns in Bengal (1352-53) in riding about Dehli. and " finding himself in the neighbourhood of Hisar Firoza, he "exerted himself actively aud liberally in endeavouring to pr vide "for the needs of the country." The site of the future city. was at this time occupied by two villages, called the Little and\ the ,______• Shn.ms-i-Shir..lz says that " he (Firoz} conducted two streams into th ';: city "from two rh·ers-one from the river Jamna., the other- from the Satlaj. ~Both "these streams were conducted through the vicinity of Karnil. and after a le:ngth 11 of about SO l."OR discharged their waters by one channel into the town. "' No trnces remain of the cannl from the Satlnj ; and there is every reason to suppose thn.t there is a mistake in the reading of Shnms-i-Shir:iz which mentions the Sa.tl&j 1 ,..,~u account of Ambala District, h~:ading " \Y estern Jamna. Caua.l. " Hisa.r District. 1 CHAP. II,-H!STORY. 9 Large Laras. The neighbourhood of this village, "continues the Chapter II. " historian," "greatly pleased Sultan Firoz, and he thought it would History.. " be well to build a city there ; for it was very deficient in water, "and during the hot season travellers who came from Trak and Early Hiotory, " Khurasan had to pay as much as four }'Uals for a pitcher full. So "the Sultan resolved to build a city, being filled with hope that, " if he built a town for the benefit of Musalmans, God would provide ."it with water." Finding, however, when his city was completed, surrounded with a wall and ditch, and adorned with a palace" which had no equal,"_ that his expectations with regard to water remained unfulfilled, he " resolved in his munificence -to bring a· supply of watet thither,";_a resolve which resulted in the construction of the canal now known as-that of the Western Jamna. The secret of Firoz Shah's selection of Hisar Firoza as a favourite residence is probably to be found in his passion for sport, which found ample vent in the wild jan,qals with which the district was then clothed. In those days the Ghaggar, or Saraswati as it then was called, carried down a far larger volume of water into this part of the <1tlilntry than it does now, and it may be well believed. that the country in ita ~eighbour~ood w~ a hun tin~ _ground of considerable - excellence. FU'oz Shahs huntmg expeditions extended beyond - the Satlaj as far as Dipalpur (now in the Montgomery district), 130 miles to the north-west of Hisar. Another fact of some interiist to be gleEmed from the aci:ount of Shams-i-Shiraz is that in the 14th century the now deserted route -across the wastes of Moptgomery, 'Sirsa, and Hisar was much frequented by travellers between Dehli',and Khuruan. Whatever amount of truth there may be mShams-i-Shiraz's. rather fulsome account of Firoz Shah's treatment o~ Hariana, it is undoubted that, both by the construe- - tion of a canal and by giving to -the industries of the country .the incentive always afforded by the residence of a Court, that monarch did much to promote the welfare of the country. Besides Hisar, • he also built th~ town of FateMbad, in this district, naming it after hm son, and conducted a small canal from the Ghaggar to supply it with water-a canal which is still in use. · · · An interesting account ·of Taimur's march through Bhattiana and Hariana \viii be found in Elliot's lli8tlmj of India, III, 428ft; 92ff; Price's Retrospect of .1fuhammadan Histmy, III, 247ff, and Brigg's Feiishtalt I, 489.ff. - · · ,The village of Firoz is still in existence ; it was one of the smaller forts found~d by Firoz Shah, and is some 12 miles from Sirsa. · The- position of Rajabpur and Ahroni is doubtful; but at Dasul, some 12 miles north of Tohana, there are remains of an old fort call Kol, which perhaps mark the site of Ahroni. The local tradi- -tion states that Taimnr marched from Fateh:ibad to Kol and attacked the Pachchadas of that place, dr,iving them out with great loss, and forcing them to retreat to· Tohana and take .up a position on the banks of the Ghaggar between the villages ofHimmatpur, PUrl, and Udipur, where t~ey w~re again attB;cked next day by Taimur's trooP.s. When Ta_1mur passed on to Ka1thal, they resettled at Kol. - There is but little worthy of notice in the way of architectural • remains of this period. , Old mosques and other buildings ar& 2 J ~ab Gazetteer, 10 CHAP. II.-HISTORY. Ohapterii. dottell about the country, especially near the town' of -Hisar, but . Hiatory. none are of any archreological interest.-_ Two stone pillars erected bY. Firoz SMh at Hisar and FateMMd must be excepted -These Autiqultleo. pillars, respectively 30 and 20 feet ~igh, are. similar to_ the w~ll­ known monolith called the lat of Firoz SMh, at Dehh, of which . they are probably imitations (see Archreological Survey Reports, V. 140-142). The pill~ at. Fatehabad bears an insc~ptio~ wh~ch is said to be now qmte iJlegtble. There are some an~Ient mscnp­ tions on the rocks of the hill above Tusham.' Copies-of them have been sent to General Cunningham, who finds _the date of. one of them to be about A.D. 43, They bear the same standard which . characterises the coin of Ghalot Kacha, father of Chandra Gupta-!, whose most probable date is 78 A.D. The body of the inscription is a record of a family of religious teachers or Achm;jiyas, worshippers of Vishnu. (See Archreological Survey Reports, V. 136 to 140). ' . ' !labae

I Remarlu IIJbowiDgtbe changoa No. Name· of pargal14 or Namo of tribe who owned tho which have a1nee takm placo mahaL ln tbeao mahall. - ' - 1 Agroha ...... Jatu Rajputa and J'ata . : .. Now in Patohabad CGAI(l Jart&- - dlct.IOD. 2 Aharwnn ...... Gujars and Jo.tlt , . .. .. Do. Bahttu .. .. Jata,, .. Do, • Fatebabad :: .. .. Do• • Hi.sar (~ Habeii)- .. &lfo~ta, J~ an~ :~uj~: .. TaliU Blur• • ...... Do...... Do. •7 Swani .. Do. Jatu ...... I Do. 8 Tu.oham .. .. Do• do. and Jati Tahril Bhlwanl. - .. .. } .. • Banal ...... Do. do. TabU Ball.IL II Barwala ...... Sarada, nant .. & llalu1ua.dab Taluil &rwala. 12 Tuhana ...... Pathans and Labanin .. .. Do. r13 Jamalpur ...... Tunwar Bajputund Jata .. Do. ' [Punjab Gazetteer,. 12 CHAP. li.-mSTORY.

Chaptern:. Remark abowing tho ebangea Name of po.rgana Or 1\ame of trlbo who owned the which have ainco taken place ln No. History...... mahaU. those mah«ll.. .. Subsequent hiatory. U Bhanrdeh Debat 06 Tunwar &jpu~ and Jata . , Ta.hril Dnrwala noar Bahuna, vtllagct). Kborl, Raien and other villages. 16 Btno. .. . •. .. Jooo.n Rajputs '•... 1. .• In a separate district, Siraa. lfJ Dbatrat . . .• . . Jo.ta and l'athans .. , . . . · . Do. Kamal. 17 Kha.nda .. •• . . Jo.bt . . . , ...... Do. · • Do. 18 Ouba.na ...... Jata, BapaldRr& nnd PBIIL8iiU18 Do. Rohtak. lV Hcbun .. ' •. . . Tun war kajputa and Jate . . Somo.. villogoa of this pa.rga.M now belong to Htsar and some to Rohtak district. ?llehun · Kluw bel~ngs to the latter district. 20 Bhynlwal (Bba.ngiwal '!) Raj~ta and Ratbaura .. . . Some vlllagca appertain to the Blsar and Slran. dlatrlcts, the principal portion .to the BUmner ildl-a. ~ t~:=Jt :: :: :: \{:.%~~ra, iiajpu~ and'jata :: lnBi~a:.er·-. 23 BhaLnvr . , , , . , Do. do. . . , . . Do. 24 Bldmukb ...... Rathaura and Rajputa . . . . Do. i6 Bh~M~ram . , ~, . . Jo.te , , . . . , . . . . . Granted by the British to Na.wa.b of Luharu. ~ Jlnd.. . . , . .. Jatu Rajputa and Sayads • • Belongs to tho Uaja. of Jlnd . • , AtbkhonL (8 vtllagoa} .. Tun war Rajputa and Ja.ta ... Do. to tho PafiB:la. ilaka. I~------~------~~----~~--- In the early years of the 18th century, we find .Histtr unw the rule of Nawab Shtthdad Khttn of Kasu~ (1707--1737}. In · his time the condition of the \leople and country _is said to have been one of considerable prospenty. This, however, was not destine!! to last for long. In Sambat 1818 (A. D.l761) Hariana was held in jdgfr by Rukn·ul-daula, minister to Farrukhsher, w!)Q made over. the great part of it to FaujdRr Khan, the Nawab of Fara.khnaga.r in , during whose time the country. _was first ravaged, by Nadir BMh, and then distracted by the inroads of the Sikhs, who were at this time making themselves masters of a large tract · south of the Satlo.j. At the same time the Bhattis, a turbulent Rajput tribe, who have given the name of Bhattiana to a large tract of country now mostly inqluded in the Sirso. district, began to make themselves formidable to the north. , The history of .the latter portion of the century is one record of confusion and blood- • shed. Hariana was the battle-field on which· met the · Ma.rahtll.s · from the south, the Sikhs from the east, and the ·Bho.ttis from the north. The whole was nominally · subject to the Marahta. power, before which the Mughal empire of. Deh!i had, melted away, hut the real masters of the greater portion were the Sikhs a,nd Bh~ttfs. The Bb&tt!o. The Bhattls at this period were a pastoral race, fierce and restless in their habits, and impatient of any contrQI. Th,ey were little more than a band of robbers; but their boldness, the rapidity ·of their .movements, and the savage character of their country, sav~d them from being, crushed by_ their :po~verful neighb.ours. of Patiala and Jind, whom they contmually ~m.tated, by thell' Iil.lds. They lived for the most part ·in open villages, or wandered about wit~ theU: flocks in search of pasture. A few towns, or rather fortified vtl!ages, were scattered through the waste, which the Bha.tti tribes made then rendezvous on ·the approach of danger. . These were FateMl!ad, Sirsa, Raniya and Abohar.• . Raja Amar Singh, of

• Griflio.'s u Wjas of the Punjab1" p. 179. Hisa.r District. 1 CHAP. 11.-HISTORY. 13 Patiala, more than once invaded their country and stqrmed their Chapter II. strongholds, but the reluctant submission of the chiefs lasted History. scarcely a m,oment beyond .the withdrawal of the Patiala troops ; and after the death of Amar Singh in 1781 they completely recovered The Bhottio. their independence, and retained it thenceforth, almost without interruption, until their final subjugation by British arms. To complete the ruin inaugurated by these constant struggles, The "an cl&aUMJ nature lent her aid in the great famine of 1783, known as the fllmiue, (:haltsa J{al or fllJlline ofsan cMlU. (1840 of the Sambat era), by which the whole country was depopulated. The year previous had been dry and the l:larvest poor; but in 1783 it entirely failed. The country was depopulated, the peasants abandoning their villages, and · dying by thousands of disease and want.• In· . the neighbourhood of · Hansi only, the inhabitants held their own, but even here the smaller villages were deserted by their 'inhabitants, who, took refuge in the larger villages, until the severity of the famine should be passed In other parts of the district none remained who bad the strength to fly. · No reliable statistics of the mortality are \)Xtant, but there can be no doubt t.ll.at the people suffered terribly. · Some died helplessly in their villages, others fell exhausted on the way towards the south and ' east, .where they, .thronged in search of food and employment. Nor was the mortality· confined to the inhabitants of the district, for thousands of fugttives from Bi.karier flocking into Hariana, perished in the vain endeavour to 'reach . Debli and the J arona. The ,price of the commonest food grains rose to five and six see~ per rupee.' ' Fodder for cattle fai_led.utterly, and the greater part of the agncultural stock of the distnct penshed But for the , berries found in t,he wild brushwood, the distress would have been ·

· CHJ.P. IL~IDSTORY.

Ob&pterii. pre.~ent parched and· dried up appearance of the country is popularly said to date from the disastrous effects of the drought of 1783 ; History. the fatal year is the era from which every social !elation <,>f the The tan. clwlt~Ja. people dates. Few villages have a .history wh1ch . goes back fa1uiuo. · uninterruptedly to a period before the famine, and there probably is not one which does not date.its present form of tenure from the tinle when cultivation was resumed. - · . · Goorge Tbom01. In 1795, the adventurer, George Thomas,• took possession of Hansi and Hisar. He was an Englishman of some tact and courage who had come to India in 1781,. and .had wandered· about the country, seeking his fortune for· several years, till he­ was taken into t-he service of the celebrated Zebun Nisan l3egam, more commonly known as the l3egam Samrn of Sardhana. In · 1782 for some misconduct; he was reduced in rank, and left, her servi~e in disgust for that of the Marahta Apa Khandi _Rao, a relative of l\ladhoji Sindhia, and master of the Jhajjar, Dadri and N arnot territory. Thorn~ raised troops for the l\larahtas; and · instrncted them, as well as he wa.~ able, in the European system of drill ; and in return the district of Jhajjar was as,igned to him .1111 a mjlitary fief. He built a fort, which he named' .Georgegarh; SJ name which- by the people was corrupted into JaMzgarh; When• Bawa Rao, nephew' of Apa Khandi Rao, succeeded his· uncle, Thomas asserted his independence, seized Harisi · and Hisar, and began to encroach- upon the . neighbouring Sikh States. Before the close of 1799, he had extended his authority over all the Hisar, H6.nsi and .Sirs~ territor~, and a Ft part of Roh?k. Even the Bhatt!s prud him a nommal allegiance, though Thomas made·no effort to interfere directly with the authority of the Bhatti· chiefs over their respective clans. By· this tilne,' however;· the , adventurer, being compelled to resort to constant raias as the only means of supportin11: his' numerous army, had made hinlself so obnoxious to the Sikh chieftains of the Cis-Satlaj States that, unable themselves to reduce him, they at la.st in 1801 combined to. send an embassy to the French General of Sindhia's army at . Dehli, with a prayer for assistance -against th~ir common enemy. General Perron received the embassy with conspicuous cordiality. The increasing power of George Thomas had roused in hinl feelinga at once of _jealou~y and alarm ; and! rejoicing in t~e o.Pportunity of suppressmg a rtval, whose power, if-not checked m t1me, might eclipse his own, he furnished a force under one of his Lieutenants - Louis Bourquin, to act with the Sikh allies. At first Thom~ gained a slight success, but on the arrival of reinforcements from Dehli, he was compelled to retire to Hansi. Here he was­ surrounded, and after an obstinate defence, surrendered. Abandon­ ing all his conquests, he retired into British territory never 'again disturbing the peace of the Cis-Satlaj States. Thes~ events occurred in 1802. , . The cstnblishment _With the rem~der of the · Dehll: ter_ritory, Hisar pa.Ssed of Briti8h rule. nonnnally under BntlSh rnle after the v1ctones ·or Lord Lake over the l\larahtas in the following year. But the new owners of the country, either from )gnorance of its value, or from sheer apathy' took no steps for many years even to define the borders of their .; ' . . . . · • ~ri.ffin's "RajU of the Punjab/' p. &J. Hiear District. 1 ' <:HAP. ll.-'HtsroRY. 15

~quisi~ions .. The strip of ~ountry extending from Bhiwttni, in a Chapter II, direct !me to the north-west lis far liB the banlcs of the Satlaj, and. History. now composing the districts of Hisar and Sirsa, wllB left a prey to The ,..tabllohmont the depredations of the Sikhs and Bhatt!s. The right of the British of Briti•h rule. ·Government, indeed, W88 not allowed to lapse. A mllitn.ry oOutpost W88 maintained at Hansi, and a series of native Governors,· o0r nazims, were appointed to the charge of Hariana., including ll.ohtak. · The successive nazims were Mirza Ilins Beg, Nawab Muin-ud-din Khan, Ahmad Bakhsh Khan of Lubaru, and Abdul 'Samed of Dujana, who had his head-quarters at Rohtak. For five years confusion reigned supreme. The first nazim W88 killed in a .skirmish with the Bhatt!s. The second, the third and the fourth, 'after short incumbencies, successively resigned the hopeless task oQf Governm_ ent. From J808 to 1810, apparently, there wllB no Governor. Meanwhile aNawab Zabta Khan and Nawab Khan Baha.dar Khan, chiefs of the Bhattis, were m88ters of the situation, and at 188t proclaimeq their independence. The former.· of the -chiefs resided at- Sirsa., the latter at Fatebaba.d, . but they had · tp;ead their depredations in every direction. At lllst, in 1810, a force wllB sent under a British officer to restore order. 'Baha.dar KMn W88 overpowered and e:j:pellcd the country, while the tract of Fatehaba.d, which he had held in possession,. WllB for the first tinre · brought under the British Government.• Zabta Khan gave himself. up, swore fealty to the British . Government, and WllB confirmed in his possessior. of Raniya and Sirsa. In 1818, 'however, raids were made upon Fatehabad, with the connivance of Zal)ia. Khan, and again a British force WllB sent to restore !Jrder. Thia time Zabta Khan's estates were confiscated, and the whole territory, now known as the. Sirsa district, came under British rule. • . · . . · During these fifteen years; from 1803 to 1818, while the Dl•puteo with the English had paid no attention whatever to the state of the border, Sikh Statea. t the Sikh chiefs had not been idle. Seeing that the time would , -come when the British would appreciate the value of their .acquisitions, they steadily labo\u'ed, by gradual encroachments, to 'ma.tiufacture the strongest possible claims to as large a portion . .as they could annex without opposition. The overthrow of the . Bhattis in 1818 removed the 188t barrier to the inroads of Patiala; .and at once all along the western border of Sirsa. and Hiaar, the encroachments grew more and more systematic. The notice of Government was drawn to the unsettled state of the border in 1818 and again a few years later, but it WllB not until · 1835, when Sir C. Metcalfe W88 Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces, and Mr. William FrllBer, Resident at Dehli, that it was determined to bring the matter to a settlement. The Collector. of the district, Mr. Ross Bell, wllB selected for the duty, and certain principles were laid down for his guidance. These were, that whatever belonged to Patiala at the time of British conquest . of Hariana in 1803. should be adjudged to that State, and whatever Griffin's "R4jU of the Panjab," p. ISO. t The following aeeount of the disputea Jr.illo Pati& is abridged from paseo .80-196<>f.Grilliu'a" RAju.oJ the Puujab." [Punjab Gazetteer,

16 CHAP. II._:_Hi~'l'ORY. Clhapter II, belonged to the Government which tlie English had su~ers!lded, should be adjudged< to the latter. With regard to ·the dt~tnct of History... FatehBMd and the portion of the Bhatti countzy conquered. m 1810, Diapnte-1 with the and to the remaining portion of that country conquered m .. 1818, :Sil Pattltla, on the same grounds as the KassuMn district: Jamal pur and Tuh.tna were in the possession of Patiala at the time of ·Mr. Bell's investigation, but it was clear that that State could not . have acquired po~session prior to 1809, for they .were in the hands of ~he ~ahtas m 1803, and the Bhattis held· territory till 1809, whtch mtervened between them and the Patiala frontier. These !dr· Bell adjuged to the English Government.' Tuhanais included m the Eresent Barwala tahirll. . · There remained for consideration the effect ~f the reconquest of FnteMMd, Sirsa and Raniya- in -1870 and 1818. In Fatehabad , Mr. B~ll found ~5 villages. in .the, p~ssession; 0 ~· Pati:Ua and 21 in posses~ton of ~at thai. RaJa Amar .Smgh of Pattala had conquered Fatehab~, Sma and Ramya from th~o -Bhattls, but the famine of 1783 h~vm~ completely devastated the country, theBha_ ttis recovered posseSSion m 17~4, and retained it until subdued by the British ..• His3.1" District. 1 · CHAP. II.-HISTORY• 17

. The po~se.sion of the .Sikh chiefs in FateMbau dated nccorilingly, Chapter II. from a period subsequent to the conquest in 1809, o.nd the district History. was adjudged -to the English Government. Sirsa, in ·the same manner, was in the possession of the Bhattis untill818, and though Diapntell with tho ·in 183& the whole was in the possession of the Sikh States of Sikh Stateo. Patiala, and N libha., their claims were rejected, ru~cept as to four, villages. In Raniya, the Sikh poSsession was ascertained_ to. date from 1821, subsequent to the conquest of the Bhattis, and the claims of the Chiefs were absolutely rejected. · . This decision having given to the British Government a tract more tho.n a hundred miles long o.nd from ten to twenty miles broad, a large part of it, including Sirsa., Raniya and Abohar, was· ,separated from Hisar and formed into a new district, which wa.• administered by an officer bearing the title of Superintendent of Bhattiaha, suborilinate to the Political 'Agent at Ambala. Tho Government, .however, while ncceeting Mr. Bell's conclusions as generally correct, declared .itself willing to take a liberal ·view of any doubtful points; and lhe Court of Directors at hpme, adopting ·a s~ill more lenient line of argument, sent out directions which ultimately led :to the re-opening of the whole question. The position taken by the Court of Directors was the less called for by reason · ef the fact that the Patiala and other Sikh Chiefs had forfeited by their cm1duct all claim to consideration. The Raja of Patiala had refused to· acknowledge the right of Mr. Bell to make enquiries; he had forbidden the cultivators of the disputed vill.aJes to give any intormation as to the time when they were settled: he.had thrown every obstacle in Mr. Bell's way, and had thwarted him to the best of his power. The fact was that the Chief&, being in possession of the whole of the disputed land, ·could only lose by the enquiry, and they resolved to protract the struggle to the utmllst: • Mr. Bell, however, received orders to decide on .such evidence llS he could obtain. He did so, with the results already detailed. But the remonstrances of Pntiala had their effect on the Government at home; o.nd on 1st Jnnuary,1840, instructions were issued to'Mr. Conolly ·to effect some sort of compron;lise, not in any way surrendering the principle which had been originally laid down, but . pressin~ it against the Sikhs less rigorously. Mr. Conolly submitted hiS report in May of the same year. He p~op?sed ~ give. up the !f!OSt valu.able portions of t.he Hisar distnct, lymg pnncipally m the neighbourhood of the Ghaggar; and his' proposals were accepted by the Government of the North­ West Provinces.. The following · tabular statement shows the financial result of Mr. Conolly's d~cision as far as the His&r district was concerned :-

Cultivation Total area Approximate No. anoual value, . in acrea. in acres. in Ra • -- ViUQ4!eS to be rru~tored ... I 19 99,403 272,415 OO,()()(t, Yillages t.o be retained ... 147 68,788 2"15,623 60,000 t Total ... 266 168,191 528,038 1,50,000

• - 3 [ Punja.b Gazetteer, 18 CHAP. IL-BISTORY. Chapter II. Mr. Conolly reported also upon the Bha.tti.ana. or Sirsa. frontier. His Here he was inclined to give up forty or fifty villages; but the want tory-. of an accurate map prevented him from making definite proposals. - Diaputoo with the · The Ma.Mmia. of Patililn though he had obtained so much, still, Sikh St.ate•: " .., with characteristic obstinacy, held out, and a.qgerted. his. right to the whole tract. On receiving, however, a. peremptory warning that he must either accept what Mr. Conolly gave or nothing, he came to his senses, and consented to ·take over' the villages assigned to him in Hisar, and was paid their -revenufl, less 20 per cent. ibr the cost of management, from the time they had been in En~lish possession. This final transfer was made in 1842. The adjust­ ment of the Bhattiana border was postponed, pending a .survey of the· country. This being completed, a. report, based upon the . scheme suggested by liir. Conolly, was drawn up in 1842, recom­ mending the restoration of 42 villages to Patiala. No action, how­ ever, was taken upon this report. ' 'l'he 'Raja. again. and again pro­ tested against what he considered a deprivation of territory. The Sikh W a.r of 1846, followed by the trans(er of the.Political Agency to Lahore, and then the second Sikh War and the annexation of t~e Punjab, combined to postpone a settlement of the question1 and it was not until 1856 that final orders were passed. In that and the. precedin!f year the matter was taken up by l\Ir. G. Barnes, Commissioner of the Cis-Satlaj States, who proposed the restora­ tion of 20 villages only, urging th~t the offer of 42 :villages, made in accordance- with ll1r. Conolly's proposal, had been rejected by · Patiala, and had fallen to the ll'round. The Punjab Government, however, supported by the Impenal authorities, decided thatl\Ir. Ross Bell's decision having once been re-opened, and_ l\Ir. Conolly's award endorsed by the GGvernment, it was necessary to abide by the latter. Government, accordingly, in July 1856, directed 41 villages to be given to the Raja, with arrears of revenue from 1843 to 1856. This arrangement, with the. exception of the substitution of a few villages for others, was shortly afterwards carried out. - Twenty-sUr. villages were made over by the Superintendent of Bhattiana, and five villages, yielding a revenue equal to that of 'the remainder, were transferred by .the Bhadaur Sardars, who received as compensation an · assi!;llment on the ·revenues of:Government villages. Thus ended thiS long dispute, memorable on account of its intricacy, .and the magnitude of the interests .at stake. The origin was in 1803 and its conclusion in 1856, every step being marked by importunity or obstino.cy on one side and concession afte concession upon the other. The pertinacity of the Sikh almos deserved success ; and, if the English Government ootained far les ' than was its clear right, it could at least afford to be magnanimous. .AdtninistTati'"e During the early years of British rule, the whole of Hariamr arnwgomenta , was managed by, a "Superintendent,"- under the orders of the Political Agent at Dehli, who was also Commissioner of the Dehli territory. The first separation- of the Dchli territory into districts took place in in 1819.• By this .arrangement the sub­ . divisions of Hansi a.D.d ilisar, together with Siroa, Rohtak and ' ,. ..-1 \ ." Se.e Vehli Gazetteer. Hisar District. I CHAP, 11.-HISTORY. 19 (now in Kania!), were included in one district, called Chapter II. the "northern" district (Zila Shimcili). In 1820, Hisar and Hansi, History. together with .. Sirsn and the .remainder of the !?resent district, Adminiatmtive Bhiwan~ except were constituted into asepnratejunsdiction, having armog~Jmenta. · its civil head-quarters at Hisar. .Sirso. was deto.ched in 1837, after Mr. Ros5 Bell's adjudiqo.tion upon the frontier, and P.laced under a separate officer styled the Superintendent of Blmtt1ana.. .( Iu 1861, the district of Hisar attained its present proportions by the addition of the Bhiwani Sl)b-division~ Meanwhile the Dehli territory had.been tranSferred to the Punj .. b, and divided into two divisions, having' their head-quarters respectively at Dehli and ·Hisar. .The Hisar division eontained at first the districts of Hisar, Rohto.k, Sirsn and Jhajjar. · The last was, however, soon abolished, part being ceded to the Sikh States and the remainder absorbed 1nto Rohtsk. . .

· Dur.n~ the Mutiny, this district, as well as that ofSirsn, was for The MntinJ or 1857. a time wholly lost to British rule. Up to tb,is time a cantonment had been maintained at Hansi ; and in 1857, soon after the out- bliBilok at Deb~ the troops stationed there, consisting principally of a force called the Hariana Light Inf®try, threw off their allegiance, and' all El,ll'opeans were either murdered or driven out as ·fu~tives, Added to this; the Bhattls rose, under their hereditary ch1efS, and their example was followed by the greater portion of the Muhammadan population. These wild tribes, reverting to their ancient habits on the removal of the strong hand of English rule. formed plundering bands and ravaged the country. Before the close of tile summer, however, and before the fall of Dehli, a force of Punjab levies, under General Van Cortlandt, crossed the Sa.tla,j, and, 'being joined by contingents from the chiefs of ·Bikaner and Patiala, fought and won· several o.ctions with the insurgents in Hisar, .as well as in Sirsa and Rohta.k, dispersed them utterly, and recovered, the 09untry to British rule. On the restoration of •order, the civil and criminal courts were re-opened upon the Punjab system, and the district was administered by Punjab officers. In the following year, with the remainder. of the Dehli territory, it was formally annexed to this province. . - In 1860-61 Hisar suffered, in common with the neighbouring Tho famine ol 1860 01 districts, from a terrible famine. Little information is available • • as to details; but it was reported that 192_ human beings and . 38,000 cattle died of starvation, and that 21,400 souls and 47,500 cattle fled the districj;. These numbers probably fall far short of ·the truth. ' ' The, district of Hisar suffered more than any other in the The famine ot whole province from ·the famine of 1869-70. Situated on the 1869-10. border of the Biktlner desert, it shares many of its charo.Cteristics. Thus distress was felt here very early, and as early as August, 1868, foreigners from the neighbouring independent States came in for food and work. · Relief works were sanctioned in October, 1868, when the o.ccounts were already gloomy in · the extreme. The kharlf and· grass crop had both entirely failed ; the latter more · completely than even in 186Q-61. The tanks had all dried llp, the [Punjab Gazetteer,

20 CHAP. 11.-RISTORY~ Chapter II. w~lls in many places had become brackish, and the inhabitants had no choice but to leave their villages and seek food and pasture Bistory.­ elsewhere; while the numbers'ofpeople flocking in from Raj"put~na, Tho !amino of where affairs were still more gloomy, added to the compli~ation. lS69·iO. Oovernmentsanctioned advances, fust ofRs; 30,000 and then without limit; and private subscriptions were collected to the amount of Rs. 10,000, which was supplemented by a similar grant from. Government. In January the local subscriptions, with the Govern­ ment equivnlent, were found sufi!.cient to meet: ~.ctual req~ire­ ments. Relief-houses were establiShed, where the mfirm received food, cooked or uncooked; and public works -were in progress, giving employment to all able-bodied persons who required. it.· Up ~·the 20th of February, 106,808 men and 126,970 women and chtldren had received relief, and 80 poor-houses were then open at which food was distributed. Durin" the. month of March above 110,000 persons were relieved and about 33,000 .were employed, and this average was maintained during the following month ; but during May .tho distress fast increased, the great heat withering up the grass, and tho cattle beginning to die in great numbers. . Maw immigrants fl"Om Bikaner again came into the district, and the poor, unable to buy grain, supported themselves on the fruit of the karil which was unwholesome when eaten in any quantities, and the berries of the jul or pilu; · But whether the jungle fruits were wholesome or not, they were the means of saving many lives'; for this year of famine, the crop of wild fruit was larger than had been ever before remembered, and during the month of June gave food to many thousand people. But the condition of Hisar, in July, beeame critical in the extreme. The fruit of the bl!'l·, which had been the chief support of so many, was now exhausted, while the number of immigrants had )argely increased, a stream passing ~hrouoh daily ft·om the south, others returning from the neighbourhood of Dehli to their homes., The people were losing heart, fodder was almost unpro­ curable, and wheat rose to 11 or 12 seers the rupee. The rain, which. fell so generally during the latter part of July, did. very temporary good to Histl.r. The weekly number relieved had risen on the 17th of July to 40,000, and the mortality was· so severe among the cattle that 118,338 had already died. The state of affairs in Au&'_tst will be seen from the following extract from a letter from the lJeputy Commissioner:- . ' · "The district is exposed to the first shock of the immigration of the starving populo.tion of the RAjputane. States. Coruiidering then that, being always poor, we have no resonrces left unused; that there will ho.ve been no harv"''t for two years i that for all pra'Ctical purposes cattle no longer exist in the district; and that we are being inundated by .a .flood of paupers from Bik:lner, J aipur, and other States; the calculation which gives three-qun.rters of the people of the district as the number which will qave to be fed by Government, if they are not to starve, does not seem incorrect. Indeed, in saying that one-fourth of the population ~'!- do without aid, it is only on the supposition that the canal authori· ttes will afford a rensonable supply of water to the district. It appears then that, in case the .1:/tariffails, there will be.some 350,000 people to .whom relief must be given. It is in vairi to expect tho;t every exertion possible ean prevent a fearful mortality. The people are so 1·educed by Hisar District. I CHAP. H.-HISTORY. 21

staryation and want that their bodies are almost rotten; the least blow Obapter;n. brings on a festering sore.. 'fo use physical force to such is impossible. History. Ma.ny of them a.oo so wild with hunger, and others wish to get more than their share by scrambling, that orders to keep quiet and to wait ' The fn.mine of till the turn of each person come• are quite unheeded, and as soon o.s 1869·70- the food is brought, a general rush takes place, and the people shove \'nd scramble like so many wild hea.sts. " . Early in September a little rain fell, but prices s-till rose, wheat selling at 8! seers per rupee; and during the last week of August and the first of September 125,710 persons received relief. But about the 7th ·or September the abundant rain, so long withheld, fell at last. The worst was now over. The immigrants began to move homewa,rds; the number receiving rclieffell to 35,939 during the last week of October, and a final grant of R& 4,500 qn the · 29th of November closed the accounts of the Central Relief Com­ mittee with this-district, to which it had sent during' the year R& 35,500. It is said that 300,000 cattle died during this fu.mine in the two districts of Sirsa and Hisar. · . The record of district officers before the yeat· 1867 is not forth­ Deputy Comml.t· aionera sioL-e anoe:a:a c~ming. Since ~hen the following officers have held charge of the · tioo. district:- · . · · - · · Ool~nel T. :F: .Forster, 1867-80; Mr. M. Mac:mliffe, 1880-81 ; Major W. G. Parker, March to' October 1881; Mr; Ogilvie, October' · 1881; to date. : ' · · Some conception of the development of the district since it Development aioco cam,.e into our hands may be gathered from Table ·No. II, which annexatioo. gives' some of the leading statistics for five-yearly periods, so far as they rue available; ·w:hile most of the other tables appended to this work give comparative figures for the last few years. In the · case of -Table No. II, it is probable that the figures are not always strictly . comparable, their basis not being the same in all cases from one period to another. But the figures ~ay be accep~d as !!bowing in general terms the nature and extent of the advance ,made. · [Punjab Gazetteer,

CHAPTER III.

THE PEOPLE_

_Chapter III, _A. SECTION A.-STATISTICAL. Sta.tistioal. ' Table No. V giv~ separate statistics for'_each ta/,.,1, and· for Diottibution of the' whol_e distn_'ct, of the distribution of pjula:ti.on. over .towns popnlAtion. d h li hi! h and vt11o:ges, over a.;ea. an among. ouses an. fa tm es ; w e t e number of houses m each town ~ shown m Table No. ·XLIII. The statistics for the district as a whole give'the following figures. Further information will . be found in Chapter II of the Censlfs · Report of l88I :- , ' · , . · { Persons · 84 ·90 Percentage of totalpoPutat~On who live in villages Ma.les 85•2.'J: Females ... , ••. 84'51 Average n1ml population per village · - 68& Average total population per village and town 799 Number of villages per 100 square miles .. : , IS. Average diat&nce from village to village, in miles .. , ... ' ... ·- Jl•53· · { Total ar"" { Total population 143- . ' ' Rura.l population 121 Dcnoityof. pupulationl!"roquaremileof Cultivated """"j Total population 27S _ Rural population 2.~1> Culturable a..,. { Total population 154 • ' ' • . · Rural-population 13l N ~mber of resident fo.milie~ per occupied ~ouse ~ ~!~sea ·· ~ f::~ Numberofperoonoperoccupiedhouoe -~Villages· 7'03o Towns .... 6·22' Numberofpors~noperrooidentfamiiy' ( Village.~~ 4·79 . t Towns . 4·1& Migration and birth· T bl N VI h th. .. • I d' t. t. d St . . h , place of population. • a e '?· . s ows e prmctpa IS ~1c _s. an ates w1t whtch the · dtstnct hns exchanged population, the number of migrants in each direction, and the distribution of immigrants by tal!81la. Further details will be found in Table No. XI and in sup­ plementary Tables C! to H. of the Census Report for 1881, while the 'vhole subject is discussed at length in Part II. of Chapter III of the same report. The. totn_l ~in and l?ss to the di~trict by Proportion per mille of tc?tal mlgrntlon IS shown m the margm: The population. to.tal number of residents born out of the · district is 112,874, of whom 62,420 are \Gain.\ Lo88. males and 50,47 4 females. The number of people born in the distriCt nnd living Persona 2"24 136 in other parts of the Punjab is 68,706, "Males ... I· 229 92 of whom 25,105 are males and 43 601 Females 188 188 females. The 6gures given on the opp~site page show the general distribution of the population by birth-place. Hisar District. l CHAP. Ilf.-THE PEOPLE. 23·

Chapter Ill, A.. . PROPORTION' PBR liiLLB Of REBlD~~"'T POPULATION • I Stetistiool Rural Population. Urban Population: Toto.! P<•pulntioo. Migmtion and birth­ BoaN IN place of populatiou,

.; -~ "il ~.!i"S el.!il ~ '"il '- . .. ~= .f ~ ' . . - );! ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ ~- ~ The district ... 'i17 -s01 7s8 734 686- 7il --m- 782- r.o The province ... 855 027 888 871 - 861 808 857 017 885 India. ·... 1,000 1;000 11,000 1,000 \1,000 1,000 1,QOO 11,000 1,000 Asia. ... 1,000 l·l·l·l·l·l·J·l·1 The followmg remarks on the mtgrat10n-- to and. from Htsar are takeri from· the Census Report:- . "The .only tracts besides Rohtak which m!Lrch with Hisar Rre the Nati.ve States, Rajputaria., and Sirsa. From the two first it has received a_Ja.rge surplus of population," which is .. natural result of the introduc­ . tion of canal irrigation and the great development of the Hisar district ut1der our. rule. The Sirsa district, however, has practically been populated since we received it, and· here the movement of population has been in the other direction. Hisar lies between the fertile districts of K~rnal and Rohtak .on the east, and the far Jess fertile Native States i:r.n:d R:ijputana on the other three sides, and it. has given to the former and taken from the latter. _·The IO\V proportion of males shows that the · migration in the case of Rohta!t o.nd is chiefly reciprocnl. The sa.mjl test shows that the emigration, except to Sirsa, ·is largely of the same type. The moderate proportion of males. (neither as high as in temporary nor as low as ,in reciprocal migration) among the immigrants from Sirsa., the Native States and Rajputano., an!I the emigrants to Sirsa, sl;lows how lo.rgely these movements are perm•nent. · A P"rt of the movement eastwards was probably due to drought which drove the cattle towards the river o.nd cano.l in seo.rch of pasture. llluch of the jmruigration dates from the. famine of Sarnhat 1840, when a largo portion of the district was almost wholly deserted by its inhabitants." · The tide of immigration to which the district owes its popula­ tion has now ceased, nil available lnnd having been taken up. But in seasons of drought and scarcity, and: these are all t.oo frequent, numbers of the poorer cla•ses from- beyond the hordor flock int.o British territory in .search of food and employment. With tho return of prosperous seasons, however," they find their way hack to their homes in Bikanet:. As a counterpoise to theRe immigrations in years of scarcity, number~ of the poor, principally Chamar.•, Pachoha-ias an•l 'Ahirs, migrate frO!IJ the district towards Dehli, Ambala and the Satlaj, i,n search of emrloyment. But instead o£ remaining, as a few years a

. Unfortunately the boundaries of the qistrict have changed EO much oince the Census of ·1853 that it is impossible to make a . reully accurate comparison. l'he area has increased since that date, and the real increase in. yopnlation is smaller tha~ would ·appear from the figures. It Wll be seen that t-he annual mcrease of population per 10,000 since 1868 has been 15 .for- m.tles, .48 for. females, and 30 for persons, at 'which rate the male population would be doubled in 448·3 years, the female il) 143·8 · years, and the total population in 228·4 ysars. Supposing the same- rate of increase to hold good for th~ next ten years, the population fo"r each year would be, in hundreds-

Year. Persons. I Malee. ' Fema.l~. Females~ ~ Pcrsons,1 M•:·~ 1881 004,2 272.3 . 231 9 513,5 I 274,8 · 238,7 1882 ooo,7 2i2,7 2-13:0 16118 515,0 . 2i5,2 239,9 1883 50i,3 2i3,1 234,2 1889 516,6 2i5,7 241,0 1884 508,8 273,5 2-1;;,3 .1890 518,1 ~6.1. 24e) o) 1885 510,3 273,9 2:;6,4 1891 519,7 276,o 243,4-·- 1886 5"!1,9 2i4,4 23i,6 . I - But it is probable that the rate of incre3se 'Yill bo highe1· than this, ns the Census of 1881 was taken at the end of n period of distress which 1\ild reduced the population,. not only .by impairino­ the fecundity of the people, but also by driving them to mov~ elsewhere in search of pasture or employment. The increase in' urban population since 1868 has been smaller than that in rural population, the numbers living in 1881 for every-100 living in 1868 being 102 for urban and 104 for total population, This is probably due to the attraction of the mercantile populatio11 to the line of rn.ilway. The populations of individual towns at the respective enumerations are sh·own under their several headings in Uhapter VI, Within the district the Tocal populaUon.' [•=ntogcpopulation ~~of mcrease of population Taluit. 1881 QD th&t since 1868 for · th- 1868 18Sl • of 1868. e . . various tahsfis is sho wn in the margiiU- On t his· Rl..,. .. 10i,.f.42 98,106 ., subject . the Deplit Hn.nfll .. l:M,4().1 1:10,tH4 lOS y Bhiwn.nt .. lO~,liO l();I,M>ti Commissioner wrote as 1\n.rwn..la ti6,'.!tl6 i~,f,.f!) .. .. liS Fo.tob~&.bod .. Ml,4tili !):l,:.l~ 116 follows in his report Total diatrfct. • .. 4o,t;;"s M»,lSS 101 on the District Censu s - of 1..881: - ~ .Tlm.«o figure-A rtn not .A~e W1th the tnthh"hcoi fi):1ll'CJI or the CODJIUA Roport of lAA.'J fr'lt' the :.!';1~,!\~~~f!.. The~· ~re \;t.ken {rom the regtsten lu tho dUtrict offi.c::e, and &~:e tho boit figuro1 Hisar District. J CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

·u In the Hisllr tal.a{l there is 1\ decrease of 9,336, which is attri­ Chapter III, A. buted partly to the large number of deaths from cholern, which occurred in 1879, and partly to the fact of numbers of people having emigrated Statistical. in consequence of successive dry seasons. In the .Bhiwtlni tal•Ml there Increuo Bnd is a. decrease of 614, which is not of sufficient importance to need decr-=uo of popu~ rem

0 ~ ,_ ...... 0 ~ ~ . a:"' "' ...... "' ...."' ...... "' ...."' ...... "' .. "' ~~ "'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "' > " • "' "' "' "' "' "' "' "' "' "' ·-"' "' "' <" ------1'")lcs - 9 25 15 19 16 12 17 18 -12- 12 25 41 21 27 19 ltemales 8 22114 18 1(1 12 16 18 12 12 24 43 20 26 19 Persons 9 -24_ 15 19 16 12 16 18 12 12 25 42 20 27 19

The -regiStrat10n IS st1ll1mperfect,- ~hough 1t 18 yearly Improv­ ing; but th'l figures -always fall short of the facts, and the fluctua­ tions probably correspond, allowing for ·a regular increase due to improved registration, fairly closely with the actual fluctuations in thE! births and deaths. Th_e historical retrospect which forms the first part of Dhapter Til of the Census Report of 1881, and especially the annual chronicle from 1849 to 1881, which will be . ·found at page 1ij) of that report, throw some light on the fluctua- tions. Such further details as to birth and death-rates in individual ~wns as are available, ·will be found in Table No. XLIV, and under the headings of the several towns in Chapter VI. . The figures for ·age, sex and civil condition are given in great Age, ecx, aml civil detail in Tables ;Nos. IV to VTI of the Census Report of 1881; while condition. the numbers of the-sexes for each religion will be found in Table -No. VTI appended to the present work. The age statistics must be ta]l:Jln subject to limitations~ which 'vill be found fully discussed in Chapter VII of the Census Report. Their value rapidly diminishes as the numbers dealt with become smaller; and lt is unneces.qary here to give actual figures, or any statistics for tdhAU!. · The figures given on the next page show the distribution by age of every 10,000 of the population according t<& the Census fignrcs. . 4 [ Punajb Gazetteer, 26 CHAP,. III,:._THE PEOPLE. - Chapter ni, A. . I 0-1 l-2 2-3 3~4 4-5 0-5 1 5~io 10-15 15-20 Statistical. Age, aex, and civil ------·-- PerBona ... 347 221 195 270 284 1,317 1,258 1,110 --903 conditiou. · Males ... 328 205 181 247 273 1,234 1,247 1,164 960 Fcma.lee ... 369 240 .210 297 297 1,413 . 1,271 1,047 836 - 1 ri.-J~c""-"'~c'" 45-50 150-55~55c-60 over60 . -·-- Persona ... 1,013 851 855 468 686 319 ----519 ----,163 --538 Males •. . 1,007 866 ' 830 484 643 353 520 187 505 Females ... 1,020 834 884. 449 737 280 517 135 577

The nu~ber of males among every 10,000 of both sexes 1s •------~--~---~-~-- shown i~ ,the • ___!'_op_• __m..;t_.io_n __ • __· --:-::\Vill:n::g•.I-T-own"'::-:···_--_-1-T-o_ta_l_. -_ ::r~· ·a;h:::h · 1 1855 5,530 . successive enu- AU religiona ... 1_{ 1868 5,506 meration isalmost - 1881 ... 5,421 "5,282 5,400 certainly due to Hindus ... 1881 ... 5,431 5,308 5,414 Sikhs ... 1881 ... ·5,665 5,408 5,547 ·greater· accuracy Jaiua ... 1881 ... 5,.100 4,862 5,090 of enumeration. MUialmAna ... 1881 ... 5,384 5,226 5,358 In the Census of . . . 1881;thenumber of females-per 1,000 males in the earlier years of life was found -- to be as shown in the margin. Year of All reli- Musa.l- The figures for civil ·condition life. gions. Hindus. mOns, ' are. given in Tabl!l No. X. which shows the· ·actual number of 0-1 957 938 1,020-- . single, married, and wid_owed for 1-2 998 997 1,000 each sex. in each religion,- and also 2-3 086 970 1,037 3-4 1,026 ...... the ~tribution by c1vil condition 4-5 925 ...... of the total number of. each sex in . eachage-perio

Leprous 000 ~'" 5 000 the Census Report for 1881 give further details of the . • age and religion of the infirm. The figures given b~low show the composition of the Christian European and ~:11111 population and the respective numbers who returned their birth- aiau population, place and their language as European. They are taken from Tables . Nos. lilA,. IX, and XI, ·of the Census Report for 1881 :- - Details• .Males. Females. Ponona. . - ·-.:: g Europeans a.nd Americans ... 25 16 41 0 ~· ... "4 • :z -:;· Eurasians • 000 4 8 Q) .:s;; Native Christiana ... 5 .l 6 0 ~ ... ~-=o.., 0 Total Christians ... 34 21 55

- 0 ' English oo• 31 51 ... 20 1 g,. Other .Enfopean languages ... 000 •oo ,g: j Total EuroPean-languages ... 31 20 51

~ritish Isles 7 5 - 12 .s~ Other European countries::: 1 000 1 ~-a. Tota.l European countries ... 8 . 5]3 But the figures for the races of Christians, which are discussed ~n Part Vll of Chapter IV of the Census Report, are very untrust­ worthy ; and is it certain that many who were really Eurasians returned themselves as Europeans. · · '

SECTION B.-RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL LIFE.

· The dwellings of the country people, as elsewhere, are mere Boatel. hovels, built generally of mud ; where the soil is not of sufficient consistency for building purposes, a few thatched poles, often without doors, form the only semblance of a hoWls in a native village. . The shop-keepers' houses are, as a ·rule, somewhat superior. In the houses of the poorer classes, a bed ( clufrpai) or two, and a · few earthen ves~els, form the sole furniture. The better class of peasant proprietor and the village shop-keeper will own a few vessels of brass or copper, but with this exception there will not he found any very ·great differences in the style of furniture. Houses divided into separate rooms are very rare. [Punjab Gazetteer, •• • 28 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

Chapter III, B .. The only peculiarity worthy of note in the dress of the · Reliljious and people of the district is, the winter raiment of the Bishnoi women, Soo1al Life. which consists of a woollen wrap or orlma which covers the bead Dress. ·and falls below the knee, a bod dice or angm-klw. of cotton cloth, and a woollen petticoat called dlwbla. Food. The staple food of the district is spiked m11let (bajra) and moil•. These, in ordinary years, form almost the sole food of the rustic population, except in the canal villages, where wheat and rice are grown. Here even the coarser grains are more commonly,;onsumed by the people themselves, the better kinds being taken to the market. ·The towns-people, too, nnd the better class of shop-keepers eat wheat. Vegetables form an important article 'in the people's diet, while sugar and gld (clarified butter) are retained for great occasions, and only indulged in as a treat.. The ordinary time for eating is at about nine Ol' ten in the morning, and eight or nine at night; but there can scarcely be said to be any fixed rule, for the. - men working in the fields often refresh themselves at odd ·hours, or take their food whenever they find it. most convenient with regar4 ~~ Grain. Agricul· Non.ngri· turists. culturieta. the exigencies of their daily toil. - In a note regarding the food_ of the -- Seers. Seers. people furnished by the· -district Bajra ... 1,275 354 authorities for the Famine Report ltloth 255 of 1879, theavera~e annual consump­ Wheat ...... 237 Gram ...... 118 tion of food-grams by a family Afring ...... 158 consisting of a man and wife, two Urd ...... - 78 children, and _an old person, "was Total ... 1,530 945 estimated to be as shown in the I margin. General statistics Table No. Vll shows the numbers in each tal

Hindu '" 7,707 7,153 7,624 limitations su bjectto Sikh ... 40 187 62 - which these figures Jain ... 38 . 195 62 must be taken, and Musa.lman ~,~15 2,459 '2:,251 ChriatiaD ...... 6 1 .especially the rule 1 followed · in the classllicat.IOn ol llmdus, are fully d1scussed m Part I, Chapter IV, of the Census Report. The Sect. Rural Total distribution of every . populntion. populntion. 1,000 of the Musalmltn - population by sect is Suunis ...... 998 998 shown in the run rgin. Shiahs ...... 0.3 0.3 . The sects of the Chris­ Others and unspecified 2.2' 1.8 . 1 tian population are given in Table No. IliA of . the Census Report ; but the figure.'! are, for reasons explain_cd· in, Hisa.r District. ~ CHAP. DI.-THE PEOPLE. 29 Part VII, Chapter IV, of the Report, so very imperfect that it is Chapter III, B. not worth while to reproduce them here. Table No. IX shows the Religious and religion of the major castes and tribes of the district, and there- Social life. fore the distribution by caste of the great majority of the followers Oonaral ata.tlatica of each religion. A brief description of tho great reli:£ons of the and distribution of Punjab and of their principal sects will be found in vhaptor IV roligiooa. of the ·Census Report. The religious practice nod belief of the district pre~ent no special peculiarities ; and it would be out of place to· enter here into any disquisition on the general question. The general distribution of religions by !

Chapter III, B. !Lnd to. raise contributions. The Aggarwtila. Bani~ are particularly sought after on this occasion;. ·Their original emigra.tion from Agroha., Reli!fious and beyond Hariana, was no doubt once .considered a sufficient reason why Soc1al Life. the symbols of their illustrious countryman, Guga., should be paraded Gcncro.letatiatiCII before their eyes. But perhaps fe,v in these_ times have ever thought aucl diatribntion of why the Aggarwalas are supposed to be, more than any other class, religions. especially favourable to Golga., and the. present continuance of .the ceremony on the return of the proper season, after all knowledge of its origin has utterly faded from remembrance, shows tlie marvellous permanence which usages, in themselves puerile, will sometimes attain when they are commemorative of an historical fact." The goddess Dcvi is worshipped most commonly under the name of Sitla, or amnii-pox. Her shrines are found everywhere throughout the district, nnd arc visited with the. hope 'of a vertin 0' small-pox. The principal shrine ·is at Dhananai about 15 mile'; south of the town of Hansi. From 1,000 to 1,500 persons attend ~ 'ye~~y fair nt this place in the. month of Chait ~March~April), rbe BlShnols are separately desCrlhed below (pages 37' 38). - ' Religious gnthorin~. The religious gatherings of the district are numerous, but none are frequented by strangers from a distance. Some have been nlrendy alluded to. Of the others only the following require notice:-At ;Elansi there is n fair known as Kutu.b Shah ka .Mela, held in the month of Sanwnn (July-August), and another, called Mi1•an Sahib ka Mela, held in the m·onth of Chait (March-April), but the ~onconrse of people is not large. A fair cnlled Devi ka Mela is held half-yearly in the villages of Banbhanri, Umra and Deosar. At Dhnnann, n S{tla 11Jela in honor of Devi Sitla (small­ pox) is held once n yenr 'in the ·month of Chait (March-April);' and at Knrmarn in the Fatehiibad taltsfl a fair cnlled Skeorat1i ka Mela is held in Phagan (FebrunrycMarch). At this gathering MaMdeo is the object of worship. The fair is said 'to date from the time of Yudishtarn. The present temple was erected in 1824 · by one Hari Singh of Patinla. · · • Language. Table No. VIII shows the numbers whO speak each of the principal languages current in the district separately for each taksf1 nnd for tho whole district: More detailed information will be found in Table No. IX' of the Census Report Sor 1881 ; .while in Chapter V of the same Proportion per report the several lan­ Langungc. 10,000 of popu- guagesnrebrieflydiscnsscd.· . - lation. The fiR"res in the margin give thO distribution of every 10,000 of the popu­ HindustAni ...... 7,849 lation by language, omit­ 1ltlgri ...... 1,107 Punj~bi ...... ) ,042 ting small figures. Punjabi All Indion lnnguagea . ... . 9,999 is spoken chiefly in the Non·lndian langunges ... l north and ·· Bagri in the south of the district. ' - . Education. Table No. XIII gives st.~tistics of education as ascertained at -the Census of 1881 for each religion and for the tot.~! population of each tahsil. The figures for female education are probably very Illsar District. J CHAP. lli.-1'HE PEOPLE. 31 imperfect indeed.· Tho Chapter III, B. Education.· I Rural Total po· :POp~lo.tion. pulation. figures in tha margin Religious and ' show thcnumbercducnt- Social Life, Under instruction ... . 33 63 ed among e\·ory 10,000 E

1880-81 1881-82. Towns. Villages. Towne. I Villages. I - Number of licenses ... 293 278 274 273 Amount of fees ... 7,465 3,540 '5,835 3,505 But the numbers affected by tbe>e taxes are small. It may bo said generally that a very large proportion of the· artisans in tho towns. are. extrem~Iy poor, while their fellows in the villa cocs el"d [Punjab Gazetteer,

. 32 C:I~P. 111.-THE PEOPLE. Chapter III, 0. scarcely less dependent upon the nature of the h~rvest than nrc the nr~riculturists themselves, their fees often taking the form of. n Tribeg and Caetes. fixed ~bare of the produce ; while even where this is not the case, the demand for their products necessarily varies with the prosperity Poverty or woo.ltb of tho people. of their customers. Perhaps the leather-workers should be excepted, as they derive considerable gains from the hides of the cattle which die in a year of drought. The circumstances of the agricultural classes nre discussed below at pages 44, 45. It is estimated that the ordinary household expenditure of a peasant family in easy circumstances· ayernges from Rs. 8 to 10 per month, ., while that· of a shop-keeper would be as much as Rs. 15 or 20. The ordinary peasant is certainly not so well off as the ·small shop­ keeper, who generally manages to turn a monthly profit at least equal to his expenditure of Rs. 20; while if be is rich . enour~b to turn money-lender, even on the smallest sca1e, his profits are c~nsiderable. It is estimated that in Chak Ba~ar it would require a holding of 60 acres, or in the Hariana and N ali Chak a holding of 30 acres, to bring in a net income of Rs. 8 to· a pcnsnnt proprietor. Loans are principally conilucte.d through the village banias, each of whom bas his circle of clients in his own and a few neighbouring villages. The rates of interest vary from 12 per cent. per annum to 37! per cent. It is always calculated monthly. The peasantry are reported .to be much in debt,

SECTION C.-TRIBES AND CASTES.

St.fltietics nnd local Table N6. IX gives the fi~ures for the principal castes and_ dilitribution of tribca ou

No.qfril~""!: Chapter lli, 0. ~longing to Pwrnu. Tribes and Castes. Tansa.. . Statlatic:o and lo

1 Bajput •• 6944103 8'1,707 ,2,636 80,84.2 16 19 58 lluhammadan.., 46 Hindu Yill~ 2 J'at HI 1(19 ~!0 6!,660 1,56,891 2,10,400 48 51 5 do. the l"9t o.lo. 3 Pachh&da :: 19 11 BO 7,914 6,i97 14,711 6 4 .AIIMubauunadan. 4 Bania •• 271037 10,469 15,048 16,502 6 4 All Hindu. 5 Visbnoi •• 8 2 10 8726 1,100 4,8R6 1 1 Ditto. 6 Chtt.ltim .• 67 1 68 .:1,520 .. 43,668 10 10 Skinner e1tatG ?iJ. 14goa. '1 Bnt.hman 10 • 16 . 4,275 2,091 , 6,366 2 ·1 All Hindu. 8 Khatri .. •• .1 -...... 580 440 • • •• Ditto• 9 Gttahain 1 2 ... 010 DJtto. 10 Gujar :: 0 .. 8 2,436 676 8,110 1 1 8 Muhammadan & · 6 Hindu. ll Kumbar .. 1 280 1,2'1'0 1,550 1 •. 1 do. &ado. 12 IWnboh •. .. 86 •• ••. Hindu. IS llali .• 1 ~ :I ..... 200 1 • • Ditto. 14 Ra!n •• S 2,250 •• 250 2,500 HuhiWlrnAdan. 15 Dogar •• 8 ~ ~I 750 6,701 6,451 1 1 Ditto. 16 Satyad •• 8 2 I o 620 8,460 4,080 1 1 Dttto. 17 Shaikh .. 1 • ... 1,295 1,956 1 Ditto. 18• Mughal •• 8 • 8 11,200 11,200 s Ditto. 19 Pa.tba.n . •• 14 2 16 2,800 7,120' 2 2 Ditto. 20 SukhlambBra •• 29 ••• 29 6,704 6 Dlffctl,l:nt tribe• h· who aro Bukh· lamban.• --11--~l-----~----f----~-- 'J'otol •• 895 2M 009 1,88,298 4,31,244

Nok.-25 Rohta.k. "fillago8 are also included in thb. ThiB shows all "fillagee and toW)cma. The following are the -principal Jat tribes, returned in the J~ta. Census of 1881 :- · • Bainiw41 3,726 SM!gw4n 2,263 B

~ For an account of thia tenure, '" pp. 3P, tO. 5 [Punjab Gazetteer, · CHAP, III.-THE PEOPLE.

Oha.pter III, 0. nA tenants they are not nnfrequently met with. The Deswala Tribes and Jats are to be found principally in the eastern portion of the Ca.etes. district, in the tal

•Tho tonn R.i.nghA.r nc.vcro. denotea any }>articular tribe. See Races, North- • . West Pro\·in..:oe (Bcau1e'a), L p.. 4. . Hiaar District. J CHAP. III.-TllE PEOPLE. 35 the famine. Tlte R.ijpUt of Hisar is described ns indolent, and· Ohapter III, 0. extravagant in his habits. He makes a good soldier, but a most Tribes and indifferent-cultivator, while his realfm·le lies in cattle-lifting. Castes. · The Bhatti Raj puts are' of the Y ndubnn~i stuck, nnd trnco The BhattJa, their descent from the same J aisal who is the ancestor, by n left­ handed marriage, of the Jat Sikh Rajas of Patiala, Jim! and Nablm. Jaisal is said to be the son of one Rasalu, a descendant of Bhatti, or Bbati, a Gadbaun Rajput, who nt some distant periocl emigrated from Mathra to this part of the country. Jnisal raised himself to a position of some importance, and became the founder of the city and State of Jaisalmer in Unjputann. He-is said, however, to ha,·e _ been expelled from his newly founded St.~te* towards the end oi' the 12th century, and to have settled in Hariana. !lis grandson, whose name is variously spelt J umrn or Jnndrn, had 21 ~ons, tho ancestors· of 21 tribes. Among other places, Jaudra l'uunded the town of Ahohar in Sirsa, and there was born Dhum, tho ancestor of the Bhatti chiefs, with whom the English came in contact in J 810 ·a)ld 1818. About a hundered years after the expulsion of Jaisal fro~u Jaisalmer, in 1285, Bersi, the son or grandson of Dhum, seized the celebrated fort ofBhatner. Whether or no this fort took its name from the Bbatti.tribe is a inoot point. Native tradition says that the name originally was Bharatner, and that it was founded by one Raja: Bharat. The only reason for preferring to accept this deriva­ tion, rather than the more obvious deri vution from the Bhattis, is that it is less likely to have been inveuted. However this' may be, the;e is no doubt that the first Bhatti chieftain who established · himself at Bhatner was Bersi. The story is that the fort hnd been neglected for many years, had fallen to ruin, and was in the hands of some Jat marauders. At length, in the reign of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (1246-1266) it was restored, as a barrier to the inroads of Afghan and other im•adel'!l; the fort of Batinda, 40 miles to the north-east, and now in Patiala territory, being restored at the same 'time. At thi~> period Zang~z Khan was in charge of the SV.ba of Lahaur. He was assassinated by order of Ghayas-ud-din Balhan, who succeeded Nasir-uddin on the throne ofDehli; and it was in the confusion that fol\o,ved that Bersi succeeded in occupying the fort ofBhatner. The fate ofBersi is variously narratad. Sir Henr1 Elliot's Glossary relates that the son of Bersi was, after his fathers death, compelled to sustain three several attacks of the Muhammadans, and on the third occasion was reduced to such straits as to be obliged to consent to conversion as the condition of retaining his conquest. On the other band, the Settlement Officer of the district relates most circumstantially that Bersi held the fort till 1331, when a force being sent against him from ·Debli, his sons took part against him and caused him to be assassinated_ One of these sons, by name Bhairu, curried favour by becoming a Musalman, and was left in charge of the fort, Bhairu's descendants fur four generations con­ tinued to hold Bhatuer; but at last Fateh Khan, the reigning chid, becoming turbulent, was expelled by a force sent for his reduction by Bahlol Lod~ whose reign commenced in 1450. ·The Bhatti rule . • Another ::a.cconnt reL1.tcs that the present rulers of Ju.iaalmer are deacendanta of this same J a.llia1. · [Punjab Gazetteer, 36 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE. Ohe.pter III, 0. at Bhatner thus lasted for about 160 years. Fateh Khan, after Tribes and his ex:Pulsion, retired in the direction of Sirsa; nod betook himself ·Castes. to agncultural pursuits; nor do his descendants again emerge into The Dbatlll. notice until the reign of the Emperor Muhammad Shah (1719-1748). In this reign Shahdad KMn, '11azim of Hariaoa, married a daughter of Muhammad Hasan Khan and procured the grant of certain estate.' to his father-in-law. Hasan Khan was succeeded by his son Muhammad Amfn Khan, and this chief in turn, gaining influence by marrying a daughter to the celebrated Najfb-ud-daula, procured tlie title of Nawab and was appointed '1!azim of Hariana. This was a time of disaster for Hariana. What with the incursions of the Sikhs from abroad, and the internal fights and forays of • the Bhatt!s and other wild tribes, the whole country was devastated until, it is said, only eight inhabited villages existed between Hisar and Sirsa. · . • Nawab Amfn Khan died some years before the English conquest of the Marnht.Us in 1803, and was succeeded by his two sons-th& Nawabs Knmar-ud-din and Khan Bahadar Khan. After a while these brothers divided the Bhatti territory; Fatehabad fell to Khan Bahadar Khan, and Sirsa and R.aniya to. Kamar-ud-dfn. The latter died not long after the separation, and was succeeded by his son Namlb Zabta Khan. The Bhatti chiefs, though 'nominally becom­ ing subjects of the English Government in 1803, in fact maintained their independence for several years. Khan Bahadar Khan was the first to fall, his territory being confiscated in 1810.. He after­ wards obtained a life penston of Rs. 1,000 per month, and sq,me representatives of his family who still reside at the village of Majra ore recorded as proprietors of two or three villages. Nawab Zabta IUan, by a timely submission, escaped punishment in 1810. His turn, however, came in 1818, when, as has been already related, his estates were confiscated. A pension of Rs. 1,000 per month was. granted to him for life, which he held until1827, when it descended, reduced to Rs. 500, to his son Ghulam Farid Khan. Ghulam • · Farid died at Raniya in 1847, and his pension was divided; Rs. 2011 per month were given to his son Mfr Samad Khan, and theremainder to other members of the family. In the Mutiny of 1857, however, the spirit of the Bhatti blazed up. Mfr Sa mad Khan proclaimed himself independent, . plundered Sirsa,._ and made incursions in \'arious directions. Afteithe suppression of the Mutiny, he, together with his uncle, Ganhar Ali Khan, was apprehended. Both were tried a?d h~Dged, nnd the family pension; with the exception of small life stipends to the wife and mother of Mfr Samad Khan was finally ~onfiscated. · ' The Bhattls of the present day ar~ all Muhammadans. The date of their conversion is differently attributed to the reiQ'Il of Akbar nnd the i'!'ign ofTaimur. The most probable epoch, ho;ever, of the change Is the conquest of Bhatner in the time of Bersi at the end of the 13th century, as it is clear that either Bersi himael~ ~r his son Bhavin accepted the creed of.lslam as the price of retammg Bhatner. .In. ch~cter ~here is little to distinguish the Bhattls from the1r RtijpU.t neighbours alread.l' described. Hisar District. 1 CHAP. 111.-THE PEOPLE. 37 Together with the Tunwtl.r Rtijputs they hold 59 villages in this Chapter Ill, c. district. · _ Tribes and Another section of the Rtijputs of the district is often confused Castea. with the Bhattfs. These are the Pachha.das or " men of the west," • PaohhAdu. who are also called Bhattis as inhabitants of Bhatitl.na. They have still another name, that of 1' said to be all llluhammadans. Another ctass requiring special mention in the district is that Bilhuo!t, of the Bishnois, a religion~ sect which took its rise during the 15th century A.D. The legend told of the founder is as follows :-He was born in 1451 at Pfpasar in Biktl.ner, of the family of Pun war ~jpUts. When a lad of five/ears old, he used to take his father's herds to water at the well, an had for each head of cattle a peculiar whistle, which it knew and recognized ; at the sound of his whistle, the cows and bullocks would come one by one to the well, drink and go away. One day a man, named Udaji, happened to witness this scene, and, struck with astonishment, attempted to follow the boy when he left the well. He was on horseback and the boy on foot, but, gallop as fast as he would, he could 'not keep up with the walkina pace of the boy. At last, in amazement, he dismounted and threw ~imself at his feet. The boy at once welcomed him by name, though he then saw him for the first time. The bewildered U daji exclaimed "Jambhaji" (omniscient), and henceforth the boy was known by this name. On attaining manhood, Jambhnji lef't his home, and, becoming a faHr, or religious. mendicant, is eaid ' to have remained seated upon a sand hill called St!.mratbal, in Biktl.ner, for a space of 51 years. In 1485 a fearful famine desolated the country, and Jt!.mbhaji gained an enormous number

• The tenn may be derived either from- pachtham-the wcat, or from picloch<-afterwarda• • [Punjab Gazetteer, 38 CHAP. m.-TIIE PEOPLE. Cha.'l)ter III, C. of disciples by providing food for all that would declare their belief in him. He is said to have died on his sand hill, at the Tribes a.nd Castes. good· old age of 84, and to have been buried at a spot about a mile distant from it. His tomb remains to this day, and twice in ·BiahDola. the year is the scene of a well-attended fair. Jambhaji is worshipped by his followers as an incarnation of Vishnu. Their tenets in most points do not materially differ from those of orthodox Hindus. Some peculiarities, however, deserve notice. They do not burn their dead, but bury them in a sitting posture, in the floors of their housos or of the family cattle-shed. . They abhor tobacco, consider­ ing it unclean, and the mere touch of it polluting. Their marriage ceremony is a curious mixture of Hindu and Muhammadan rites, pnssages from the Kuran and the Shastai·s being indiscriminately recitod during its progress. They avoid taking life of any sort, and, should nny animal be accidentally. killed, they bury it. The Bishnois are found also in some numbers in tho Sirsa . district. He•·e, in Hisar, they hold 10 villages as proprietors. They are said to be mostly either Jats or Tarkhans (carpenters) by origin. They are good cultivators, and of thrifty, carefpl · habits. They profer camels to cattle,- using them even for agri­ cultural purposes.

Bani do. There are 37 vi!L"lges in the district o~vned by Banias, but they appear to require no special mention, beyond the fact that the town of Agroha in this distdct is said to be the original seat of the great Aggarwala sub-division of the Bania caste, to which almost all the Banias of the district belong. The Aggarw6.las nre said to' be descended from one Raja U ggar Sain, the founder of Agroha. On the capture of Agroha by Shaba.b-nd-din Ghauri, the Aggarwalas emigrated to all parts of India. BrAhm•na. The Brahman ca8te is represented in the district by Gaur • Sarsut and Gujrati Brahmans ; also by a clan locally known as Khandehvals, who assert that theY' came originally from Nathila­ But the vast majority are Gaurs. These branches are all separated from the other by caste prejudice, and will not eat or smoke together. Each of 'the tribes mentioned is represented among ·the a"ri­ cultnrnlists of tho district, and, together, they nre recorded" as owning 15 villages. The rustic Brahmans are said to think much less .of the caste distinctions between their severn! sub-divisions than do the d welltws in the towns. The Sarsut Brahmans are said . to eat meat, nnd are altogether not so particular as- the Gnnr . · Bralunnns .. They will t.~ke charity from castes from whom the Gnnr Brahman would refuse it. Some few of the Gaur Brahmans belon" . t? the T~g6.. sub-divi~ion. The:y st."\te that they were_ hroug'bt mto the dtr;tr~et by RaJa JanamaJaya for the purpose of extcnn!nat!ng-snakes,-a tradition which Sir H. Elliot explains by supposmg tt to refer to wars waged against a Scythian race the founder~ of the serpent dynasties ofnorthen~ India. . ' Risa.r District. 1

CH,~P. lll.-TllE PEOPLE. 3!1 SECTION D.-VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AND TENURES. Table No. XV shows the number of villages held in the· Chapter Ill, D. various forms of tenure, as roturned in quinqnenninl Table Vill ~ 0 No. XXXIII of the Administration Report for 1871:1-79. But the 0'tf;~ ,!'.f " accuracy of the figures is moro than doubtful. It is in many cases Tenures. simply impossible to class a village satisfactorily under any one Village t.enurco. of the ordinaril;y: rccogn~s~~ tenures; th~ primary di"':ision of rights between tho mum sub-dtvtstons of the vtllage followmg one form, while the interior -distribution among the several proprietors of each of these sub-divisions follows another form which itself often varies from one sub-division to another. Tho village communities of the district are all of the standard zam{ndar£, pattidari nnd bhayachara types, the last named being by far the most prevalent. The zamf'IUlaJ•! tenures are for the most part in villages which were farmed out when in a. deserted state, an

- The principle of the track l&W ia iba.t if th"J tracks of a bOdy of thie•e• are traced into a rill.age, and not beyond it, tha.t villa.pe boeomea liable to a fine unlua it ca.ugive up the olfendere or pro 1'e that everr effort to 6od them aod give tbeUI up h.. heeD made. - 6 [Punjab Gazetteer, 42 CHAP. lli.-.:THE PEOPLE. Chapter III, D. addition to the revenue for -which they are responsible. There Vill~e Commu- are no chief headmen (a! a lambardu1·) in the district; and zaildars mties and have not yet been appomted. - Tenures. The village income, made up in the main of the rents of Village taxee. common lands, the sale of timber, &c., is swelled by certain village ces.•es, of which the following list is given by the Settlement Officer:-" A ng charai.-Grazing dues levied upon the non~ proprietary classes for the right to graze their cattle upon the village common. Ku?-i-lcamini.-A hearth tax, levied at a rate usually of Rs. 2 per house upon all non-proprietary residents of the village. Da1·anti-gandctsi.-Dues paid for the ·right to cut grass and pala. Dholgoa1·.-"Marriage procession dues, generally Rs. 2. Besides these there is in many villages a small. income derived from letting the right to construct and use saltpetre pa!JS .. · The produce of these cesses is divided among the whole proprietary body. Chaubdehhd The cltaubc1cl•hd or fourfold rate is the name given to a mode, peculiar to this part of the country, of effecting the distri­ bution over the individual members of a village community, of the sum levied by way of revenue upon it as a corporate whole. _The process of distribution is usually left, as much as possible, to the community itself. · The sum total of the assessment is announced, and- the community, through its headmen, or lambardars, is then consulted as to the manner in which the distribution is to be effected. The method of distribution differs with the tenure ; where all the land is held in common (the zamfnda1·'s tenur~), no · distribution is necessary. Where ancestral -right form~ the basis of_ the village economy, and each man's right and liability -is regulated by his relation to· a common ancestor (pattidt£1-i tenure), then, each man's imcestral share being ascertained, the amount of rev en tie to be paid by him is deduced from: that share. If, on the other hand (as is most commonly the case in this district), possession forms the basis for calculation of the rights and liabili~ ties of the members of the-community, each man's liability beiii'g proportionate to 'the amount of land in his possession (bltayaclut?·a tenure), then the distribution is effected by rates calculated in various ways, bnt ordinarily having this in common, that the land is, in the main, made the ba~is of the calculation; ·Some of these modes of d!stribution are exc~edingly complicated, and among them, perhaps, there was none more complicated than the chau­ Mclll.a, now fortunately a thing of the past. Its peculiarity lay in the fact that it aimed at bringing within its operation not only the owners ofland but a!Eo the whole commu,nity, including the shop­ keeper, the weaver, the potter, and all the non-agricutural hangers­ on of the village. In order to effect this object, the land was nob made the sole basis of distribution, but a rate was also levied upon every head of cattle, upon every heuse, and upon every head of the - population. It was, in fact, a combination of four rates. Given the total·~essment, it was divided, ac:ording to the ex;gencies of the season, mto four parts, each of whtch was .raised by its own , rate, one by a rate upon the ·land, another by a rate on the cattle, another by.a rate upon the houses, and the fourth by a poll. rate. - ' • 0 ' :aisar District. l

CHAP. 111.-THE PEOPLE. -43

The object to be gained by this arrangement wo.s that no one might Ohapter III, D. escape altogether from contributing to the revenue, and yet that Village Commu­ the greater share of the burden should fall upon the land. Thus, nities and while-the· village shop-keeper and the village artizan fell under the Tenures. two latter rates o'nly, the .owner of land fell under all four. This Cllaubddlhd. method was introduced into the Hisnr district during the currency ofthe first 10 years settlement (l816-2q) by Mr. Fraser, the Collec­ tor, in order, o.s he thought, to facilitate the collection of the revenue. There was, however, no fixed rule for regulating the propor­ tion of the several rates ; but each year, accurding as the seo.son w"'! good or bad, the amount to be levied by rate upon the land was increo.sed or diminished according as the village authorities might determine, the other rates decreasing or increasing in propor­ tion. This naturally gave rise to much injustice and oppression to the weaker members of the community. Attention wo.s drawn to this fact by the Settlement Officer of 18*0; and the system wo.s so far modified that rates for the levy of grazing dues and the hearth-tax were definitively fixed, the powet being removed· from · the lambardars of arbitrarily increasing them. The chau.bachluf, thU.. modified, was still in vo~ue in a few villages up to the time of the Settlement of 1864. It nas now been replaced by a rateable distribution of the assessment over the land alone. The relics, however, of the system are still extant in the grazing dues and rates already mentioned. The revenue is no1v distributed ove_r the­ land alone, but the proprietors receive the dues, jn deference to the custom which in former years relieved them of a portion of the burden of the revenue. The chau.bdchht£ was most prevalent in the Hansi and Barwala tahslls, where the original proprietors-Desi J ats and Raj puts-held their own. · In _other parts of the district it wo.s only introduced in the older villages held by the same classes, and not among the recent Bagri aud other settlers. The four items upon which the rate was 'levied are given o.s described by the Settlement Officers both of Rohtak and Hisar. The former officer gl.-es the four headings as follows :-Kuri-a hearth rate payable by each· separate family (kuri signifying a hearth). Pag-a poll rate payable by each gr.own up male (from pagri, a turban). Ang-a cattle or grazing rate (a buffalo being reckoned a full ang and generally taxed 1 rupee, and a cow half an ang., 8 annas). Dluati-(meailing soil) a rate upon the land. . Sir H. Elliot, in his Glossary, gives the heads somewhat differ­ ently. He describes the clutuba.chM as "a levy of revenue on four "things, under the ancient regime, in the Dehli territory; namely, "pag, tag, kuri, or kurU, and punchh ; i.e., pagri, a turban ; tag, a " rag or thread w_orn by a c)lild round its waist ; kUri, a hearth ; and '' punchh£, animals' tails, as of buffaloes, bullocks, ete. The following .is a list of the menials usually found in the VU!age menW.. villages with their local .names: carpenter (kMtf), blacksmith (luhti.r), leather-worker. (chamar), barber (nai), potter (kumMr), water-bearer (Bakka), sweeper (churha). These menials reside • in the villages under the patronage of lambardars and proprietol"l!, [Punjab Gazetteer,

CHAP. lli.--THE PEOPLE.

Oha.pter III,]). and by· custom receive a certain portion of grain at harvest time. . The amount is usually distributed on plou~hs, and varies from ~0 Vill:JtTes0 O,,':;:f~ seers to 10 seers. Potters, carpenters and blacksmiths receive the Tenures. largest shares. The chumars, who are, as a rule, numerous in every Village mooiall. village, receive the skins of all dead cattle in addition to their sha1·e of .:rain. Many members of these menial castes, and especialy the cl,umars, are also agriculturists, and cultivate plots of the village land as tenants-at-will of the proprietors. ,t.griaultural The subject of the employment of field labour, other thau that lAboqrere. of the proprietors or tenants themselves, is thus noticed in answers furnished by the District Officer, and insetted in the Jfamine Report of 1879 (page 712) :- " It is customary for the agriculturists in the districts to employ hired field labourers ; they are generally employed ill weeding and hnrv•sting, and receive two nnnas a d~>y, and one meaL The persons usually so employed are chumdrs, dhatnks, ah!rs, and kumMrs; they do not form a class by themselves, and are not· dependent on• field labour only, but earn their livelihood by handicrafts as well The oonnition of such field labourers is not inferior in respect of. their ability to subsist with fair ease from harvest to harvest in average . years. They usually live on what they earn by field labour and handicrnft, hut in times of scarcity they look to the zamindar who is in the habit of employing _them for assistance; besides what they earn by handicraft and field labour they also get from the village their allow- ance of grain as hakk kamln! at the end of each harvest." - The wages of labour prevailing at different periods are shown in Table No. XXVII, though the figures refer to the labour market of towns rather than to that of villages. - " Potty villnge The last two lines of Table No. XVI show the number of sranteea. persons holding service grants from the village, and the area so held. But the figures refer only to land held free of revenue, which is by no means the only form which these grants assn me. Sometimes the land is leased to the grantee at a favourable rent!, or on condition ~f payment of revenue only ; sometimes the owner cultivates and pays the revenue, making over the produce to tihe grantee; while occasionany the grant consists of the rights of­ property in the land, which,'suhject to the usual incidents, such as responsibility for revenue and the like, vest in the person performing certain specified services at such time and for so long as he performs them. Tliese grants are most commonly made to village menials and watchmen on condition of, or in payment for, services rendered j to attendants at temples, mosques, shrines, or village rest-houses, so long as they perform the duties of the post; and for· maintena~ce of monasteries, holy men, teachers at religious schools, and the hke. . · - .. Poverty or wc•lth . Table No. XXXII gives statistics of sales and mortgages of of the proprietors. land ; Ta.bles Nos. XXXIII and XXXIII A show the operations of the Re~istration Department; and Table No. XXXIX the extent of cwil litigation. But the statistics of. transfers of land are. :xceedingly imperfect ; th.e prices quoted are very generally fict1t10us; and any figures whtch we possess afford but little real. indication of the economical position of the landholders of the disttict, · llisar District.1 CRAP. IlL-THE PEOPLE. 45 The size of holdings varies with the nature of the country, Chapter Ill, D. being naturally largest in the wild sandy tracts to the west of the Vill - Commu- district. In chak Bagar 250 acres would be conHidered a large :fifes and holding for a proprietor. The average holding is about 125 acr''"' Tenures. whil!l very few have as little as 30 acres. In cllllks N ali and Size of holdings. Hariana the average area belonging to one proprietor is about 30 acres, while 75 acres would form a large holding. In these parts some proprietors hold as little as 18 or 19 acres. For a tenant in chak Bagar, 60 acl'es would be a large holding; 18 would be considered very small, the average being about 32 acres. In chak~ Nali and Hariana a large holding for a tenant would he 25 acres, a middle sized one 12!, and 6 acres a very small holding. _ There are no families of note in the district. The following Leading famillu. is a list ·of those entitled to a seat at dm·Mrs :- _ Mirza Hyder Beg, Rals, of Hansi ;. Lala Sohan Lal, Treasurer, of Hisar ; Lala ll.ameshar Das, Notary Public and Banker, of Bhiwani; Sardar Khan, ex-Jamadar, Military Department, now a pensioner, Rais of Hisar; Jairam D&s, Banker, Bhiwaui . • [ PW\i&b lta.zeneer,

CHAPTER IV.

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBU­ TION.

SECTION A.-AGRICULTURE AND LIVE-STOOK. Chapter IV, A. Table No. XIV gives general figures for cultivation and Agj.;oulture irriaation, and for Government waste land; while the rainfall is and Live-etook. sho~vn in Tables Nos. III and III A. and IIIB. Table No. XV:r.I G n ral stati••i•• of shows statistics of Government estates. Table No. XX gives tho 0 ~culture. areas under the principal staples, and Table No. XXI the average yield of each. Statistics of live-stock will be found in Table No. XXII. Further statistics are given under their various headings iu the subsequent paragraphs of this Chapter. Land tenures, tenants, and rent, and the employment of field labour, have already been noticed in Chapter, III Section D. , The aeuona. Tlte total annual fall of rain and the manner in which it is RalufolL distribut~d throughout the year are shown in Tables Nos. III, IliA, IIIB. The table below shows the season of seed time and harvest for the principal staples :- - Namo in Engll.eh :s-ame tn SC3!JOD or Latin Vcrno.culn.r. for sowing. Soaaon for rcapi.bg . Wboat ...... Gandum .. K:l.tik and ]fn.gbar Baio>kh(Aprll-May~ (O..:t.oboJr, NovCU\bct, Decoanbcr). O~CIJ' ...... J•u .. Do• Do. Gram ...... l::LklnlCl .. } Asnuj (Septembqr• Chait (Jll""'h·Aprll). ~{ Clulna. .. October)• MustArd ...... St.rson .. Do • Phagan (Fobruar:r• M&N:h)- .. DJ.an' Asa.rh• (Juno-July) Ka.tik (October· .. November)- • r~·-Grcmt HUlet •• .. JQ1r •• Sanwan (July-.AugUat) Do• 1: SI•ikod do, _, .. U:\jrn. .. Asnr (June-July). Do. Phauolu CI('Oftit(foUau.·. lfo\h Do. 1! .. .. Do• )d /Jo. JUIIIl!70 .. :!.lut~.g .. Do• Do. Do. rndi.lhtt .. !lash .. Do• Do. , lndln.n Com •• .. lia.kkai .. Do.- Do. ,s ...... Til .. Do. Do. Irrigation. . T!'ble No. XIV gives details of irrigation. Further informa­ tion w1ll be found at pages 177 to 203 of Major Wace's Famine RE-port, compiled in 1878. At that time 5 per cent. of the cultiva­ tion was irrigated from canals, 0·11 per cent. from wells, 23 per cent. was flooded, and the remaining 72 per cent. was wholly dependent upon rain. The following figures show the number of wells then existing in the district, with certain statistics regarding them. His&r District. J CIIAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 47

Chap~r BttLLOCttS na ACREII IRRIOA.Ta» IV, A. DI!PTIIOF WA.Tn 'S Wn!:UOR PltRWBICIU, IN FEBT • Con IN RUPEES. i .8~ BDCllET. .. OR BUCKET• AI!Tioulture 'S and'Live-stock. .~~· Without ~ I To llaaonry. Spring. Autumn. From mnsonry • ofNumber· pairs. U.upoe11. In Irrigatlou. --"' ---- ~ 522 20 2,000 !100 • 100 18 ~- 822 I so fo}. • • The most usual depth of water below the surface 1s some 80 feet, but irrigation is not practised at this depth. All wells are worked by the -rope and bucket. Of the 844 wells shown above, 428 are unbricked. - Table No. XXII shows the number of cattle, carts, and Agriculturallmplo. plough~ in each tahsil of the district as returned in 1878-79. Tho menta and lmplements required to cultivate a small holding are a plouah, a appliance•. pair of bullocks, a po1· '(or seed-sower), a Tcassi, a sohdga, or board for smoothing and levelling the furro>vs after grnin has been sown ; a kullwa•i or hatchet; a drwanti for mowing long grass crops, &c. ; a lchu1·pa, for digging up grass; a Tcasola, for weeding; a jeli, or lo~ng wooden prol)g, for lifting and stacking the harvest; a ganddsa, or large coarse kmfe, for cutting p·(.la ; some rope and a wooden yoke. The ordinary cost of these implements represents a capital of pei-haps Rs._100. One plough is calculated to cultivate 18 acres of unirrigated and R acres of canal or sota1· land. . The following description of the use of manure nnd the system 'M&nure and rota.tioa of rotation of crops a• practised in the district, was furnished for the of oropo. - Fam.ine Report of 1879 (page 248) :- · "Percentage of cultivated area which is manured:-

Constu.ntly Occasionally Not Porccntn,:ro of c;!OWI manured. manured. manured. Total. column which n two ormoro cropaannually. Trrlgo.ted Land .. ·-Sb 7•00 90•09 100 ]4•90 Untrrlgatcd land ...... too· 100 t·lG • Total .. 0"16 o·ss 99"46 100 o·sg • I "The average we1ght of mnnure g1ven to the ncre per annum on land constantly manured, is about 600 mnuuds. On lnnd occasionally manured, the amount of manure per acre given is 200 mnunds, and the interval at which it is given is six months. The usual course of cropping prevailing in this district is as follows :-The lnn

Chapter IV, A. in the canal villages. The agricultural knowledge of the people A~i~ture is at a stand-still. Rotation of crops, though to a certain extent and Live-etock. understood, as a rule, is not 'practised. It is never attempted Manure and rotation except upon land' which is capable of producing the superior and of cropa. _ more valuable crops. Manure is used, but only in the cultivation of small plots near wells, or round the village site, set aside for vegetables and other garden produce. - Principal otapl... Table No. XX shows the areas under tha principal agricultural staples. The remaining acre• under I Crop. 11880-81. 188l.at. crop in 1880-81 and- 1881~82. were­ distributed in the manner shown in Mcul(Ura4} .. 4,8i'T 4,.fS4 Jfung .. 26,770 84,7115 the margin. The staple producta of J/ruv.1' .. .. 81,109 the di,trict are bajra (spiked millet);· Tnrmorlo .. 60 ... Cortandft' J,llt 1,00< jawa1• (great millet) ; and gram ( cicer Chlllloa ...• 11117 1,100 Other drup aad. arietinum). The latter is the only lpt~ .. &~ 62'/ MWJtard ...... f,S!)f crop grown to any great extent for the· .. 0,078 7,4.01 spring harvest, and, its cultivation is Tou-4 MirG .. Bomp'" · .. 2'16• • 880• entirely dependent upon the seasons. A'!Uumhla. .. 1,108 16 Otbor CfOPI .. 81,304 5,5M Rice, wheat and :barley are grown · · only upon land -irrigated from the canal or the Ghag:,:ar, the first for the autumn, the ·two latter for the spring he.rvest. The other .items of produce in the autumn harvest on uuirrigated tracts are the common pulses moth (pkaseo­ lus aconitifoti·UB), mdsl' - (pkaseolUB radiatlis), and mung (pkaseolus mu.ngo). Of drugs and spices, tobacco and coriander are grown to some extent for the spring harvest, and chillies for that of the autumn. The tobacco grown is prO'bably not filore than enough for local consumption, but corjander appears to be cultivated heremore largely than in any other district; Tneoil-seeds, · sa·rson (tnusta.rd), and til {stsamum orimtale) are grown somewhat largely for the autumn harvest. Cotton also in favourable seasons is grow-n extensively as an autumn crop in canal villages. - Avera,. yield. Pro-· . Table No. XXI shows the estimated average yield in pounqs !':~:\:o":t 1"::!: p~r acre of each of the principal staples as shown in the Ad minis- ' . graiuL · tration Report of 1881-82. The avemge consumption of food per head has already been noticed at page 28. The total consump"' · tion of food-grains by Agrie..t· N'on-Agri~ Gra.In...... culturiata• TotaL · the population of the.. district as estimated . Wb ..t .. 150,201 169,201 Inferior anina .. 2,22i.736 238,.S08 2,{60,.5a8 in 1878 for thepurposes Pulaoe .. . .. W,OM . 2:18,803 003,867 of the Famine Report Total .. .. 2,d76,789 636,8071 8,818,506 is shown. in maunds in the margin. The figures are based upon an estimated population of 484,681. souls: On the other hand, the average consumption per head is believed to have been over-estimated. A· rough estimate of the total production, ex~orts, and, imports of· food-grains .was also framed at the same tJ.me; and tt was stated· (page 151, Famine Report) that there was an annual· av_l!rage surplus etf some nine l~hs of maunds availablto for export,_ consistin~ chiefly of Mjra "•u'llg, .,wlk, and gram, and sent to Btk4ner, J&Jpur, Jodhpur, and Dehli. Hiso.r District.]

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION ..I...'ID DISTltiDUnO!;'. ~9 Table No. XXII shows the live-stock of the district as returned Ohaptsr IV, A, in the Administration Report at various periods. Huritlna has Agriculture always been famous for it.q cattle. A good specimen of the breed and Live·stock, stands six feet high, and is a splendid animal. These bulls are for Cattle, the most part white, with massive head and forehead, and a chest and back that would delight the eyes of an English farmer. A selected pair of these bullocks will now fetch ns much as Rs. 400. They are bought by native· gentlemen and merchants from all parts of Northern India. The Government cattle farm has done much to improve and perpetuate the breed. Bullocks, buffaloes and even camels are employed in agricultural operations. It is by no means uncommon to see camels drawing the plough. 'fhe price of an ordinary plough bullock is on an average about Rs. 50, and the lowest price Rs. 20. The price of a buffalo ranges from F.s. 10 to Rs. 30. Camels for burden fetch from Rs. 60 to Rs. 100. Sheep and goats are reared for wool, of which there is a large export, even more than for food, and their prices range from Rs. 3 toRe. 1 <'ach. Milch-cows are worth from Rs. 15 to Rs. 50 and 60, and milch-buffaloes from Rs. 30 to Rs. 70 each. A recent estimate by' the Deputy Commissioner states the stock of the district as follows :-Cows and bullocks 295,5~8; buffaloes 50,616; sheep 47,749; camels 17,001. The principal fair of the district, in fact the only one a.t which Hw.r Cattle Fair. it is officially estimated that more than 10,000 persons usually assemble, is the cattle fair held at the town of Hisar twice a year in March and October. The fair on each occasion lasts for 20 days: and the usual ·attendance is estimated at 25,000, of which tmmber about 10,000 are estimated to be strangers from a distance. Food is obtainable from the local merchants, but no arrangements are made for housing the visitors. Large numbers of cattle are brought in . for sale from RB.jp6.t8.na., especially from the Bagar country. Purchasers attend from all parts of the province, and from the direction ofSahB.ra.npur and Merat in the North-West I',ovinces, and a brisk business is always done. Year by year the fairs are increasing in importance and popularity. The munici- pality derive a. considerable revenue from the dues collected, only one-tenth of which is credited to Government. The Hisar . furm dates from the year A.D. 1813, when it was Ridr Cattle Farm. instituted by Major Livingstone. The objects of the farm are, first, to breed bullocks of superior size and quality for ordnance purposes ; and, secondly, to provide and to distribute generally for breeding purposes, high-class bulls. The locality is in every respect well chosen .. The grazing lands, comprieing an area o£ 6,7.63 square miles, or 43,287 acrC8, afford excellent pasturage for t)le cattle of good and nutritious grasses all the year round, except in seasons of drought; and numerous, tanks scattered over the country give a full supply of drinking water. The district is noted for a breed of cattle called Hmiantih. , Cross-breeding between cows of tl1is sort and other kinds of godd bulls is much practised. They produce powerful cattle for heavy draught. The pure breeds of cattle maintained in the farm are: G6.jrat, Ungole, Nagore and l\lysorc. These. breeds · arc good in themselves. It is with 7 t PUIJj a.b Ga.zotteer, ·50 'CiiA.P. IV.-PRODUCTION .A..lliD DISTRIBUTION • • ,Oha.pter IV, A. bulls of the first three kinds thnt the Hm-icln&h cows are usually Agriculture crossed.. There is a CC)nstautly increasing demand for Hisar bulls for .and Live-stock. breeding purposes-an indication that their excellence is appreciated• Jliaar .Cattle l!'arm. They are certainly superior to the produce of any other !arm. The farm lands lie east, west and north of th~ town of Hisar. The boundary is marked by masonry pillars. There are· three farms, called _the Home, the Salli and the Chaoni farms. Tho Home farm lies east of the town, about 200 yards from the Mori gate. The Salli farm is 5! miles to north-west, and the Chaoni farm about 2 miles to the south-west of the town. The farm lands are classed as culturo.ble waste. ·The soil si •·ausli. There is no irrigation except of a small area, about 300 'b!gahs,_fiom the Western Jamna-ca.nal. On this arE_) raised fodder -crops. The natural productions are various kinds of gras;;es, of which in ordinary years there is amost luxuriant crop. The best "kinds, yielding both grain and fodder, are the following :-.A njan. '4amak and pali'l'ijee gandki, su!'W

SECTION B.-OCCUPATIONS, INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE. Table No. XXIII shows· the J>rincipal occupations followed Occul"'tious of tbo by males of over 15 years of age as returned at the Census of 1881. people, But the figures are perhaps the least satisfactory of all the_ Census statistics, for reasons explained fully in the Census Report; and ~hey must be taken subject to limitations which are given in some detail in Part II, Chapter VIII, of the same Report. The . figur&s in Table No. XXIII refer only to the population of 15 years of age and over. The figures in the margin show the Population. Towns. Villngos. distribution of the whole /opu­ lation into agricultural au non­ Agricultural .. 18, llS 800,111 Non-aorlcultutal .. 68,00:> 118,8{14 agricultural, calculated on the assumption that the number of Total .. ':'tJ,usJ 428,005 • women and children dependent upon each male of over 15 yeam of age is the same whatever hi.q occupation. These figures, how­ ever, include as agricultural only such part of the population as. are agriculturists pure and simple; and exclude not only the­ considerable number who combine agriculture with other occupa­ tions,. out also the much larger number who depend in great measure for their livelihood upon the yield of agricultural operations. More detailed figures for the occupations of both males and females will be found at pages 79 to 87 of Table No. XHA and in Table No. XIIB · of the Census Report of 1881. The figures for female occupation, however, are exceedingly incomplete. Table No. XXIV gives statistics of the manufactures of .the' Principal U.dustries district as they stood in 1881-82. The district of Hisar has no and mawdacture1. manufactures of importance. -The manufacture of saltpetre has been already alluded to. It is made by banitf8, who pay small fees as seignorage to the owners of the village where it is made. It is not refined in thE~ district, but sent in the rough to Farrukh- aMd in the North-West Provinces. The traders of FarrnkMbad [Punjab Gazetteer. 62 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Ohapter IV, B. refine it and send it on to Calcutta. ·. A refinery h!U! lately been Occupations, established at Dehli, but the manufacture and the trade have fallen ·Industries, off remarkably of late years. . Coatl!e country cloth is made· moro ~d Commerce. or less in every village, both for local use and for export, but the PrlnciP"I indualrioa chief seat of this industry is at Fatehabad. In: this town, too, and and m&nufu.cturea. in a few others, a caste, called Dabgars, are famous for the manufac: ture of leather scales, and kUppas, or leathern vessels for oil. These have a wide local reputation, and their handiwork is exported to considerable distances. Mr.. Lockwood Kipling, Principal of the Labore School of Art, bas kindly furnished the following note on some of the special industries of the district:- "Mr. Ogilvie has given an account of the brass' and bell-metn.l (kami) trade of Bhiwani in this district, from which it· n.ppears thn.t abou~ 200 artizans are employed, and that their earnings vary from Rs., 7-8 toRs. 8 per meusem. Tho ware is exported to all parts of 'the Punjab and to Rajputana. Ornamental work does not appear to be made, but the kdnsi cups and platters sent to the Punjab Exhibi­ tion were fairly well fini•hed. Brass is importe.d from Calcutta, but mainly for re-export to Bikaner ; and old broken brass (phut) is chiefly used for local purposes. Some brass is manufactured from imported copper and zinc in the proportion of 24 seers of copper to 16 seers of zinc in the maund of 40 seers. The cost of the metal -thus mannfac· tured is calculated ILt Rs. 26 per maund. Kansi is made with· copper and pewter. The cost is Rs. 39-8 per maund. Besides its brass trade, Bhiwani has a name for carved chaukclts or doors. Elaborately carved models mounted with brnss were sent to the Exhibitions at Labore and CalcuttEL, and one is now in the Lahore :Museum,. In this district the leathern hukka, metal-bound, common in many parts of the :Punjab, 'is quaintly adorned with strips nJ;~d studs of copper, bro.ss, and sometimes silver, roughly engraven. The execution is rough, but no fault can, be found with the design. Good -lvukkas thus adorned cost from Rs. fi to Rs. 12, and last a. long time. "The embroidered woollen ohrm!s or chada7s of the district nre ·..,·orthy of mention, for, though nothing could be more homely than the material, or more simple than the design, tl10y are thoroughly go()d and characteristic in effect. Two breadths of narrow woollen cloth are joined with l\ eurio"as open work, sewn and covered with archaic orna· ments in wool and cotton thread of different colours, needle-wrought in a BILmpler stitch. 'Ihe cloth is a fine red, though somewhat harsh and coarse in texture ; and though all the designs ILrc in straight lineH, human figures and creatures are sometimes oddly indicated. The price of these chadars was originally about Rs. 4, but since a sort of demand has. arisen among amateurs interested in Indian fu brics, the rate has 'been doubled. It is scarcely likely that the woollen phulkdri will grow, like the silk and cotton one, from a domestic manufacture forlocal """' into a regular production for export trade. Similar chadars are made and worn in tb~ Sirsa. district. The better known cotton phulktiri embroidered with silk is of exoeptiona.l excellence in this district. From Hisar and Hansi chaclars and ghagras, of dark indigo or madder-dyed rough country cloth with ornnge coloured silk ·in bold patterns, diversified by the insertion of small circular mirrors, have 'been sent to various exhibitions. The mirrors come from Kamal, where globes of thin glass, about four or five inches in diameter, are blown and silvered on the inside, These ILre broken up, and the fra.,"lllenis o.re used for slds/Uldnr phulk4ri•, ILDd formerly in the shiohaddr plaster work; to be Sl!en in Hisar District. I

CHAP. !Y.-PRODUCTIO~ AND DISTRIBl'TIOll. 53 ·buildings of the last century. In the Amritsar district o.re merchants who Chapter IV, B. h-.ve pushed the phulkari to such good purpose that it ho.s become o. Oooupationa, profitable industry. It is possible that the extension of the milwo.y may Industries, do something for the hitherto purely local o.nd domestic industries of this and Commerce. district." The chief centres o£ trade are Bhiwani, Hansi, and Hisar. Course and naturo The town of Fateh~ba.d in the north-west part of the district also of trado. RCts to some extent as a trade centre for the country iu its neigh­ bourhood ; but the greater portion of the agricultural produce of the northern part of the district would probably find its way direct to Hisar or Hausi without going through Fatehabad. Practi­ cally, we may consider that all the trade of the district, except a very small part, comes to one or other of these centres of distribution. With regard to Hansi end Hislir, it may be said generally that goods traffic is all on a line between east and west. The produce of the surrounding country comes from all directions towards the central marts; but the trade'with_ the countries outside the district, and also the through traffic, passes along the main road between Dehli and the western Pttnjab. The greater part of this trade will now doubtless be divert(ld from the Sirsa and Dehli road, and will go and come by rail via Rcwari and Bhiwimi. As to the portion between Hansi and the west, the whole traffic will, without doubt, be transferred to the railway, which at this part follows the same. direction as the existing road. The trade routes to and from Bhlwani are more complicated. The statements printed on the next pages show the trade ofBhiwani. Imports from the east are either li:on\ Dehli or from the Rohtak district. The former will don btless come wholly by rail. Also the prod nee of the western agricultural districts may be expected to come by rail vici. Hisar and Hansi. A very large export trade, especially in grain and salt, will pass from Bhiwani to Dehli and the east generally by the railway. The trade with Bikaner and the States of Rajputana and the south-west will S!Ontinue to follow the present existing routes ; but it is expected ~hat it will he largely dev.,loped by the facility of transport between Bhiwani and the e~t and north-west which is afforded by tho new line. The statements printed on the next pages show the Trade ol BhiwwL quantity of average yearly imports to be 1,767,900 maunds, and of exports 1,033,000 maunds. It is calculated that out of this total quantity, 789,700 ma•mds of imports and 520,800 maunds of exports _will be carried by the. new line. The traders at Bhiwani are sanguine as to the extension of trade owing to the opening of -the Railway. The increase !)f imports under the heade of sugar and saccharine products, grain, cloth, and mt t 1\s, is calculated at ahout 4! !akluJ of maunds, or more than half as much again as the existing imports; while the increase in exports is estimated under the same beads at nearly six lakks of maunds. ·Although these anticipations may be too sanguine, there can be no doubt that the through trade of this town will be greatly enlarged.. Sugar and other saccharine pr~ducts are among the chief staples of trade. Sugar to the 'tluant-'!Y of 100,000 maunds co~es Statement Bhowi11!J import3 to JJT.iwani for one year.

IMPORTS.

Artieleo. FRoM EAST. I Faou WBST. fROM SodTu. Faou NoRm. TOT.u .. Quantity.! v~~e.. Quantity. v:_e. .. t:ity. v~;.·· Quantity. v~~·· Quantity. v~~e. ="';.. ="... Sugar ... 100,000 10,00,000 ...... 100,000 10,00,000

00 t::l 000 Bamboos, kari1, &c. ... 25,000 12,500 15,000 15,000 .. , • ... 40,000 27,600

00 00 Stone ... 1,000 600 oo. oo• 40,000 20,000 ' ' 41,000 20,500 5! 00 Cotton, clOillled and uncleaned oo• 8,500 1,02,000 oo• 00 ' ' oo• 16,500 1,32,000 25,000 2,84,000 Wool oo• 3,000 60,000 15,000 3,00.000 10,000 20,000 ... oo• 2,600 5,60,000 ...."' I" ~ 00 ' Ghi • .,. 000 ... 4,000 80,000 4,000 80,000 ' oo• 8,000 1,60,000 ... "d Salpctre ... 20,000 40,000 20,000 40,000 oo• oo• ... 40,000 80,000 <1 00 Cotton eeod, oil, ookes and gua>' ... 2,000 3,000 8,000 12,000 15,000 12,500 ' ... 25,000 37,500 ...... "" oo• ! Leather . , 00 2,000 50,000 2,600 62,500 4,500 1,12,600 ... 9,000 2,25,000 0 g. Threads, country and Europe oo• 2,000 80,000 1,000 20,000 ... oo• ...... 3,000 1,00,000 :.: Fruita, country oo• 30.000 60,000 ,10,000 20,000 ... oo • ... ' oo• 40,000 80,000

00 Do., K~bul oo• 3,000 30,000 oo, • • oo• oo• oo • · ' ... 3 000 30 000

00 00 Multani clay 30,000 30,000 ' • 3o'ooo 3o'ooo f Miacellnneous ... I ... . 150,000 . 50,000 150,000 . 50,000 ... . 3oo;ooo 1,oo:ooo ...~ Total • 00. 721,100 'ii2.25 ooo 001,500 ~500 «s.soo IH,77.5oo W.soo 1.32,000 1,767,900 76,66,ooo ...."' Statemenl ;howi,g e~ports fi·om B!.itetini for, one year.( ~ • 2l EXPOR'fS •. t! ' Iii' FRO!t'l SooTll. FRo:r.t NoRTH. TOTAL. .... ARTICLBS, FRo>t EAliT. I FRo>t wfc"T· e. ::J, Qunntity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Valne. · Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. = ~ ~ ~ Rs. Ra. Ra. Ro, "" Re-:- 80,000 8,00,000 .... Sugnr ...... 60,000 5,00,000 30,000 3,00,000 ...... < 2'25,000 . 6,75,000 10,000 30,000 ... 2.15,000 70,600' ., Our and •hakk 4,000 8,000 ...... 4,000 8,000 z Flax, !>

Chapter IV, B. entirely from the direction of Dehli, and will be carried by rail: Occupations, It is expected that the quantity imported will be largely increased. Industries, and It is chieBy exported towards Bikaner; but a small quantity· will Commerce. be carried by rail towards Hisar and Sirsa. Unrefined sugar and Trado of BhiwAni, molasses (shc!ldwr and gtl!•) are imported partly from Dehli and partly from the Rohtak and Karnal districts. The Dehli portion only, estimated at about 90,000 maunds out of 275,000 rnaunds total import, will be transported by rail; but it is expected that the quantity imported by this route will be very largely increased. At present the export of this article is exclusively in the direction of Bikaner and the south-west; but it is thought that a trade may be deYeloped iu the direction of His:i.r and the north-westalso, now that the country is opened up by the roilw;ty. The through trade in grain is very considerable. It is estimated that one lukh of maunds is imported from the east, of ~vhieh 25,000 maunds (of wheat) come from Dehli, and will be carried by rail. The rest comes from Rohtak. Three lakhs of mannds of grain and oil-seed are imported from the direction of Hisar and Sirsa, all of which will now be conveyed by rail, and the same amount will be exported to the eastward, also by rail. It is expected that the opening of the railway will stimnlate this traffic. The total import ofrice from the Dehli direction (all of which "'ill come by rail) is 75,000 maunus: The greater part of this, 64,000 ruaunds, is exported to Bikaner. · - Dt'Ugs.-The import of drugs and spices and kindred articles from the Dehli side is 25,000 maunds drugs; and that from the Sirsa side 5,000 maunds (colours). The drugs not consumed in the town are exported to the south-west (Bikaner), and the colours to the east. The import trade will now come by rail; and a considerable ex ten· sion of the export trade in the direction of J:<'erozepore is anticipated. Etwopean cloth.-14,000 maunds of European cloth· are imported from the Dehli side, and after allowing for loca,l consump­ tion, the balance is exported towards Bikaner and also Hisar anq Sirsa. A very large increase iu this trade is anticipated, and European pi~e-goods·will probably be largely imported direct from Bombay. Cotmfl·y cloth.-2,000 maunds of country cloth is imported from the Dehli side, and 1,000 maunds from the countries to the south. In addition, about 4,000 maunds are made in the town 'fhe export is entirely to the north-west. ' Metals.~The imports amount to 30,000 maunds, all from the · Dchli side; about 20,000 maunds are now exported towards Western Rajputana, and 8,000 maunas to the direction of Sirsa. A large development of this trade is anticipated. Tobncco.-The import for local consumption is 1,500 mannds, of which 200 maunds come from Dehli. · Sa!t.-Bhiwaui was once the great local salt emporium but aioco the opening of the Dehli and Rajputana line the Sambha; salt is carried direct to Dehli and also southwards from stations nearer to the locality of production. About 150,000 maunds of Didwana s~lt, however, are still imported, and 100,000 maunds are exported to the cn:;t, About 400 maunds of L~hauri salt is imported from Uisar District. 1 CliAP, IV.-PRODliCTION AND DISTIUllt;TION. 57

Dehli. It is possible that a~ eJ

Ji Bnltlng ou ..... 0 lu Rcmnrks. phu:o. ~ l --mUoa. . . :Mundn.b:ll Unmotalled. Bocnmpint·ground nnd lm'\li. &rkbi .. PnrUy metalled. Pollee ungn.low. BauoL .. 10• Metalled. Dnk. bungalow, pollee-bungalow, .ann: & and encatn~g-ground. · . . Blaur .. 16 "Metalled, ak bungalow, .aa.t1U and encamping· s ground. ' Agrolm .. ·lS 'Partly metalled. Polioo lnmgnlow, ac:r.ra.i and on- :a• c:Lmping..ground. ', · Bo,dopal .. 8 Enauupi:\•gl'O\Uid.· _ . "' F.o.Whab&d Unmetnll . D&k. bun~ow, l4mi and cncamrfng· • ground. -- - s-a HIUlsi (Aft above). o&; 1\owaut :: 12 Unmeti.Ued. Enca.mptn~und. €:= Bbiwanl .. Unn\Ota.llud. .'l~olice bun ow, aarai and encamp- "' . ~ ing-ground. · .. . --"'" ------l~ Bhi'wani .. -~; (As ahove) metaUcd. · · l Sext luU~ln~; place b Klt.a.~k in the n'o~tak _district. =·""..,~ Hisar District. J CHAP IV.-PRODUCTJON. AND DISTRIBUTION• 59 There are· also unmetalled roads from Hi&tr to Bhiwooi, 34 Chapter IV, B. miles; Hi&tr to Tuharia (via Barwll.la), 43 miles; Tn:Mna to Ratiya. Prices Weights 21 miles; Ratiya to FateMMd, 16 miles; :W.nsi to· Barwnla, 22 and Measurss, miles, on which there are no fixed halting places. ·,A good and~!DU'unioa- unmetalled road runs along the right bank of the Western Jamna lODS. canal. The dtl.k bungalows are completely furnished and provided · Roodo. with servants. The police bungalows have furniture, crockery and cooking utensils, but no.servants. · . There are Imperial post offices at His8.r, Hsnsi, Bhiwll.ni; Post Ofliceo. Tusham, Kairu, Bahal, Ratiya, Fatehll.bll.d, Tuhtina, Barwll.la and ; Money Order Offices and Saving's Banks also exist at these places. A line of telegraph ·runs along the whole length of railway, Telegraph. with a telegraph office at each station. . ' [Punjab Gazettee-c,

CHAI>TER V.

AD::M:INISTEATiqN ·AND FINANCE_

,Ohapter V. The Risar district is under the control ~f the Commissioner of the. Risar diviSion, ·The head·~ Administration Knnttn- Pu.twnrb; ·quarters staff of the district consists Tnhsll. g0011 and and and Finance. . Natlla. AMi&ta.nt: < of aDeputy Commissioner and two Executive and HI..,. .. .. Extra Assistant Commissioners. Judioi&l. Bu.n1tl .. ..-- •1 ••62 Each talunl is in · charge · of a Bhiwant'.: .. 1 .. Fatcha\Jtl.d .. 41 tak<1-/.da•· assisted .by a nilib. · The . lla>-w•la .. . . 1 .. . village revenue ·staff is shown in ToW .. "-+-i04 6 . 220 the margin. The statistics of I civil and revenue litigation· .for the -last five years are given in Table No. XXXIX, Criminal, Police, and The executive staff ~f the district is nssiste,d by neither Can­ Gaols. tonment nor Ronorarx Ma­ I ,Dl9'l'RIBU~ION. . Chao o! rQllce. gistrates. The police 'force ---;:;;w-~ itnndlng Protce- Strength; gunrds. tion lUld is controlled by a District ' . detection. SuRerintend_ent. The OiBtrlct (lmperlal) SSS 196 192 strength of the force, as C:1ntonmont •• . . .. Municipal .. .. 144 .. 144 given in-Table No. I of the Cnnol ...... RiVet' ...... Police Report for 18Sl-82, is Fony .. .. '· ...... shown. in . the margin. · !<1 ToW .. O!li 196 ... addition to this force;. 988 _ village watchmen are enter- tained, and paid by the village headmen from a village house tax. The tl.dnci8 or principal police jurisdictions, and the chaukls or police outposts, are distributed 'as follows:-. . - · Ta!.sll JJU.(u·.-Thanci8-Risar, Si wani, and .Balsamand: chaukl Agroha. TalunllldMi.-· Thanci8--'-Hansi and N arnaund; cl

CllAP, V.-ADli!NISTRAT!ON AND FINA..'!CE. Gl :rable ~o. XLI or" police inquirie•. antl Table No. XLII of convicts Chapter V. m gaol for. the lust five years. There are no criminal tribes in the Administration district. and Finance. The gross revenue collections of the district for the last 14 Revcnlt~, T~x&tion years, so far as they are made by the Financial Commissioner, are and Regi.otrat.iou. shown in Table No. XXVIII; while Tables Nos. XXIX, XXXV, XXXIV and XXXIII give further details for land revenue, excise, license tax and stamps respectively. Table No. XXXIIIA shows the number and situation of Registration offices. The land revenue of the district is separately noticed below .. The central distilleries for the manufucture of country liquor are situated at Hisar, Hansi and.Bhiwani. The cultivation of the poppy is forbidden in this district. Table No. XXXVI gives the income and expendi-· ture from district funds, which are _controlled by a committee consist: · ing of30members selected by the Deputy Commissioner from among the leading men of the vanous talunl$, and of the Civil Surgeon and District ·Superintendent Police, as ex-officio 'members, and ·the Deputy Commissioner as President. Table No. XLV gives statistics for municipal taxation while the municipalities themselves ' ' Source of income. are noticed in . 1877-78 1878-7911879·80 1880-81 1881·82 . Chapter VI. The :- Staging bungalow• :. · 276 889 277 .258 income from pro­ Enco.mping-gound& ~. . ., 46 •••71 vincial properties Cattle-ponn " . . . . 8,934 9,461 2,COO•• 2,503" S,U14 Nazul properties·.. .. •• •• 98 116 13S for the last nve Total .. , . ,4,861 S,9i4 ...... , •:so I S,002 years is shown in . - the D;~argin. • The bungalows' and encamping-grounds have already been noticed at page 59, •and' the cattle-pounds at page 60. ·Figures for other Government estates are given -in Table No. XVII, aud they and their proceeds. are separately noticed below. The Imperial Customs' Preventive Line which formerly Customo. •Jlassed through this district has been abolished. . Table No. XXXVII gives figures for the Government and Educo.tion. aided, middle, and primary schools of the district. There are middle schools for boys at Risar, Hansi, Bhiwani and Tuhana; while the pri.mary schools are situated at .Hisar, Nangthala, Kayla, Balsamand -and K urri in the Hisar talml ; at Hansi, Sisae, N arnaund, Mamrezpur, Khanda, Petwar, Bowani and Jamalpur in the Hansi taludl; at Bhiwani, Tusham, Kairu and Tigrana in the Bhiwani talullt; at FateMMd, Aharwan and Ratiya in the FatehabiW tah.{l; and at Barwa!a, Tuhli.na and Jamalpur in the Barwala talml. The district lies within the Ambals circle, which forms the charge of the Inspector of Schools at Ambala. Table No. XIII gives statistics of education collected at the Census of 1881, and the general state of education hasa~ady been described at pages 30, 31. ,

Tbe school was established in· 1864. It llbiw~nl Di.otrict teaches Lundi and Mabll:jani, as well as the ordinary Urdu coul'l!e. SchooL The staff consists of six English, six Persian, three Urdu, and one mathematical teacher, and three Hindi monitors. The table at the top of the next page indicates the wor~ of the schooling for. the last five years :- [Punjab Gazetteer, . ' 6::! CHAP. V.-ADlllNlSTRATION. AND FINANCE.

ChapterV. E,m.mi<»ation II'!/ B..tnmination of Uiddl~ &hoot - H UJ'IK" Prirnarv Lowr Pnnlll.ry. Administration . • BzctmL-.aticm. •tanaard. JtaJtd«nl. and Fii:l.ance. Yean. '0~ ~ ~~c;; il. .,; ' BhlwAni Diotrict g., '0 :i;] 'l! .:...,_ :i :al School. ~g. z0 5-8 A g.a, !, .!3"'-· 1... ~ ------' n.. • • 187R·'t'O .. .. :J,6S3 &11 6 6 .. .. 17 187P·80 .. .. 4,186 <16i I t 10 6 18 '"7 1880-81 ... -· <1,575 ••• 6 • 10 17 10 1881-82' .. .. 4,681) ... 4 • 20. 18 1882-SS .. .. 4,61:! ... • • •" 7 17 -14 ' • • • There waa no Uppor PrimiU"Y Department u.niil the year 1879. · • f On account. of new ctusltlCII.tion there WWI no 3rd class formed _tl;W! yetV". Medical. Table No. XXXVIII gives separate· figures for the ,last five­ vears for each of the dispensaries of the district, which are under the general control of the· Civil Surgeon, and in the immediate­ charge of Assistant Surgeons at Hisar and Dhiwani, and of nativ& doctors, i.e., Hospital Assistants, at Hansi and FateMbad. The­ dispensary at Hi~:Lr is situated on the south side of th& town, ~md. contains accommodation for 40 male and 8 female in-door patients. It is attended annually by some 7,500 out-door and,300 in-dool . patients. The staff consists of an Assist.'lnt Surgeon, a Hospitar Assistant, a compounder, dresser, and menials. ·, . Ecclesiastical. There is a small church·-Saint Thomas' s-at Risar capable of" seating some 60 persons. The Chaplain at Dehli visits the station once in every three months, . Hen.d-quarters of The portion of tho Rewari and Firozpur Railway which runs. other departments. throuo-h the district ie in the charge of the District Traffic Super­ intondent at Rewari ; while the District Traffic Manager at ·A jmere controls the line. The head offices : of the Railway ar& at Ajmere. The Western Jamna Canal, as far down as Bahadra, is under the cltarge of the Executive Engineer·, Hansi Division, stationed at Hisar ;·the Superintending Engineer of the Canal has his bend-quarters at Dehli. The main Dehli and Hislk road is under the Executive Engineer, Gener.al Branch, at. Dehli.. The . telegraph lines and offices of the district are- controlled by th~ Tele~raph Superintendent at Bandi Kni ; and the- post offices by the Mperintendent of Post Offices at Hisar. The Government Cattle Farm under the Milita.t·y Department is under the charue of a Superintendent, and is controlled by the Deputy Commissacy General at Ambala. . StatistiCI of land Table No. XXIX gives figures for the principal items and: revenue. the tOtals of land revenue collections since 1868-69. Table­ No. XXXI gives det.'lils of balances, remissions, and agricultural advances for the last fourteen years ; Table No. XXX shows the­ amount of assigne~ land revenue ; while Table, No. XIV gives the areas upon which the present land revenue of the district is assessed. Further details as to the basis, incidence, and workiniT of the current Settle'!'ent will he found, in the. la.st pages of thi;. . chapter. , . · Sumtruiry Settle.­ When first the attention of the British· Government wns. menl.,lSlG A,l>, seriously turned to Harhtua, in 1810,. the country, 'with the­ exceptionof_the sub-dh·isiou (pmyana) of H:i.ru!i and a few of the Hisa.r DistriQt. 1

CHAP. V.-AI)l!I:SISTRAT10~ AXD FINANCE. 63

larger villages in other parts of the district, wns either lying Chapter V. waste, or, if occupied, was held on a precarious tenure by recent Administration settlers, unattached by ties of association to the soil, nnd ready and Finance. to fly, at a moment's notice, beyond tho border. In Hansi even, Summn.ry Sottlo~ where the effects of the.clulli•a lrunine·had been less severely felt, IUon~, U:UG A.D. the inhabitants were· mostly found crowded together in masses in the larger villages, where . they 'hnd betaken themselves for the sa]ie _of mutuQ.) security. The smaller villages were completely deserted. The chan~e of rule, however,. attracted large numbers of immigrants, prinCipally from Rajputan11, and the population rapidly increased ; while in Hansi the people began to leave the large villages apd spread themselves once more over the face ·of the country, re-occupying their old homes. It Wllil not, however, until1816 that any attempt wns made to bring the district under n land revenue Settlement. In that yearn Settlement for 10 years was effected by Mr. W. Frnsei, which wns followed by a 5 years' Settlement in 1825, and. by another Settlement for 10 years made in 1831-32. The revenue assessed at these various Settlements . ranged somewhat above 4! lakhs of rupees. The average demnnd for the five years preceding 1840-41 amounted to Rs. 4,88,60!1.' It must not be supposed, however, that this sum was collected. Mr: Brown, the officer who conducted a revised Settlement in 1840-41, ascertained. that, of the se.-enteen years !rom 1824 to 18!0, no less then nine were years of either total or partial failure of the crops, attended by a deficiency in the collections, aggregating · more than 50 per ceut., below tbe revenue assessed, and two moro were seasons SG bad as to render considerableremiE.•ions of revenue necessary, though not quite to the same extent. ,He embodies the results of his inquiries in the following remarkable table :....,- Revenue. demand. Balances. REMARKS. A.D. Rs; Rs. I ,_12.'!3=1825 4,51,916 Faali ... ,- 1234:::;: 1826 4,50,386 19,247 , 1235=1827 4,:;9,62:1 5,600 12.~6= 1828 4,67,113 . 25,312 .. I .. 1237=1829 '4,73,524 46,796 1238=1830 5,17,434 2, 78;960 The b&lance partly ow~ to a bad .. season and partial · ure. 1239=1831 4,60,359 8,367. .. .. 1240=18.12 4,69,284 2,2.1,870 l>itto. ditto. .. 1241=18:13 4,77,658 4,28,2Q5 A total failure and famWe. .. i242=1S.14 4,77,127 8,137 .. 1243=1835 4,85,678 2,50,317 A bad .....,n and parti&l!aUuro. .." 12-14= 18.16 4,91;337 12,:~06 1245=1837 . 4,88,3711 3,6.'J,l41 An almost total failure. .. 1246=1838 4,86, 718 . 1,62,225 A partial failure U.rougbout tho' .. district. .. 1247-1839 5,03,013 • 64.079 . Ditto . ditto. NOTE.-To the above 15 yean may be added the year I~ F. S. (1824) . when the failure was also eo total that not a fmctioo of revenue wu collected, the whole baviug been remitted; and the laat• year 1246 F. S. (1840) when • balance«1ual to that of 1247 F. S. accrued from a bad aeaoon aud partial failure. Taking an avera;:e over the 15.yearsfrom 1825 to. 1839, the collections tell short ol the assessmel'l bv 2~·per cent. The assessment was in fact a farce. No means exisle•l of enforcin'~ payment frorn ihe then shifting population, ever rcaJy to fly beyond the border, [Punjab Gazetteer,

64. CHAP. V.-ADl!INISTRATION AND FJNANCE.

Chapterv. if in any season they found the 'British money rates press more heavily than the collections in kind made by the neighbouring Native Administre.tioll e.nd Finance. States; The collection of the revenue, in fact, was, as the Settlement Officer of 18i0 expresses it, " a' mere yearly juggle' between the Summary Sottle­ mcJtt, 1_816 A.Q, taluil officers and the people." In the sandy tracts to the west, another cause tended to ·cause fluctuations of revenue. The soil, though productive in good years, and especially after having lain fallow for several years, is very easily exhausted. The settlers from Bikaner would at first plough up every acre, leaving not a corner. of their . allotment uncultivated. This would continue .for a few years, until· the land was exhausted, and then the Bagrfs would leave their villages and seek a new settlement elsewhere, sure of finding waste land on every side only waiting to be brought under cultivation. • Regu lor Scttlcmmt, Such was the state of things upon which the proceedings of the · 1840 A.D. First Re1,'11lar Settlement of the land revenue. opened 'in 1839-40. • At fi1·st a revised demand was assessed, amounting ~o Rs. 4,4 7,315, givirig only a small reduction 'Upon the average demand for the past five years. During the course of his investigations, however, the Settlement Officer became convinced of the ~impossibility of assessing the country so highly ; and that owirrg to the nature of the soil and.climate, and the character of ·the p~ople, heavy balances were inevitable, except under circumstances which experience ha(i Mhowu to be most exceptional. He accordingly again revised his own assessments throughout the district, excepfing only- in those villages which enjoyed the use of canal water ; and this time, l1asing his calculations, not upon the demands but upon the collec­ tions for the past five years, he fixedanassessment aggregating upon the non-il·rigating villages Rs. 2,58,255, granting a reduction of 37! per cent. from the avernge, ·of the previous assessment. Adding Us. 1,20,000 for the canal villages, the new assessment stood, in round numbers, at Rs 3,80,200. This Settlem~nt was completed in 1841, and confirmed for a period of 20 years, to expire on 1st July, '1860. The district at that time contained a.total of 654 villages. Of t)lese, however, only 442 were settled by Mr. Brown. Of tl:fu · remainder, thirty villages were held as military: fiefs (j

CHAPTER VI.

TO"W"NS & MUNICIPALITIES-.

Ohapter VI. At the Census of 1881, aU places possessing more than. 5,~00 inhabitants, all municipalities, and all head-quarters 5>f distncts Towns and · and military posts were claslled as towns. Under. thl;S rule the Municipalities. following places were returned as the towns of the district:,- GenerAl atatlstlca of - towns. Tahsil. Towu. Persons. Millea. Femn.les.

Hislir His:i.r ... 14,167 7,827 6,340 ... 6,068 Hwi ... H~nsi ... 12,656 6,588 Sisao ... 5,174 2,705 2,469 BhiwAni ... Bhiwllni ... 33,762 17,631 16,131 Barw4la Tubti.na. .... 4,155 2,U1 2,044 Fatoh4b4d ... Ratiya ... 3,212 1,730 1,482• l FntoMb4d ... ' 2,992 1,613 1,379 - The three lar~e citxes are all situated' in the southern- poftion of the district, which came earliest under the direct influence of British rule. The distribution by religion of the population of these towns and the number of houses in each are shown- in Table No. XJ.III, Vlhiie further particulars will be found in the~,Census Report in Table No. XIX and its appendix, and Table No. XX. The remainder of this chapter consists of a detailed description oj each town, with a brief notice of its history, the increase ami decrease of its population, its commerce, manufactures, municipal government, . institutions, and public buildings ; and- statistics of births and deaths, trade and manufactures, ,wherever figures are available. · Hial\r Town; The town of Hisar lies in north latitude 29° 9' _51" and. east description, lon!Jitude 75° 45' 55:' and contains a population of 14,167 souls. It is Sltuated on the Western J arona Canal, 102 miles west of Dehli. The country in the immediate neighbourhood is well wooded.; and numerous fruit gardens surround the town. 'The town itself is completely surrounded by an old _wall with four gates, viz., the Dehli and Mori to the east ; the Tahiki, to the west : and the N agauri, to the south. 'The streets are wider and less tortuous than ·in most native towns. They are, as a rule, well metalled, and the drainage and sanitary arrangements generally are in afairlysatis­ factory condition. Strall'gling suburbs stretQh irregularly beyond the w;all~ in every d~r~chon~ mo~tly com_posed of houses of a poorer descnption. The ctvtl stahon hes to tlie south of the city, on the onnosttesideo£ the WesteriiJamnaCanal, and contains the residences Hisa.r District. 1 CHAP. VL-TOWNS ANl;) MUNICIPALITIES. 67 of the district, canal, and rallway officials stationed here. The Hisll.r Chapter VI. Cattle Farm, descri)led at pages 49, 50, is celebrated over all India. Towns and It is managed by a Superintendent (an officer in the Commissariat Munioi"palities. Department} whose charge extends over an estate of 43,287 acres, HiaAr Town ; chiefly laid down in pasturage. The farm supplies bullocks for . de~cription. the second line of artillery wagons for the whole of upper India. Bulls for breeding purposes are also reared here and distributed all over the Punjab; as well as rams· of a superior class. The principal building of antiquarian or architectural interest, within the walls, is the Jll.ma Masjid built by Firoz Shah Tughlak; while immediately outside the town, to the west beyond the Talaki gate, are the ruins of what must have been a handsome building called the Guj1i Maha~. said to have been built by Firoz Shah, for the residence of a Gujri mistress. Certain inscriptions, within the building, seem to bear out this story. Within the town is the palace of the Emperor Firoz Shah. Immediately under the building · a spiral staircase leads to !1- series of rooms, .. said to be connected underground· with a similar buitding in Hansi, though this is exceedingly improbable. The gateway and guard-rooms of the old palace and the underground .apartments exist in a state of good pel'servation. : It is said that these apartments were so arranged, that a stranger wandering among the dark passages that connected them, would inevitably be drawn towards a small and dark room in the centre, to which, if he tried to extricate himself, he would invariably return. Colonel Minchin, who made a partial' exploration, believes this account to be true. A modern building, occupied by ·the Superintendent of the Cattle Farm, now stands on the site of the palace. · There is a good supply of excellent drinking water from the city wells, whose depths vary from 20 to 100 feet. There are also numerous tanks for drinking and washing purposes. · In the year 1354 A. D. Firoz Shah erected the fort and Biltory. fi>unded the town of Hisar ; he had a canal cut from the J amna. 'the place was known as Hisar Firozah, i.e., the "fort of Firoz . Shah:" He erected a red limestone pillar here, somewhat similar to the Lat of Firoz Shah at Dehli. It is still standing (see Archrelogical Snrvey J,teports V., 140-142). Prior to that time, Hansi had been the principal town of the neighbourhood. T~e new town,- however, becoming the political and fiscal centre of its district, soon supplanted Hansi in importance, and for many years continued to be the favourite resort of the Emperor, who made it the starting point for his hunting expeditions along the banks of the Ghaggar. The tMbris of Firoz Shah's town are still visible in the mounds and broken bricks and tiles which lie scattered profusel_v on the plain to the south of the modern city; and tombs_ and temples still remain standing to tell of by-gone splendour. These remain~ covet a wide area. During Muhammad Shah's reign at Dehli, Shahdad Khan, resident of Kasur, was N awab of H isar Firozah for 30 years, i.e., from 1707 to 1737 A.D. He was succeeded by three others, who ruled 22 years, i.e., till1760. · In 1747 disturbances arose which attracted the attention of the Sikhs to this portion of the Punjab. They plundered the town [ Ptmjab Gazetteer, 68 CHAP. Vl;-,.TOWNS AND .MUNICIPALITIES. Ohatper .VL· on several occasions between 1754 and 1768. ·In 1769, Nawab ·Towns and Taj Muhammad Khan became ruler of Hisar, which he governed Municip!ities. for three years, being succeeded by Nawab Najaf Khan. The History. Muhammadans were defeated at the battle of Jind by Rajah · Amar Sin"h of Patiala, who established his rule at Hisar and erected a _f~rt, now known as the "old jail." In 1783 the terrible chciUsa krf.l or famine completed the ruin which the inroads of marauding Sikhs had begun, and depopnlated the town, which did not recover its prosperity for .~ome 20 year~ after. About this time the Muhammadan rule at' Dehli lost its vitality, and the Marahtas appeared on the scene. This period was one of constant strife in which the. famous adventurer, . George Thomas, the Sikhs and the Marahtas alternately gained the upper hand. There was a celebrated· fort here, one of the oldest in upper India, and known as ''the virgin" as i~ boasted to have never been taken. George Tbomlls repaired it; and before· long a fe1v of the old inhabitants returned, and a new town began to spring up. In 1802 llisar passed to the British. Since then its history bas been uneventful, except during the days of the ·mutiny, when it suffered in common with the rest of upper India.· . The division was transferred shortly afterwards from· the_ Nortli- West. . Provinces :to the Punjab. Tt.satlon an9- trode. The municipality of Hisar was first constituted in ·1867. It is no1v o. municipality of the second class. The committee consists of the Deputy Commissioner as President, and the Civil Surgeon and District Superintendent· of Police as ex-officio members,'and other members, o.U of wllom are o.ppo1nted by the Deputy Commis­ sioner. Table No. XLV shows the income of the municipality for the lo.st few years. It is chiefly derived from octroi levied ab a. general rate on the .value of all goods brought within municipal limits. There is no special local manufacture worth noticing. The tro.de is not extensive. Grain, glti, sugar, oil, cotton, tobacco, country cloth, and English piece-goods are impot·ted, but only i:.1 sufficient quantities to meet the local demand. It is hoped that the trade will improve on the completion <>f the Rewari-Firozpur (State) Railaway, which is now open between Hisar and Rewari, thereby connecting the place with the Western railway .system of India. . · · - Population and. The pnpulo.tion, as o.scertained at the enumerations of 1868, 'rit..l atatiatico. 187 5, and 1881, is shown below :-

Limitsofenumerotion.\ Y..;r of 'census.' Persons. Mllles. Females.

14,133 7,911 6,222 Whole town .•. • { 1868 1881 14,167· 7,827 . 6,340 - - -- 1868 14,133 Munic\~al limits ... { 1875 14,162 1881 14,167 . .. . Hisa.r District,] CHAP. VI.-TOWNS A.."D _MUNICIPALmES. 69

· J PorounoN. \ It is difficult to ascertain the Chapter VI. Town or •uburb. precise limits within which the T d 1868 tsst . . owns an 1------1·--·-1--~· enumerations of 1868 nud 1875 Municipalities. B'-'or Town . ·I} { "·"' were taken. The details in the Populntlon aud vital Civil Llnos .. H,tza etatiatiCI Commi&l:uiat Lines '"'I891 marnoino give the ·population of • I suburbs. Th~ constitution of the population by religion and the number of occup1ed houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the Census Report of 1881. The annual birth and death-rates per mille of population since 1868 are given belo1v, the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent Census :-

BIRTil. RATF.S. DEATB•RATE.'t Year. Persons. Males. Females. Persoua. Males. Females.

1868 ... "" ". ... 6 7 5 1869 ... ." ". ... 72 . 70 73 18/0 ... 12 13 II 43 42 44 1871 ;,, 24 ~-_, 22 44 44 44 1Hi2 ." 23 14 9 38 37 40 1873 21 10 10 28 28 28 1874 ... 35 10 16 34 35 34 '1875 ." 33 19 14 44 41 48 '1876 ... 35 18 17 36 33 38 1877 ... 30 15 14 34 32 37 1878 ". 'J:/ 16 II 81 82 79 1879 ". 18 10 8 45 45 45 1880 ... 22 12 0 29 22 1881 ... 31· 17 14 37 36 Average ... 27 15 12 ;~I43 48 u

The actual number of births and deaths registered during the last five years is shown in Table No. XLIV. ~ Hansi is a town of 12,656 inhabitants, situated in latitude 29• Hwi ToWD. 6' 19" north, and longitude 76° 0' 19" east. It lies on the Western Jamna Canal and on the Debli -and Hisar road, 16 miles east of Hisar. The foundation of the town ofHansi is variously attributed to Anang Pal and Rai Pithaura, ~he former a Tunwar, and the latter the famous Chauhan Rnjput king of Dehli; and also, by another tradition, to a Chauhan chieftain named Manak Chand. · The fort, at any rate, is attributed to Rai Pithaura. Prior to the foundation of Hisrir in 1354, Hansi, under Hindus and Muhmmadans alike, was a centre of local administration and the chief town of Hariana. ln the famine of 1783 it shared the fate of the rest of the. district, and lay almost deserte~ and in partial ruin for several years. In 1795, it became the head-quarters of the adventurer George Thomas, who bad seized upon tbe greater part of Hariaoa. From this period the town began to revive. On the estsblishment of English rule in 1802, the town was selected as a site for a cantonment, and for many years a considerable force, consisting principally of local levies, was ststioned there. In 1857, however, these levies broke into open mutiny, murdered every European [ PuiJ.ia.b Gazetteer, 70 CILU'. VI.-TOWNS AND MUNICIPALITIES. Chapter VI. upon whom they could lay hands, and combnied with the wild T - d Rajp6.t tribes of the district in plundering the country. On the Mu~~Ji~ies, ' restoration of order, it was not thought necessary to maintain the cantonment, the houses of which have since fallen into decay. Hlinai Towo, Hansi is well situated on the Western Jamna Canal, which flows close under the town, and contributes much to its appearance by the belts of fine trees which adorn its banks. The town is surrounded by a. high brick wall, loop-holed and bastioned for defence. The houses are chiefly of brick, but ma,ny have f:illen into ruins since the mutiny, the population being reduced by the removal of the garrison. The town seems to be falling to decay, and the streets seem quiet and comparatively deserted. On its north side lie the ruins of a large fort, dismantled after the mutiny. There are two wide streets, running through the town, and crossing each other at right angles. Half their breadth is paved, the other half being left unpaved for the use of carts. The other streets are narrow, winding, and unpaved. The drainage of the town is · carried off by masonry drains in the main streets ; the greater part . finds its way out by the Dehli gate, and there collects and forms a marsh, impassable for months after the rainy. season. The water-supply is principally derived from the canal. Water in the wells is brackish. . . The town has no foreign trade. There is a sleepy traffic in country produce, cotton, glti, and cereals, but this is all. It bas no manufactures. The public-buildings are the usual tahsil buildings, a police station ( tlu£na ), Municipal Committee bquse, dispensary, a school-house, and a sarlti. There is every hope that the local trade willlargly increase as soon as through Railway traffic has been established between Rewari and Firozpur. The line passes close to the town, which is thus connected with the head-quarters of the district in one dire_ction, and · with the Rajp6.tana. Railway system in the other. The Municipal Cpmmittee consists of seven members appqiuted by the Deputy CommissioneP. The income for the last few years is shown in Table XLV,·and fa chiefly derived.from octroi. Vit&lotatiltica. The population, as ascertained at the eilUmerations of 1868, · 1875 and 1881, is shown below:- Limits of enumerations. Year of Ceosus~ PersoDS. I. Males, Females. 1868 13,563 6,958 Whole towo ... 6,605 j 1881 . 12,656 6,588 6,068

1868 13,563 - I Municipal limits ... { 1875 12,210 1881 I 12,656 It lS d1fficult to ascertam the preciSe hm1ts w1thm whiCh the enumerations of 1868 and 187 5 "POPULATION. Town or suburb. ·were taken. Tlie details in the - I 1868~ 1681. margin, give the population of suburbs. The figures for the HAn1i town ... population wit.hin municipal Mandi ... }13,563 {11205°862 limits according to the Census of Minor suburbs ... 591 _1868 are taken from the published. Hisa.r District. ·

· CHAP. VI.-TOWNS AND MUNICIPALITIES.. 71 tables of the Census of 1875 ; but it was noted at the time that Chapter VI. their accuracy was in many cases doubtful. It would appear from Towns and information supplied by the Deputy Commissioner that the Munioipa.lities. enumeration of 1868 included all the small suburbs known as dhants, which were excluded in 1875 and 1881. The Deputy Vital ota\ia\ico. Commissioner in the district report on the Census of 1881, attributes the falling off in population, partly to the abolition of the Customs. line, and partly to the fact that on the Census night many labourers from the town were working on the canaL The constitution of the population by religion, and the number of occupied houses, are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the Census Report of 1881. The annual birth and death-rates per mille of population since 1868 are given below, the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent Census :-

Bmrn·RA.TXS, DEATH·JLATES. . Ye11r. !Persons, Males. Females. Persona. Males. Female1. ---' 1868 ...... 11 11 16 1869 ...... 32 33 .36 1870 ...... 25 27 23 44 39 31 '1871 ...... 36 39 32 52 - 51 56 1872 ...... 32 17 15 39 40 50 1873 ...... 26 14 12 27 27 40 • 1874 ...... 36 20 17 30 30 39 1875 ...... 40 20 19 37 35 50 1876 ...... 40 21 19 38 34 23 ,1877 ...... 31 16 15 23 26 32 1878 ...... 22 11 11 61 59 43 1879 ...... 18 9 9 44 45 42 1880 ...... 30 16 14 25 25 24 . 1881 ...... 33 17 17 30 30 35 Average ...... 31 16 15 37 36 39 •• The actual number.of births and deaths registered during tpe last five years is shown in Table No. XLIV. ' Sisae iS a very large village, situated ·at .a distan:e of .about SiauToWD. five iniles to the north-east of Hansi. It con tams 5,17 4 mhab1tants. It is simply. an agricultural village, remarkable only for its unusual size. It is not a municipal town. The population, as ascertained at the enumerations of 1886 and 1881, is shown in the margin. 1 Year of Persons. Males. !Females. The constituticn of the population census. by religion· and the number of occupied houses, are shown in 1868 4,951 2,678ol 2,273 1881 5,174 2,705 2,459 Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the Census Report of 1881. The town of Bhiwani lies in latitude 28° 46' 0" north, and Bhiw.U.i Towu. longitude 76° 11' 45" east, and is situated at a distanc.e o~ 35 miles south-east of Hisar. The city may be said to be a creatiOn of the (l"unja.b Gazetteer, 72 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS AND !IUNICIPALITIES. Chapter VI. British regime. At the beginniug of the present ceutury, when the Dehli territory came uncler Britisli rule, Bhiwaui was an insignificant Towns and Municipalities. village. The tradition runs that one Nim, a R.'ijpUt, founded the village in honour of his wife Bahni, who had saved-his life from BhiwAol Town. treachery, nnd called it by her name. In 1817 Mr. William Fraser, Political Resident of Dehli, selected the· village for the site of a maruli or free market. Up to that time the seat of the commerce of the neighbourhood had been the town of Dadri, a few miles to the south-east of Bhiwani, and at that time under the rule of an inde­ pendent Nawab.• The exactions and excessive duties extorted by the Nawah were a source of constant fear and annoyance to the resident traders ; nud upon tho establishment of a mart at Bhiwani, nil the principal firms at once transferred their business thither. The rise of the cit{ to importance was rapid. It was, till recently, the main cbanne through which all the trade from Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and other States of Rajputana has flowed into Hiudustan, and the principal mercantile firms of every. part of Southern India had agents or gumclshtas there. The opening of the Rajputana Railway diverted its trade, and enormously decreased its commerical importance. But it is hoped that the construction of the Firozpur Railway, which passes close to the town on its west side, will restore its former prosperity. The town stands in an . open sandy plain interspersed with low sand-bills; and bare, save in the immediate neighbourhood of the town and in favourable seasons, of trees or cultivation. Even round the town, containing though· it does a large number of wealthy merchants, there is not a. single garden of any description. Owing to the rapidity with which the town was increasing in size, it became necessary five yenrs ago to throw back the old enclosing wall for a. considerable distance, so as to allow room for extension. The new wnll is passed by 12 main gateways. The vacant space between , the new and old walls is rapidly being covered with mud hovels and enclosures, huddled together· with no order or arrangement. The houses of the older pnrt of the town nre built ofbrick; and ~~ere frequently of several storeys. Good streets, of from 15 to 40 feet wide, extend through the town in all directions. The larger are well metalled with l

· • The estates of the Nawab were confiscated in"l857 on account of his rebel­ lion a.t the time of tho mutiny, and were bestowed upon the R;i.ja. of Jind as a reward for hia fidelity, · :S:isar District. 1 CHAP. VI.-TOWNS AND MUNICIPALITIES. 73 offensive and undrinkable in the hot weather, or runs dry altogether. . Chapter VI. T!le only other water obtainable is from the jol!ars, or water holes, Towne end already mentioned, of which there are 9 within and 17 outside Municipalities. the to~vn. Tbe ~eather part of them are merely_ irregu!ar pits out BhiwAni Towa. of wh1ch. the soiL has been removed for makmg bncks. The mn.jority of them, however, are freely used by the inhabitants. · Bhiwani is a municipal town. Tho committee consists of niue members •..The municipal income is raised at present entirely from octroi levied on imports. Table No. XLV shows the income of the municipality for. the, last few years. The town still has a considerable trade in grain; cloth, and brass vessels, and is by far the largest and most . important town· in the division. The principal institutions of the town of Bhiwani are, the school and dispensary, and the remaining public buildings and offices are the , taltsfl,. post·office, police station and committee hall. It contains many temples and dhaTmSaUs built by Hindu merchants. - The population, as.ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, · . 1875 and 1881 1 Limits of enume- Year of Persons.' :Malea.,Femal~- is shown in the ration. ceDSUS, margin. · It is 1868 32,254 18,228 14,026 difficult to .ascer­ Whole town ... j 1881 33,762 17,631 16,131 tain the precise limits w i t h in 1868' Municipal limits{ 1875 132,254133,220 which the· enu­ 1881· 33,762 merations ofl868 • and 1875 were · taken. "The figure~~o for the population within municipal limits, n.ccording to the Census of i868, are taken from the published tables of the Census o£1875; but it was noted at the time that their accuracy was in many cases doubtful.. The constitution of the population by · religion, and the number of occupied houses, are shown in Table No. XLIIL Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the (i'iensus Report of 1881. : The annual birth and death-rates per mille . o1 population sinee 1868 are given below, the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent Census :-

. BIB.TH•RA.'l'£8. DEATII·RATE8. Year. --- Persons. • Males. Females. Persons . Males. Females. 1868 ...... 15 '15 16 1869 ...... ' ... 34 33 36 1870 ... 47 45 ,;;g 29 28 31 1871 ... ,55 . 51 52 49 56 1872 ... 47 . 24. 23 45 . 41 (.0 1873 ... 44 22 22 36 ' 34 40 1874 ... 55 29 26 35 31 ·39 1875 ... 43 23 20 '46 41 50 1876 ... 39 21 18 22 21 ,29 1~7 ... 40 21 18 33 34 32 1878 ... 35 19 16 45 46 43 1879 ... 31 17 14 42 42 42 1880 ... 39 20 19 23 22 24 1881 ... 42 22 29 33 32 35 Average ... 43 22 29 36 35 39 • 10 [ PuDjab Gazetteer, ·74! CHAP. VI.-TOWNS AND MUNICIPALITIES.

Chapter VI•. . The actual nuniber of births a~d deaths 'registered during the Towns and last five years is ehown in Table No. XLIV. , · · Municipalities. Tuhana is a small town of 4,155 inhabitants, mostly Pathans, Tubana Town. and is situated 40 miles north of Hisar. It was once a city of some size and importance, founded, according to tradition, in the sixth century A.D. by A nang Pal, Tunwar Raja of Dehli Ruined during the Chauhan supremacy, it recovered its prosperity in the eariy . Musalman 'Period, but having suffered many vicissitudes of plunder e.nd famine, it has now sunk into an inferior position. The town is surrounded by a wall, and contains one central bcizar. It possesseS a police station, and is a municipal town. The -com­ mittee con&ists of five members. Tuha.na has but little trade; its income for the last few years is given in Table. No. XLV. The population, · as Limite of eo.umera- Year of Persona. Males. Females: ascertained at the tion. · ceDBUII, enumerations of 1,856 1,677 1868,- 187 5 and Whole town 1868 3,533 ... { 1881 4,155 2,111 2,044 1881, is shown in 1868 . 3,533 the margin. The Municipal limits j 1875 3,445 ' constitution of 188I 4,155 the population by religion, and the number of occupied houses, are shown 'in Table No. XLIIL Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX. of the Census Report of 1881. · Ra.tiya is a small municipal town of 3,212 inhabitants, distant from RiBar 40 miles, north-west. It is now scarcely more than an agricultural village. It was originally held b:y TUn war Rajputs, and conquered from them by the Pathan 1nvaders. It was devastated by the terrible "cluf.lisa famine" in 1783 ; and has been colonized since British occupation by its present inhabitants. , The municipal committee consists of five members. Ratiya has a small trade in grain, leather, and wool, and is the seat of a considerable manufacture ofraw-hide jars or kupas. Its income for the last fEJ'i, years is shown in Table No.' XLV. ·The population, as ascertained ·at the enumera­ Limits of onumera- Males. Females. tion. census. · tions of 1868, 1875 and 1881 1868 . 2,745 Whole town '1,516 1,229 is· shown in. th~ ·-{ ·--r-1881 3,212 1,730 1,482 margin. The con­ . 1868 2,745 stitution of the Municipal limits { 1875 3,120 population . by 3,212 1881 I religion, and the number of occupied houses, are shown in Table No. XLIII. . Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the Census. Report o£1881. · · . fatehAbl.d ToWD. ' Fatehab6.d is a small municipal town of 2,992 inhabitants situated in latitude 29• 31' north, and longitude 75• 30' east, 30 miles to th~ north-west of RiBar. This _town was founded by the Emperor Fll'oz Shah, e.nd' named after hiS' son Fateh Khan. There were three other forts built at th'e same time by Firoz Shah in the neighbourhood of Fatehaba.d, named, after ~is other three sons, Muhammadpur, Zafa.rabad an~ Razaahl\d, Vlllages bearing the Hiear J)istrict. I · CHAP. VI.-TOWNS A.'!D MUNICIPALITIES, 75 above name still mark the sites; but the forts have long ago Chapter VI. disappeared. At the openin~ of the present century, Fatehllbd.d Towns 11.nd was the seat of the Bhatti chieftain Khan Bahd.dar Khan, who has Municipalitif:S, been alluded to elsewhere. · On the northern side of the town runs Fatchib~U Tu"·u. a cut from the Ghaggar, constructed by Firoz Shah, which is still in use for purposes of irrigation. The town is well built, and stands on an eminence slightly above the level of the surrounding country. The bulk of the inhabitants are Ra.fns, who were the former proprietors, but lost their status several years ago,, 011 account of a default in payment of the Government revenue. The town ·contains a police station, school, dispensary, bungalow, and sarai.. The Municipal Committee consists of seve11. members. Fatebllbd.d has a considerable manufacture of country cloth ; grain and gM, are exported to Bikllner, and there is also a brisk trade in leather. The town· contains some small Mzars; but the greater part of it is inhabited by agriculturists. At the north­ Past end there are the remains .of the fort of Firoz Shah, within which is situated a smalL m{ndr of that period. The main roa

0 - pulation, as as­ Whole town 1868 3,175 1,818 1,357 certained at the ···{ 1881 2,922 1,613 1,379 enumarations of 1868 3,175 1868,1875 and Mllllicipal llmita ... { 1875 3,084 1881, is shown in 1881 2,992 the _margin. The details in the margin give the population ofsuburbs. The • · constitutionoftbepo­ PoPULATION. pul(ltion by religion, Town or auburb.- · and the number of 1868. 1881. '· occupied houses; are - shown in Table No. Fatebab4d town ... 3,175 2,320 XLIII. Details of Bast! Thakur ... } { 672 sex will be found in ' Table No.. XX of Total ... 3,175 2,992 tho Census Report of 1881. STATISTICAL TABLES

APPENDED TO THB GAZETTEER

OP 'l'HB HISSAR DISTRICT.

, [INDEX ON REVERSE.]

L.l.ROBB : TBB "CIVIL AND )[ILITARY GAZETTB" PBESS. il [Punjab Gazetteer.

STATISTICAL TABLES.

PAGE PAGB 1.-Lcn.Uing staU~tics l!'rontihpiccc. XXI II.-Occupo1.tions xiii

H,-De\·dopmcnt .•• iii XXIV.-~tauufactures ib.

III.-:Anllual roiu!all ib XXVI....:..._Rdail prices xiv II I A.-:\Ionlhly iv XXVII.-Pl·ice of bbour

11 Ill.-ScruJoual ib XX V[J r.-nl'vcnuc collections ib. " V.-Di.ittibution of population ib. XXlX.-Laud ltevcnuo ib.

\'1.-)ligraliou v XX...."'\..-.lssigucd re~cnuc... :ui

Vll.-lleli;;ion and sex ib XXX I.-Balances, remissions, &c. ib. VIII.-Lnng-ungc ib XX.XII.-Salcs and mortgages of land xvll IX.-)Iajor CllStcs and tribes vi XXXIII. -Stamps and registration ... ib. IXA.-l'linor ib. " " XXXI I 1A.-llcgistratioa xviii X.-Ch·ll cont.lition ..• vii 0 XXX. I \'.-License tax ib. XI.--Birtbs n.nd tlcaths ib. XllV.-Excisc ib. XIA.- (monthly, nil causes) " ib, XXXVI.-District funds xii

XIB.- ( u fever) t"iii XXXVli.-Scbools ib.. " 0 XII.-Infirmities ib. XXXVIII.-Dispensaries ibP XIII.-Education ib. XXXIX.-Civiland revenue litigation xx XIV.-Surve.ycd und assessed area ih. XL.-Crimln:J.l J:rials ib. XV.-Tenures from Government ix XLI.-Policc inquiries =i

XVI.- n not from Government ... x XLII.-Gnols ib.

X V'II.-Govcrnmcnt lands xi XLIII.-Population of towns xxii· XIX.-Lnnd acquired by Gol"emmcnt :xi XLIV.-Dirlbs and deaths (towns) ib,

XX.-Crop nrcas ill. XLV.-liunicipal income ib. XXI.-Rcnt-mtcs nnd yield· :r:ii XLVI.-Polymctrical ta!Jle :uili. .XX.II,-Li\"cstock "Rissar Diatrict,J iii 'l'ABtR No. n., SHOWING DEVELOP::UE:l!T.

I • • • • - DelaDa. 18ti3-M, ~. 1863-M. 1868-60. l 1873o1'- Population ...... 1!81 ... E1106,18S Cull.ivated. acres ...... ·- ... 1.368,838 I1,40'1,818 l,Uil,70l lrrlgnt.ed acrea ...... 110, ... H,l78 1,01,717 . Dit.to (from Government. WOJ'ke) ...... r...... 53,978 &e,7'"' &e,Olt' ------.-- -. Assessed Lo.nd Rovenuo, ntpeca ...... t,30,0U ,,2'1,826 6,17,713 Revenue from la.nd, rupcea ...... 8,88,063 t,:M,O:O t,U,IIT Gross revenue, rnpeae ... - ... - ...... ,,U,3!! H,OD,Oil 6,25,SOS . -- Nnmboro kine ...... 80,706 167,140 01,000 aheep and goats ...... M,230 88,107 80,301 " ...... camels ... ' 12,089 13,601 0,0110 " ...... Miles of mct&lled roods ...... 81 os• - .. unmctruled roads ...... 100 " . . '""t R&.ilwaya ...... " ·- ...... r--·_ Police a taft ...... - ...... 000 690 1168 154& Priaonera convicted ... -...... -· ... 761 1,«NN 1,333 1,821 - - - - Civil en»a-number ...... I,UII 1,7'U t,n7 2,77t V&lne ill rnpeea .•• ...... 8'0,711 2,08,SW l,H,lot. 1,86.137 1,00,721 " , I ·------I ------Munieipalit.iea-number ...... 8 ·'" ... --r~ • -income in rupees ...... - ...... 411,806 81,1.0 60,GM ------" maicnsa.riea-number of ...... :l--:.. 1-·. J • .. -patient& ...... 12,733 ...... , 16,110 Schoola-numbeJ' of ...... - 80 ...... -eebolara ...... l ... I ... I 1,... 1.218 1,5<8 ,Nott.-Tboao nguros &1'8 tak.on from Tables 1., Ill., '?'IU., Xl., XV'., XXI., X.Ul,, XLV., L., L.LX.., and .LXI., of t.ho AdmiiWit.ration Report.. ·

TABLE No. III., SHOWJSO RAINFALL. 1 ! ~ I s I ' 1·1·1 7 I •I ·l~o In 1"1 18 1" 11•1" 117 118 11" I--_------II· "'••••I Jlai•fall,/o T••lhofa•l•do.

'- lla!n-gaugeStaUon. ll,_;h 81?-W;; ~ 1! ;; :e ~ .: ~ ~~ ~~ i q !P' - ~ .!.! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I§ ~ ! !JI ! --11-71 .!51(;3-;; j'; '-J l------~:....---.-HiAMr ...... -u ~ ---;;-,-wo~ ~j !it HOllii8ru •u· 1iii' HaMi ...... ••• 1361 !1::: ~ ~ l&.lo l:!lJ• ZJ:s lt:t 03( 221 17: 1~ !z.t.-lo\14 111 tifi U71 1 liD Bhiwrmi ...... f1 .,.; 21fl ,_ lt6; 12-'JI'ID. %70 131l ~~~ 33b H O'J [, 223 Ia 10' ~-~ 131\ , .. l''ata.hl\bad ...... ••• 00 2M lO.'ij 133 Ill 2431 ) .... 130 121 !'l ,,, 210 1~ J4. l(i 131~ 167 Harw&la ...... •.. 84 180 86 176! 122 Jl) 2781 Ito 7D~ lSi ZZJ\ 116 Ui 121·( 1!1 j.-r, ~ lli7 1 1 • lloti6, Theeu tiguroe &A Ulkculrom u.o w~Jg¥ taJ;W&U •••~iPitl.l .. publiab.ed. iD. the ~•,J•6 Otndlt, jy [Punjab Gazetteer. TABLE No. IliA., moWING RAINFALL AT HEAD•QUARTERS. 1 I 1 • I. 8 • • . ..4Jallul Awmg•-. A•nUGl AHragu. '

RninfaU No.f)f Rainfall No. of in tenths in tenths ·Kont.bl, rainy daya llontha. ra.iny days of o.n inch. of an inch. in cacb. in ench tn ca.ch in each month··· month- month- month- 1887 to 1876. 1807 1.01!76. 1807 to-18Sl~ . ------1867 to 1881, . ------I Ja.nuary ...... 1 8 October .. .. ,•, 1 ~ l!'obrtlnl'J" ...... 1 November - ...... 1 Mn.rch •• ...... • December .. .. ·.·· ' 1 ot ...... •1 8• ...... 1st. Octobct" to lst January •• --1 ---8 Juno~~· ...... • ' • 1st January to 1st April .. ,. July :: ...... 8 •• lat. April to 1st Opt.ober .. 21• 1~ A.nguat ...... ' •• ------September ...... •' ..20 Whole year ...... 168 . 1tot•.-Theao.Ogurea a.re ~ken from Table XXIV, of the Re~enue Report, and from pago M of ~ Fa.urlne Report. •

TABLB No. IIIB., &ROWING RAINFALL AT TAUSIL STAtiONs •

1 ., • I • ' I • .II • ' .. .Ao•~age Fall, ha TmtM tif an IJU:Ii, /rMII 1878-4 '" 187'1-B• 2'..WII Btallcmo, tat Oct.obor to lstJI\n~to let April to lat. Whole year, ------. ! btJanuo.ty• tat Apri • October. ----- HIUUii •• ...... !; 14 141 182 Bhlwani ...... 11 ,.. 209 Ba.rwala ...... "so IS 132 176 Fata.haba4 ...... "\ 18 18 140 172 Not.·,-Those figures are taken from pages SG, 37 of tho l"amme Report. TABLE No.· V., snow1NG DISTRIBUTION or POPULATION.. 1------,----1~----1 a T~u -.,-:-"-,,.-l--.,-:-.-;z-11--7\o.Ui-•-.,_;,1--,.,;;;~:;:,:o;,;-l .-- District., Bi88DJ', Ha.n.ai. Bhiwani. Ba.rwalA. Fb':~ )""""-~-."::-,------·------·---1----1 TotAlaquaro miles • . • • s,MO 84.1 7'61 fi86 680 773 Oultlvar.ed equaro mUoa •• 1,816 200 2-&.1 • j.7S -332 667 Cult.umlJlo aqua.ro miloa • • 1,457 Ml ~3 sa 204. , 168 • Squn.ro miles under oropa , , 0 (a.vorago 1871 ~ 1881).. •• 2,013 209 S 33,762 4,156 6,2041 _R_ur&t_ pop_utat_ion______...__ .1100 ___ .._... _•_. __1_•_•_,71).Jo ___..:;:• .... :.: ___ _ _:7..:•::.·,...~~'1--"-7·:.•-"--l 1 Tot~l population por square} · ·

milo .. .o. •o 00 1'3 117 172 111 186 121 B= pop~tlo~. por .~qu~) U.S 191 100 120 128 113

Over 10,000 eoula • • • o S 1 1 1 6,000 to 10,000 ...... 1 - .. 1 3,000~6,000 .~ .. ,, 9 1 ' 1 3 I ~r 2,000 to s,ooo • • .. • • 20 1 8 & 2 " l 1.000 to 2,000 ...... 1M 16 · 35 14 18 21 wo to t,ooo· oo •• .. 1s1 65 35 ·26 20 t3 Under 500 • • • o , , 307 61 33 63 80 80 1-----4·-----;·----~ l Tota.l ,, .. 0.11 186 116 100 132 HO Q;';piod (TO\"DB -~ Is~ __2,_:20:5:._-l--3_:206::.:__ 1__ 6_:,1;:_22_-l·-~61l::6:__:1• -,:-,D:-1::7:--I houses •• Vi.Uagua .. OO,tl8l , 12,813 ·15:954 0,293 - ~ 10,.yro • 12 332 uh:'.:piodoo rv~:. :: -.:-::a-.--1 --==.=.':'".:.,.~--l-:-~:.:~"'·--l-·c~'::~::c,7:--:ll'--:t',:.:":-57·--J-.:~ =....-, ..·:-:-d,-.-:-,·--··rr-=-.-,...-'----- ....-:1- _1_8.:..,.. -7 -:11--:s"..,..=--l~-.:-,,::c..,::--l'--7:-,::.,::.-- ..., j ,,.,.

fa.mlliu · .. lVillagoa 89,638 ~ 10,403 231120. 14,269 14,838 11,616

.ll•t~t•,-T!lese ftguTea &ro taken lrom Tabloa I. and XVIII. of t.he eenl'lua of 1881, except. the cnlttva.ted. culturablo, and, crop areaa, which aro takon lrom Tableo I. t.nd XLIV. of the Acll:!Uniatr&tiOD Bopol1. Biuar Diatrlot.] ,.

T!nLu No. VI., &ROWING :M!GRATIO::i.

- 1 I - I I • ~ • I f I • I • I 10 Jlaln pw 1,000 of - Dl.trihlioa of I••lf'""a•l. a, f'al~ll. 6otA IUft. :i D1111.rlcta. ~• :i ' a.. t t j 1 I :a 1 .!! 1 j 10 a10 ... A I i - I Delhi ••...... 1,692 ,,.••• 6!8 Jll ... .,,. 118 Gnrgaon .. .. 1,788 1:20 ..,. ... 811 .. 110 Ka.rnnl .. .. 2,.547 4,soa ... '" 071 ..." I

1 • I • • 7 8 • 10 Didrief. J ~ i -! ! I l J J __;_~,~- ---11---1__:,__;_ -1--f--11---1 10ol,183 130,814 79,341 11,131 .t!8,1'181 :mi,ia1 7J,O.W 42,RU 60,Tol8 232,0Gt •• ' -231,918 -----69,664 ... ---1--SU,TOI 48JUI ---180,003 Hindu• •• 384,1f86- 208,090 81,200 101,181 IU,812 11,219 f.li,l!U J2Utl Sikba •• •• a,ua 1,7 .. 4 o& aD I 1'1'7 J.tiO J,7tl Jaina •• •• !,102 1,179 . 168 t,7il 3S8 218 07 1,811 !\luealmana •• ua,a11 80,820 11,290 JS,Olo& 11,211 U,Jt1 181$41 H,801 Christiane •• .. .. 41 I ' •• I • - --... -11·---1-.....---1----- EUm~andE~· I . 43 ' •• •• t_ p· eian Chri,rlt.iana ·:. __•_• _ -~~ --~ -;-.~;;- -.-11-0<,-...--r Sunnta 1111.278 .88,880 12,1598 -;.;.;- --;;;;-l--;.;;;-·1-,-.-... Shiahe :: 30· 18 1:1 I 4o 8 11 U

NoU.-Theae figl1rea are taken from Tablee lli., lllA., UIB., of tho (enJUI of 1881 .. TABLB No. VIII., SROWINO LANGUAGES • .- .I • I I I • I 6 I • I f ~loo ... Ta.bU.,

Language. - 11 ~ i :a~ - "' .. i J .. .. 195,1U Lt18,9M lL 1...... 07.188 .... ,. 11,071 ttln"uetani .. ------11,&:16 8,&17 J,I17 J,JIII 11\.4111 Bagd ...... 4J,81t -- -- .,. I

8 6 6 9 1 1 1 -~~. ' ' }., ;•m!L Ma~u.J P~,:~.. !<::~ ~S ~z:-4 cast.oor Trtbo.j 1---,---,---lf---,--'-',-'--,..---- 8-~E.!! Moo~~ - Persona. Y:nlos. Females. Hindu, Sikh. Jain. :Un&a.l· · £ S~ ~ R .S man. - i;:.t.z >'~ g, --- ~-:::: ·.·.·.1--:.1;3 --:.:- ---;~ -;09-0 --,.-7.-.- --.-,6-19- --;-o,-..-0- -,-....-- 8 Pu.tlwn ...... 2.,416 1 1~80 1,13JJ .•. 1286 6 1 Jat •.• .,, ••• 13l,l'l86 '7lJ,218 Gl,6t1S 8&:798 1,169 ••. 2:261 2C8 2 R&jput •.• ...... GO,DD3 8:1,.:JG:l 27,6:11 7,47~ 1 ... 26,1t83 . Ul •a Do~;ar ••• . ••• ... 4,723 2,-192 2,231 ••• ... .., 2,492 - Sl 8 GUJI\r ...... ••• 8,4.:!6 4,761 3,6ili 8,300 ••••• ... 1,461 17 fll ll•di ••• ...... o,1n o.~sa 4,b« o.l37 •.• ••• . ut 27 .A.hlr ,,, .,, ,., 7,t18l 4,341.1 3 ••~:?1 4,33V 1 ...... 18 l7 Sbokb .•• ,.. ••• 8,91!3 2,Jfl2 1,701 .•• ••• ... i,"io2 e !I Bra.hma.n ,,, ... 8l,GI3 li.IIUI 14,.622 17,080 2 ,,, IJ3 85 p,,qira ... , ... .•. 2,623 l,.o;Sl l,O'Jl SOD 2 2 1·,218 6 21 :YBl ••• ...... 8.61o!8 4,MI t,us; 8,9~2 u ... ' 64.7 ~ lf 25 Miraal ... .., ... 8,669 1,937 1,727 92 ••• ••• 1,8'40 _ 1 lt ·Da.nyn. ... •.• ••• 4.3,aoo 22,7~' 20,666 .!!I,n7 ••• 1,~1~ ... 88 lOB Diahnol •• ...... s,us 4,220 3,8\18 1 -•4,".!'!0 ,...... 10 81 Aberi .,, ,,, ,., 4,.f.87 2,-U8 2.u71 2,410 ... •.. 8 4. Obubra ...... 12,1!!6 6,316 G,i60 6,913 22 ... . 441· 2-1 4.3 . Dhannk ... ,., 13.520 1,211 8.232 '1,274 •. ... a 27 & Cha.tnAl" ,., ,,, 49,269 26.624 2Jt,G-&5 26,875 224 ... 215 .&8 ·la Jhin\VD.r ...... t,1-i.f. 2 ')"6 1,918 735 1 ... 1,48~ a :12 InhfU' •• ••• ... &,&sz a:o.i& 2,11se Mia ... 2,-ws- · u 11 Tarkh&u .. , ... 12,627 8,H78 6,7-fD 5,331 "i21 ... 4!!6 26 • ta Kutnh&r .,, ,., J9,6R2 )0,3il8 0,32' 7,8H7 4o ... 11,4.-f7 89 IS Cbhimbp, ,, ,,, 6,156 2,778 2,~18 2,130 U .. ,, Gli JO 23 Ton ...... ••• e,sot 8,669 5.222 6 ...... 8,66-4 u as Qaa~mb ...... 2,837 1,612 1.irW ...... 1,612 a 10 Bunar ... ,., ... 8,976 2,1U 1,8-lO 2,039 I ... 91 - 8

.Noe ..-l'hese flgures a.ro taken Ctom. To.ble Vlll.A, of t.be census of 1881.

TABLE No. IXA.., snOWING MINOR CASTES AND TRIBES. -'- 1 • 8 ~ • 1 ' 3 • ---6 0~ • 0~ . . z..,.s'"'lf ,.c; ..~ ..o·~ Caate or Tdbo. Persons. ll"olca. Femalea. -;8.~::::; CaetJ or _Tribe. l'enona. Halea. Female-s, ·~:;0~ ·cC.J~ .... 31.9 I> .!l-~ : ------0 1 A.ra.in ' ...... 1,907 1,031 878 62 Bb4t ...... 786 410 370 9 .Julaha...... 1,266 m 610 83 :Undari .•• ... BOO ,. 268- 10 .lrora ...... 1,36e 700 8>8 81 Lilar:i ...... 1,9:19 l,OOS .... 18 Bllooh ...... 272 m 11 Bawaria ... 788 .., ••• ,.1& Koohi ...... 1.. •4.72 1]0 . Saiyad .•• ... •• 706 8<16 ... 87 Xhat;t ...... 960 {90 <60 n Dhobi 1,786 1'1...... 8861 98 ...... ' 178 8ll t66 til Jo([l ...... 1,910 1,210 709 100 "Thori ...... ],6"0:0 864 ••• - 102 Gn&ain ...... 1,470 1,017 ' - ••• 47 lr~a.t' .. , ... : 1,231 643 68<1 ](( Xunjra ...... 60! ••• ... Bba:ai ...... 116 Tbathera ... 667 818 ... "'68 Dairag!...... 1,8G7 1,081 ""786 ~ 12::!' Bohbori ... 643 303 840 i : 81 Dorzl ...... 080 lioi 276 . 16< Sboragar ... 616 ...... 'I . - .liofc,-Theao J!pres are taken from Tablo "\'l.ll.A. of l.b.o ceuua of 1881 . lrlssar DiJtrict.l ..tl 't.. wu No. X, •voWJ•o CIVIL CO~Dl'Tl'O~. - 1 1 I • ' l • 1-'l_•·ll ' I • . Siltgl~. Mart'Wd. IIW.-1. I DetailJ. ~ lWes. l-'emal011, lllalea. FcmaiOll. lolllle .. FemalM, I All rolJJ;:"iona ...... 140,2{15 79,110 lH,OOl lli',371 17,:rn !'6,.. ,11 • H.inrlus - I •• ...... Hhi,lf·2~·· Sikh11 ...... 87~ 4',9 j';,'J. IU ,... J11ins ...... i'J:! ..,. 7llll 7~1 liB ,... t"• Bnllclhists ...... "" ! 3,iul ,.,• .., ••• 16-20 • s~ ...... 6,7/:tll 1,-11~ 3,101 b,:ll.~ I 113 .,., 20-25 ...... ·t,:u& 1~') 6,:m P,:na %8.'1 407 ~2~ 25-:JO ...... , 2,:i7·l 02 7.•~1/i 0 ''23 I .,, 1,715 ;-.: 30-10 ...... 1,42(1 I 7,HW s:.'=n 7:!.11 l,fo.'t5 40-50 , .,,. ..2!j 7,illl t:~· ...... : O,f>L1 1,.117 s,~! 60-00 ...... :11 . 7~ IB : '1,160 4,2U7 2',ltlfJ ...... ~=-·· OverOO ...... ~ .,. ,. 6,7tll I ....· 8,1\Vl - I I ..... Nole,-The•o Oguroa aro taken from Table No. VI. of the Ceoao.altc!port.

- I 2 l ' -I • • I • I 7 • I 0 I 10 Total Bir·U•• Il~gUt•rtd, Total Deatll1 Il'gutwed, Total Deallt•frow. ~eiU'B. I' Poraona. Malee. Cholera. B...U- Males. Femlllc~., F'etnalca.j Penone.l pos. Fever.

1877 ...... 3,273 2,500 5,Ei00 ... 8,47.. 6,:t~ ...... 6,7F.i6 12,tm:5 670 ...... '""'111711 ...... ll,O.'J.i 0,\:!7 21J,4111 a: Or" t7S l:t.~ ...... 1:00.1 16,0CI!1 l>,fo7-lo f,21'!.1 9,tlo"i7 2 'i'i~ , ..1 ...... '""" ...... 10,3115 8,0ll7 19,aa2 7,W 6,772 12,000 .. 16 0,300

~ ~·!'ti,-Tbcac ftgurea are taken from Tables I., rr., VII., vm., and IX. of tho Sanitary Report,

T~u tio. xt.A., ll&ownro lf;ONTHLY DEATIJS now .u.r. C'j:CJIU.

1 , - ---• 1--• • - Month. ~. 1679. ,.... 1881. T<>1 -...... 7.. Scp~ ...... :: I .,. l,.'Wl 8,733 ...... " ...... t\ll %,0'!2 3,74-S""" o:n 1 •.,. "·""' October ...... " ...... ··I "'" 1-'ii I ..... November ...... J,57S ),725 1,1!.15 6,71» :: I 1152 010 l,OU 6.)3 1,000 December .. .. " " .. -·" .. .. ""' ""' 4,71)8 ' Totol .. ..' ...' ...... 12.... , 3:1,4181 ....,,1 ...... ,, eJ,Uii - [Punjab Gazetteer. • - TA!ILB :N'o. XIB., snoWING MONTHLY DEA'rllS llllol.l FEVEll, 1 ' 3 I ' • 6 7 llOl'I'TR. 1877 •. 18'18. 1879. ------ISSO, 1881. Tor.al. ------J'o.nna.ry ...... 282 ..., ...... 6!7 2,4.77 Fehl"UD.ry ...... 197 010 .. ' 601 2,230 MMch ...... 072 ... ""'633 .518 661 2,620 April ...... 2<3 .,. 868 ... 7.. 2,651.. ldio.y ...... 278 ... 1,34.7 m ... 8,829 Jone ...... 314 703 736 763 7.. 9,244 July •.• ... ·-...... 828 3t3 <65 021 2,212 AUKD&t ••• ...... 281 '""352 760 o76 47< 2,539 Bopt.embor ...... 200 1,08< 2,458 ... 1,122 -· 6,452 October ...... 297 l,7G4 3,523 ... 1,234 7,361 November ...... 817 1,379 1,540 ... .,. ,,(155 December ...... - 817 ... 681 770 8,468 TOTA.L '"" ------... 8,4.7.a. I ...... 13,886 7,082 9,800 4.2,6M .Not•.-Thcao ftguree are taken from Table IX. of tho Ba.mtary Report.. TABLK No. XII., SHOWING IN~'IRMITIES. 1 s . l 8 • -I • lnmru. ~ll Blind. M&lea. Foma.lea. Ma.lee. Females. 105 1,302 All rellgioUJ {Total ••. l,ll65 ... 122 H4o 10 ... VU1age1 ... 1,128 1,218 200 103 117 16 ••70 030 1,020 100 12 Binda• ...... 1 . 179 Sikhl ...... I 7 I ..I ...... Mue&J.mo.U• ...... 803 339• M 37_ .. • .Noii.-Those ftgurel are ~ken from Tab lea XIV. to xvn. or the conaua ot 1881. TA.BLB No. XIII., ·sHOWING EDUCATION

1 ' I a I s a ' -I I ' • J!lllfl. Halu. ~,... -----.- l* ~d ag .5~ '*g -s! t~ - •• - b" !~ ll t~ l! ••"" .... - ~e -ge ~-g 'g~ ~ .. ~~ a~ ~= 81 ~= oo .~. 0~ ·-~------Allrellgioni {Total "' 1,711 10,cns - 28 Villages 770 ..... JO ..16 Tdril Hil!lur ...... 1,091 - 1zs Hindua ...... 1,386 9,456 I' ., Tu.bil Hll.nAi ... 367 ..... 3• 10 8ikb8 ...... , 6 IS ' ... TaMil BbiwtLlli ::: ... 739 3,791 7 10 Jain• ...... 111 ... "'t TaMil Bo.rwala. ••• ... 150 981 I YWULtnwia' ...... 200 Ml 12' 11 TaA.U Fatahaba.d ... 187 1,311 • Chrlstilllll ...... 8 17 ... • :I Not•,-Th011e ftguroa a.re ta.kan from Table Xlll. of the <'enatts of 1881. TABLB No. XIV., snowiNG DBTA.IL oP SURVEYED AND ASSESSED AREA.

10 11 ----=~--11--=-s.!..I -=a___!.I_• __ ..LI _,;,":....._11-•--LI _r--..!.1 s I 8 CVLTIT.Ir.'l'I:Do UlfOOLTIVJ.'lEDo

Irrigol

a:g~~~~~e~Ji s ... ~i ..!.·• . -f !~

, I a I • I G 18J •• , 16 j 16 17 18 10 mls1 22j os 8 I·" ••lui•• -11-'~---''-----1 Talril Bai'1DQla. I

N~aro of Tonure. '

I 18 ., 68,4.66 1 48,997 1 ..• 4,t66 ••. 10 ... 17,820 ••• 11 ...... 7 II 20,4<2 I "' 7,963 ... •.• 11 Jl,807 ••. e •.. 18,8311 1,193 ••• ••• ...... 1 I 1 l/193 ;;·

B.-ZG.U..,.u•l. {p"~l\ll' the rovenuo aud holding t o ti.nd In oommon .. , ...... J~·· 01,861 ~ 1 15,17£ 8 235 1,,52·l e lOS 1!,!96 ... 10 701 ll,GOO ·- JS l,t&t .S,l94 Tbflland and f'fiVenue bolng divh,. C,-Pallw.ri. ott UJtOU &noo.stml or r-nl!ltomn.ry aharoA, enhjo!!.'l. to Anoooeaion by ftho law of inberitanoo ...... DO 00 1,800 !,87,6SS 7 2,•1• ...... 1 113 1,784 112,m ... 20 1,021 M,m ... " 1,.,. n,o10 D m.,...... {In Wbtoh pnalo&Rion 111 tho me&· .., ·- auro of right in aU landa •.. 380 SS3 16.86& 1Ul.883 380 86 1!,397 833.007 .,.. 18,8!0 376,!1& 89 13,907 !68,508 ... Gl 7,371 S19,013 ... In which tho lAnds af.e hold B.-Jr.M fill' r... JMU1,ly In aoven.tty and pr.rt.ly pn-~ PoJ, fn oommop, tho mouuro of rifrbt fufari or in omnmou land boin~r lbe BAGJGM.IN,{ amount or l.ha ahato of the U• I Lon-. of land be1d in severalty . . a W l&,ooti 1%7 8,MO •• ••• ...... •.• •.. 1 1 165 B,JM ... .•• -· •.. 0.-:~::~:.:-F.~~~~~~.::,~, --,11--,,1--,"--,-.-••-.i,l-.- .. -~-.-..-~--.- .. -1·-.-..- --~ -.-..-! -..-. -..-.- ... ,- ... -..-.- --.-..- ~ 1--:--71--.-.•-.-~,

Total I ""': ..~ 08,7101... -'ij 110 131 13,..,. 403 ...1; 128 i9~ W,71r.!• 7oi 11,1121 0'13,00E' 011 l80 O,""j 870,..,.1 I~ W .... TfiAtil FGta.kkd. Didrid Hiullr•

. Nature of TODure. Acres of .ACTCII of land lr.nd bold. .bold.

-- ---11-~-l--- ...(.-T.li'UTII WlTil." JUORT 0~ OCCUP.lli'CY, (a) Pa.yhJI{ the amoun~ of Gov- . ornm«:nt ruvenuo only to the 7 198 1,781 · l'l'flJITIOtors .•• ... .•• . .• 214 1,88<1 16 118 1 · {6) PnyiuA' such amount, plus • .. 1,890 I-P•Ji•l rml i• Nd. cash l(Atika.unb ...... -1,_800 .. I {tl) Paying nt tit.ated cv.sb rates 13,903 3-I,•WO 47,880 3,118 2,187 86,61~ [ per llCro ...... 11,663 173.081 2,703 · (d) Paying lump sums (CIL8h) for 2.'881 their bohliDb"8 ... .•• . .. 261 2,R81 38,31!9 3,U'Ja1 Total pnying rent in CMb ... 12,:!27 180.638 2,386 · I(a) Pnym< • { (') I produco 0,28!) stnt.ed sharu and less than 674 '12 l,tM : of tho pro- t prodnco .. . 12,1UG J,602 101 1.780 3,ua6 · dneo in'kind (3) l., l u ' .. . 6,42'.5 II-Pagi•g rn~ iJtl:iJid, . (b) Paying a eta.} . tell shu.1·u of (•) Sb the produce ·· IU'e ot P~ 11 17 , pins n caeh ~uce leila than I l~,.,--l·--·!l--1---l,-·l---11---1---11---l---ll·--l-..:..._-1~··, ctmtrihution 709 •18,602 OR l,IU2 • 62 1,000 ... 178 2,940 oiOIJ 12,021 Totnl pn.ylngl rout in kind ... .•• ••• 12,000 100,200 2,780 4U 6&0 3,181 -i2,I81 2',:iso as,m 1,670 10,oa2 2,UHr &2,162 Grand tol.lLI. of 'l'ennuts with rights of occupancy ... ------·1---'1...,--- ...!.------B.-TBtU.KH HOJ.DUh1 Cotr'niTIO:tU.LLY. 1,200 U' 387 8,0~ T{.-Por··-lodon kauf' (11) Wriltcl_l ..• •.. , ~·' l.. (b) Not wr1tten. .•. :::/ --.------1 . " · ' C,-TElU.lfTS AT wtLLo ~---. ,.4,820 M,&iS 7,975 1,04,014 r.-Payir•gl•~ ... •...... ••• ••. ... 34,4-W 467,m '1,SI2 no,sos 6,.S..'J2 75,-l&J. 2,100 18,tl26 --'~·•_w_ ___1s~,a-•_7_ ___ooo__ _~··~.7~oo~ !1.- l'aying_in kind (h) less tha.n t prodnce ... ••. ... -·~·-'"-·-J·--6(~1,_..,._11 1'.-l41 30162 1 11 1 D,-,l'&RTIIUI BOLDING- AYD CtJLTIVJ.TUfO 8ER\'ICR OD.lKT8 - ~~--'--II I'HOW t!ROt•nU!TOUit B.II.IUt.Ol' .t.LL llEVICliUB .... 900 118 1,210 .,., 10,-&.13 !-i9 2,1H·2 'tao- l,OM 390 8,737 I.-Sanlni••P or Dh"""''1rlh ...... l 00 332 10 30 13:i I {.-OtmJitiuNal on tcrric" .. . 178 t,t7s 1 . 83 &52 13 20 .t• ~ ~ ------~ -----1!---"----111------.------11-----l 174,:!83 Grand totn.l of Tonurea &3,072 7s7,sss/ At,sto 139,400 10,700 16ii,S33

1/ulc.-T. figures are t~en fNJ». TaDre. D~V. of \he llovenuo Repor~. •ruasar DistriotJ :li· TADLE NO. XVII., snoWING GOVERNMENT LANDS. I I • I • I • • ! ..t ...... ~ ~ ~ 10:! - G ~ .. ~. li"go; OS t~~!I e~ .. a~ ea- 0 1:: '""g ~[elo1 :8S :. ~ ~oAs ~.!la~ .,.s ~ Whole District...... 44,5.&7 62,4.70 2,

TABLE No. XIX, SHOWING LAND ACQUIRED BY GOVERNME.NT.

Cornpensa- PurpoKO for .. hlch Acre• Redaction IPnrposo for which Ac,., c;,. .... ~.. ltcftndlon tlon pni1l of ro•·enno I of revonuo acquired. acquired. o.cqulrocl. aoquirod Lion pmd In rnpcoa. lD rupees. ' iD rnJK.'ed. in tbpocl.

Rood• .. ' ...... ,o Goamntco4 ' Rail- Ca.mds .. .7. 1,2'16 •• wnys •• .. Sta.to Ro.ilwa.fB ...... •• Mi&c:olla.oeooa .. 290 1,6i7 84 I Total .. OIS I :1,163 I 101 Not4.-Thcse Dgures aro ta.koD from Table XI. of tho BBVODUO Roport.

TABLE No. xx•• aHoWING, ACREs uNnER cRoPs. 1. • a • • • 7 8 • 10 11 ta ,. ------;- --" ---" -- !! 0 • :;; 0 Yean. 0 g

Talufl A.

1-~-1_· __ , __•__ ,1:-'-1--·- _._ --·-1~ 8 __._I __ ,._ 11 IJ 18 14 15 I . . . Nlline of 9. § J Taball, g' -' ..;

·----~~~~--~~~.Nok,-l'he&e figuree are Ulken from Table XLIV. o! Lho Af!m•"lh;traLfoa Beponi, [Pnnjab Gazetteer.• TABLE lfo, XXI., snowiNG RENT RATES AND AVERAGE YIELD. · .. 3 1 ' I . '. 2't:l ~~~. ~lt~ •a~ Naturo of crop. 8,-e~~ eo..: ~:,•-'1o.~~ Cl'""Q.Soo fma;~ ' ~,g~§fll..!, .. ~ CD"Q'"o .... f:2 ~.81.9 - = 'C ... .-~ n9. A. 1'. lb's. { MRsimum .. .. 8 12 0 ., Bloe ...... •· Minimum .. .. 0 8, • ) . :Ma.Umum .. .. 0 0 12 IncilgO ...... { Minimum .. .. • 0 ·o } Maximum .. .. • 12 '10 . ' Cotton •• ...... :.{ Minimum .. .. •0 0 l OJ Maximum .. .. 8 ' •0 0 Sugar :...... { :r.nnimnm .. .. 3 0 0 J .. { lla.:zimum...... Opium ...... •• Minimum ...... J .. {Maximum .. .. o. 0 Tobaooo ...... •• Minimum .. .. •0 8 0 J 610 Maximum .. .. o, { lrrlg.... d ...... { Minimum · .. .. •l 10 •0 Whoot .. .. 0 - 40• •• uo!rrlgotod .. .. •• l MoxJmum·Minimum .. .. •0 •· } lln:s::imum .. .. 8 I<• •0 . { l•rl&""'d .. .. •• Minimum .. .. . 0 9 ·7. Inferior grolna .. 0 13 0 820 · Unlrrlgotod .. .. {Maximum .. 0 } •• Minimum " .. • •• . .. { l!a.Dmum...... 6 0 ..{ 1rrlg~ .. •• Minimum .. .. •0 1 223 OUocods · i Maximum .. .. 1 •0 0 Unlrrl&""'d .. .. •• Minimum .. .. 0 3 0 •0 1 { MB%imnm ... .. • lrrl&""'d .. .. •• Minimum .. .. 0 1 Pibroe .-t r !lnximum .. .. 0 18• 0 104 Unlrrlgotod •• .. ''l Minimum .. .. 0 } Vegol4bl98 ...... • .. • 1;026

.Noli.-Theso figures aro taken from Table XLVI. of tho Administration Report.

TADLB No. XXII., SHOWING NUMBER OP STOCK. 1 ' I 8 I • • I • I 1 I .8 I • W'Aolt cli.triclfor tU TaAriUfor til~ ytaf' 1818-79. yto.r• 'I> I I Xlnd of Block. .,; 1878-9. " - xsBs-o. 187~. - .. .D• li .. ~ ~ . ;,; l ;; :S, --- iii ~ ...... Cows and Bnllocka ...... 86,707 147,140 ...... 22,G1S' tu,a:so 10,!9& 16,426 "13,437 1,210 601 858 ,., Horses· ...... 410 •• rs 120 Ponlea -...... 927 960 716 105 m .. 160 ••• Donkeys- •• ...... 8,937 6,860 3,430 ... 1,400 ... 1,600 840 Shoop and Gon.ta ...... li6,230 88,107 80,302 ts,9Z3 ,..... -Iri,fli5 10,224 36,200 Pigs ...... , .. ... 3,365 ... 4,107 1,072 ~.ooo .... 1,120 10 Comols ...... l!J,68D 13,1581 6,600 ·1,072 )50 2,8i6 7,478 ' "' Carta ...... 2,160 2,437 1,637 300 400 ••o ...... PloUghs ,...... ~·.. 34,371 tl,108 82,882 6,800 8,400 ..... _ 7,&73 4,801 I ' . Boats .. .. 1 2 .. .. • • .. .. - .. • .. .Ndt.-'rheso ~sure• an~ klken fro!Zl Table Xl.V. of t.b.u Admin.i&~n Report.. llissar DiStrict:] ':iui TABLE No. XXIII., SHOWING OCCUPATIONS Of MALES. I ' • a I • I • l • _.!.J • I • t Malu ~ 16 ttan of ag1. Jlalt• docw II ,_.., tifIll•· Nature of Occupationn. ~ - ~ Nature Of·Oocapa&Jone. - 9 Towna. VUiagea. Total. a Towna. Vlllagea To&al. "' :.• 1 Total popula,ion• - - - .. ,.~ .. 1,46,503 1,1!,028 17 Agricult.urallobouloro •• 180 J,Jf& 1,m • Occupations specifted •• 26,213 l,t0,674 1,61,787 18 Paar.otal •• .. .. 7...... A{nicultural, whether 19 Cooks and ot.her eorvanloll 807 ..1 J,l4D • &lmplo or combined •• 6,10% 1,07,847 1,14,1f9 Water CAJ"lier8 •• Ill Civil administration ...... 1,066 1,668 •• • 01 Army .BwcepcrsandacavODgcn .. 1,193 ...... 414 70 . J • "'"... "' Workera in reod. ca.ne, 6 llellglon ...... 1,008 l,tJ4 •• lcu.voa, at.raw, .to. •• 126 "118 ... 7 Barbers ...... 801 l,fl6 1,768 23 Workers in lea&her .. ... 2J7 138 8 Other professions .. ... •eo 881 .. Doot-makera .. .. 640 a,tss 4,121 Money lcndol'8, general •• '\'Vorkers tn wool and • traders, p.cdlarH, &o., •• 1,894 . 1,197 8,091 · poda ...... 12 II 16 Dealers in grain and· . oilI: 11 18 ftour •• •• •• ..• .. .. 1,441 8,118 4,11H •• ' 01 2,281 G,77J"' D,OH II COrn-grlndera, par- .. .. ""'ton .. chen, «a, .. 183 28 ...... • .. wood .. 817 1,668 1,1180 12 Confel"tionei-R, Potters 178 1,4.07 1,178 &c...... grocers. .. ""''n.. OJ 066 ••• 30 ,., 7.. 18 Workers and dealers in ... Carriers and boatmen •• 1,026 1,330 2,876 gold and silver .. .. 14 Landowners .. .. 1,884 .fll!,41Z 14,198 81 Workers In iron .. ... 2,183 f,76f II Tenants ...... 8,849 66,79'7 69,646 Generalla.bourere .. 1,6117 8,188 <,sao IG •• ,Jdln'-tultivat.ors .. 81 2,178 33 Beg~ra,fakl,.., &nd the ·~·o Uko ...... 1,094 4,188 11,~0 . .No~.-These 8gure8 are taken from Table XIlA. of the Conau Ropon. of 1881. TABLE No. XXIV., sHOWING :MANUFACTURES.

1 2 8 1 8 ' • • • • .r· -8-.------l: ""g.,; li. ri ~ .g. - •o. ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ eri fg = ~ 0 e. I> ~ &l I " . ------" - Nnmher of privo.te looms or small workR •.. · .•• ... . .• 8,832 180 ... 1 810 128 .. 112 Number of workmen in-8Dl&ll work.a or independent nr,asans ••. 11,323 ... 467 .. 1,910 1,888 ...... Estimated n. .nual ont-t.IIC'~ of &ii works, in rapet~~~ ...... 7,08 366 41,162 10,!26 ..... 2,18,87(1 1,41!1,831 88,118 41,306 1 11 11 13 I 1. u IS 11 I 10 I I I I I I ~ . .. ;, -=33 a I<= ~ . g-g. .!!~ !i I =e ~.s ;~ - I .,;-~ I .g;: ~ .. ·~ !!' ~o-r·""-~ 0 .;. ~S.5 '£Stao j . . I j s= 0 ~a l Number of private looma or small works ...... IDI 1,891 786 1.. 101 ,.... Knmbeio tit' "'o.~rkmen in amall • ~·I works or independent art.iaana .•. 1,!!11 .....,. J,888 ... 1,JI7 17~18 &timated annual our.-tarn of a!l ~:I ... W()rks in rapecs ...... 1.41~ ...... BB,OIS .1,89< lj)O,BH %,.20.117 J•.u.Gtf .NoU.-Thcae O'gurea tLre UlkeD from lobe Report on lnle~ Trade and llanufanurea for l(lbl~. 'rABLE No. sirowt "" RE'l'.A.IL PRICE!:! • XXVI.,- . 16 10 u 12 IS .. 9 .. 8 I - 8 G 8 7 I I I I - 1 I l • I I I I I I ·I - J - /.- N~t•&tr of &fT'I ad Oitanb 11ft" Buptt, - - ' ., ' i! i ... 0 l i .! 0 .;- I ·lTeati 0 t ~ f ~ " d ~ s ~ § .: !· ~ 0· ·e -"• :a g .. ~ .. ~ 0: ~ 1i ~ -~ ~ ·.e ~' .." .. I ---.. "' ---.!1 ~ .. a - - . - 8.. Cb. Ch. s. Cb. Ch. s. Cb- B. ct. s. Ob•. s. . L'h, s. Ch. s. Ch. s. Ch. s. Ch. B. Ch. e. Ch. s. Ch. ·s. s. . . ~ ------18 1 149 5 7 7 8 9 12 19 18 17 10 18 1 10 G 9 18 11 .. .. UD 8 • 7 7 1881-8!1 ...... 11 14· • IS •• 1862-6:J 1 (8 10 I .. 41 so 7 G 81 .. .. 1S • 149 • ,.• '1 7 ...... " .. .. 10 •I 18' • • iO .. 2 • • .. .. •7 18 7 1863-64 ...... 14 11 ...... • • • IS'. • 9 149 • 7 .. 29•• •• 5• 10• ••18 9 1 7 - .. 14 .. 7 .1864.-85 20 8 so 9 ...... • 8 1 • 8 l49 5• ...... 8 ••28 '7 • I .. a 8 • •• 7 7 7 186.~-66 ...... 10 28· 7 .. .. " " .. .. ' 9 a 14 • 8 UD 5 7 .. I • 7 1860.07 18 a 8 89 7 .. .. •7 ••27 • .. .. ,. 14 •1 9 149 7 I 7 7 ...... " .. 8 •• 8 • 10• 17 11• •I 7 .. .. • 8 6 7 '1867-88 ...... 18 11 28 ...... • f . I I IS I 149 • 19 18 19 18 •1 10 .. 10 7 7 . 1868-IID .. .. ,. 2 20 " .. .. " .. .. 18 '9 13 1 • • 8 . .. 10 7 IS 14 8 • I .. .. " 10 7 7 1869-'10 ...... 7 • .. .. t •9 IS 1 •• 140 . • 6 1870-71 18• 10 •8 17• I .. 10 14 18 ,. •f • ,.• 8 ... • •I "'HO • 8 7 8 ...... 18 8 ,. iO . 3 • •8 9 .. 187142 17 8 20 ·' .. ..• .. ]20 8 8 ...... ,, 16 • •8 4 2 .. .. 40 ••81 14 !8 .. .. • lSiZ 73 ...... IS. s • 8 2 . • 1 120 .. 8 ...... 32 •• 11 lB .. .. ,·, 1873-74 21 80 ...... • ...... 16 -· 9 120 8 .. .. 17 ...... ,1814·13 .. .. 31 .. 28 .. lO .. .. 1!?0 • 8 ...... 10 .. 17 ,. •8 • .. .. 9 • ...... 28 1875-76 .. 23 8 - 84 .. s•~· ...... • 120 8 ...... , 8 <8 SB .)4 00 .. 8 .. .. •• .. .. . 1870·77 ...... " ...... 8 9 • .. .. • 120 ...... 00 17 •• 1877-78 IS 8 20 8 ••21 10 .. 8 .. .. " .. •1 • 6 120 8 ...... ,."' 19 •• 8 10• IS 1>• ...... 1878-79 ...... 8. •o .. .. ·8 ...... ,. .. ~· ... I 120 .. .8 ...... )879-80 14 ., .. .. 26•• .. 25 .. 8 .. 10 ...... 8 >a .. ·~- I 13 100 ...... 8 20 10 14 .. .. '8 ...... 1880..81 ...... • 1 14 80 8. .. ••30" ••30 . 20 S6•• 10 17 .. 8 .. 3 ...... 11!81·8~ ...... "20 ...... •• .. .. " • J! . . ' • ~ - . . - I Q Not6,-Tbe fl~'r'M for tho or8t ten yea'I'S are take:l from a fttatemont published by Government (Punjab ,Government No. 2009, of 19th AUgust 1872), &nd repl'eloent "the sn · averngo prices for tho twelve mouth& of eaoh year. 'l'llO flguros for the las~ t.an yeu.rs are t&ken trom To.ble XLVll, of the Adminctration Report., 'fd represent prloes as they :-lil... · et.ood on Ul'l lat January of eo.ch y~ar. _.. . · . : , . ',. · .. ... (1>. !" Hiss:Lr District.] :n" TABLE No. XXVII., &ROWING PRICE or2LADOUR. 1 2' l 3 I • s • I 7 8 I 8 10 I II ' W.&.G:U 01' L.LBOVa Pia DlY, O.uct:LI I'll Do1n:1'n ••• O.t.DII'IBDj,T. D.a.T, ' SClOII ••• D.&. I'. 8/riU#d, u.. tdlktl. Year. ..; ..; ..; .. ~ ii ; i 8 ..z ..! "'.. ~ "' ~ t ! • ' iii I .s : I .s ~ l iii ! iii .s Ra.As. P. &.As. P. IU.As.P, BI.As. P. lU. As.P, IB

1808-69 ...... 3,83,003 ... Z,tM 8,872 ...... f,M,3:i6 1869.70 ·-...... 4,16,:ro6 ~·fs:· ... 2,163 ..... 62,100 f,00,379 18'70-71 ...... 4,22,066 ..... 2,070 6,002 35,1+1 4,60,1:124. um-72 ...... S,O'J,230 ..... 2:i,617 1,972 4,058 31,00, 4,67,ti35 187>-73 ...... 4,24,0'JO 2,655 20,875 1,836 t,l=t 87,001 4,00,070 1tr.B-7' ...... 4,24,126 ...... 2,035 8,763 40,0'J6 6,tiO,Oil3 1874-75 ...... 4,:U,061 8,206 ""·""26,81 .. 2,008 ...... 4,tl8,1)".U 1876-78 ...... 4,24-,UB . 2,923 ..26.~74 1,003 ...... 40,616 6,00,373 1876-77 ...... 2,:u,uo 26,~76 :2,07.. 8,6011 ..,3118 6,0'J,M8 1877-78 ...... 2,24,109 8,511·"·""" . :26,870 1,765 8,8{1:! 40,056 6,00.~1 4,2--&,157 2,100 85,~ 1,801 fr3,M8 6,10,476 1878-'19 ...... - 8,

1 2 3 6 7 6 10 11 I II ' I G II I I I • II I

Plott. · Total. j

Risa.n.r ... 2,<13 468 ..... 468 107 127. HalUii ••• 2,la8· 078 2,138 078 18 . 2'1 ' Dhiwnnl ,.. 25 ,.. 25 ,.. 25 Bn.rwntn. ''ioo 422 50 l,OOl 150 ]50 Fatabu.bad .:::·, ll,W 1,'130 u,.,. 1,730 1,~1 ·I ..,I 'TotAl district 030 100 10,831 3,251 l 1,'1,270 3,801 1,432 216 215 f--~--~---1·------11--12~'--1-S~~~--16~~~15--11--l-6~~--:-'~:~--18~~~1-0~~~2JI~· PBIIlOD OJ' AastGlJHBliT­ Continud. NvmntR OJ' AsstGNE:EB.

F••...,.. ""' II l>Hri•gtt11anu ...... of ~§ \ g5 2\WII, than o~~e. at«hlilluunt. !' ~ 11-----.------J i ~ ~ . ·l ~ ~ ~~ ~ s .~"' "·· -~.. -;i ill~ :! ~ IZ4 s ~ &0 ~. ~ -.-....-----, -..-,· --'--~-..-_-1:.1-- ..- ..- ---7-1---s-,·l--.-..----: HlsBO.r ••• .... Hu.nsi ••• Dbiwo.n.f. ... -~ -~-.. i:_~.., :~" I -... ~ ::: s .}' :::.., 1 BM'Waln. ••• Fataha.ba.d , •• ti,'iss i,'Ooo 1·,·.·72,. a~~ ·J 37 ... 1.~ 0 181 . Total district 14,411 2,185 OV':II 10. ~ 40 280

Not•.-Thoao figures aro taken from Table XU of the ReVenue Report. for 1881~~

TABLE No. XXXI., SHOWING BALANCES, REMISSIONS AND :~"AKAVI.

BA.LANOB8 OJ' ~"0 BALA.KCEB OP Q'Q e . e . "'0• UKD BBVBlftl& :;~-~I LAlfD R RVElftrB Ill' lltll'BEjl, .!1 ur Rtrl'Bxs. "5Sif5 g .e ... ~! 8. m ~ =.... Q, m ~ g.g e !l g~e u "(;~~~~~.a Yeat. Year•. ....,..;> "' ~~uiEI ~ m •· "•> ~~ra* -g, ,; .s~e ==0oocao :- f ~-a~& hi' § s'Ciaal!! "'•• -~ "' ~ ~a~ ~ ~-g Cll a -.: ~"dgg u> ~'='go .:& ~:~cc::s 'CI d~ ~I .:& ~PI ~ ~,; ~ !!11~ ~:e -~Ill.. o; •.!1" P! S .CI"Z ~e • 1868.611 . ... ~.267 ...... 86,802 1876-77 ...... ' I ... 1869-70 ... 10,827 ...... 116,0-i6 1877·78· ... '1 ...... 7,520 187o-n ... S,M6 ... 700 1878-70• ...... 19,74.0 1871-71 ... I 24.,&W ... i,6:n 1879-80 ... ..• ...... 300 1872-73 ...... !100 1880-81 ...... 1873.74 ...... 18Sl-82 ...... "3oo 1874-75 ...... ''i~n ... 1882-83 ...... 1870.70 ... 13 ...... ·'·. Rissar District.~ rril TABLE No. XXXII., SHOWING SALES AND MORTGAGES or LAND.

1 _,_,1_ 3 __,_I _•_I 5 I • I 7 S.lLU OJ' w.r, llono.t.•u o~ LA...._ .A.grinlt.rUh. I Ntn~..d,.U..ll.,...,. .J.griftll.m.l.. Year. No. of tz.~ ~ Purchaae J ·N-.-.-.-,~~....:,...-d-,o-:~Pnn:--....,-~ No. or~~~;: lf~~ J----::C""C7'c=:-----·ll-cuo--o.-l acres. money. _caa_oo.__ J..,:"":::""':::.·.I-m-o_•_•_Y_·.II--caaoo.--j aero~. money, Di.trid Figura. Total of tUx years--1868-60 to r= l-:::-::-::-:-----1,8_73-_7..:•....:·.::".11---=·=23=- 18,841 80,9M ••• ••• ••• 686 37,&55 147,82! Totri.l of four yeMS-1874-75 to ' 1877-78' ,., ..,.....:::_1....:'~·1..:29:..1---=... :..:·':..65..:.11'--=1=85~1-1=1:::,873:::....1-..: ..::·"'::..:' 11---:-""':::-1'-'-':...... ,.,..11-311-':, ...,..., 1878·70 ••• 127 4 725 10,072 100 6,706 S5,BIO 169 6,006 lR,:Ul IS7D-fi0 ••. 85 s:rno 21,167 47 J,4tz 12,100 63 t,7tD &,k:tl 18&~-Hl . ••. 7D 2,575 13,7:16 63 1.aoo to,sot 66 :!,&&8 tn,7on 1 88 1 7 360 20 000 60 12 37 70 4 718 36 96 1 ~~~------~-•__ .. _·,ll---'"'---~'--l--~-·--lll--~:..-~•~··~•..:•_1-....:~'~=•-11----!-~'--f--C'__, Talril 'total• for .fi~ y~ar- ltl77·78 to 1881-82, Hl.1.umr ••• 171 7,139 24,929 70 2,0011 14,'791) 2DfJ 8,'!M 82,M7 Hansi ••• 78 2,6-W _18,522 60 1,205 J0,5R3 77 4,0S7 =.-1.!1 Dhiwo.nl ... 73 2,8i0 12,602 I .. 1,000 13,5!2 156 oi,IOi Jli.-UD Da.rwalo. •.• .. 1,M6 8,... 12 1701 1,1-1.7 39 J,ltl-lo II,H67 Fa.tahabo.d ..• 921 8,308 25,107 .. 6,224. 39,130 671 2oio.W 10,7tl0 l------~--~-----lll-..n~I~1~•~T7.~~1,....:'~•~~1•~1--1__ •~1~1-1~r-~1~•8~j~1~o--l llo.II.TG.lGRS OJ' LuD- 1'- I ('(ffttintud. I:,. ___R_•_•.,.•_...,_•_•_•_•_•_•_M·,,-·-"'-"_•_•_.,._L>_,.,_. ____ 1 l .Non-.A.grieuUIIf'id1. . 11___ -",.:~"""':,._'_"_""'~'-'·---IJ::- --"'-'",-,.... _•_•_i"'-'..,'-""'_._,_'·-; N..... o. of 1:nd?! Mmo~~- ! No. of 1ar:d f! MortJrlljfe No. of It,~ f!juon...., nerea. ,~ cases. nerea. money, ca&ea. neres. monoy. I------D-u-,-.-u-,-"-.""--~~.-.------l~:------l,~~~------'I 1------l..::::::.l·------l~-----~==::~------j Totnl ·of six ycn.rs-1868-60 to 1 ~~~·~·------·-,..-1 7-·---·-l:---"·---~·~"--f--=.. ·~1~~-~"---'-"-f---"'---l~-·:.."-;·--"-'-+~·--~ Total of four yCQJ'S-1874-75 to I 220 10,879 M,807 .. ,...., U,U8 ..,'"'--'------=1-:-87=-7--7-=8~·-=··_ __,_ ...:.. 35,293 126,607 1 1878-79 ..·• 11 318' 11,700 40,1D

No'•--These fi~ are taken from Tablea XXXV., and XXXV B. of the Reftnne Report. No, detaflA for tl'lntlloo fera by agricnltnnsta and othor8, and no figure& for redemption. are Available before 1874-76. 'l'he 1lgnree for eariic:r )"eAr'S include a.ll ~~and mqrtgagee. TABLE No. XXXIU., BDOW1NG SALE o• STAMPS AND REGISTRATION or DEEDS. 1 • I 8 II • I • • I 7 I 8 I 9 II 10 I 11 I •• I 18 .Ixcoln ••oar: S.t.LJI o~ ST.ut:Pa. I On:uno•e o~ nD RaoriTILI.no..- Dal'.t..-nnrr"• -Ruripb ill Ntt=ein No. of D'*" IUglol_., Yolu of Pr'fll'l'rlr o§t~W, rii]JU6. "" til, ,. "'Pl••· Year, 't! ~ tiC.9 ~ a~t 8. i 'ii !l • ~ i 0 ~ .g 0 .g .!!~ ;a .s.o;., :fe 't! • I! a :i :g :!! ~fi :ac. .. . _,a :C>, ... _., ...... • =0 QD ~~ n ·a ·~ ~ a ;;. a c.!! !J;a I ee ••o• ~0 ..• ~ .::· ~ ~.;K s~ :.~~ .. I !o. :.!"' =" i'ii 1877-78 ... 27,63.1 7,fY16 'r/,2-')0 I 1,7-M 1,519 100 ... 1,870 8,28,3%6 1,361 48',015 ~3,78,701S 1878-79 30,fl,'j.'i 13,·W3 Z1,777 12,8"10 1,!74 193 .... 1,732 ..,...... l,:t7.. l,IO,froi6,38,W ... 1,165 2,31,003 8,278 1,00,056 3,.1i1.50' IR79~ ... ~.729 12,i.l-l ,.. 156 .. 158 ~ 80,670 <3.!7 ,HM 61 1,2<4 ... 2{),-i:?-4 12,81-1 "'·•"j"·""'27,1&' U,!.il I 910 ...... J881-82 87.7'~ 12,230 36,070 ll,637 ll37 182. 1,3>5 18,7to. 36,1m ;-t,46,iW '""'""' .... " r·"·"" xdii. ll'unjab Gazetteer.

TABLE No .. XXXIIIA., snoWING REGISTRji.TION.

6 8 v 1 z 3 I I I I ' I ' ' NUDE1l o~.DBED8 REGIBTJ!:BB]),

.. 188().81. I 1881-82 • . Yen.r. ' - Total. Compnl- Optional. Total. Compul- Optionni. sory. sory. r- ' R"~P.tm.r Hissn.r ... . 2 . ', ...... 837 i'OO 2iio 9n Su .uogi.8tra.r HlsAnr· ...... [80• 167 '231 Hnt18f.. . . 80 228 !17 114 ...... 1-13 • 860 .. Dhiwo.nl .. ... ·161 1-16 307 175 185 ...... 86 ·12 81 liarwo.l.n...... 87 .. . 311 .. ..,. 137 17< .. Fo.t.almbiLd ...... 12~"" 177 Tot.al.of district ...... 002 1,2-" 634 721 l,Sli5 l NoU.-Thcso ligures a.ro taken frum Table I. of the Regtstmtion Report.

TADLE No. XXXIV'., snoWING LICENSE TAX COLLECTIONS. 1 • 9 I •l 6 ll 6 v I 9 I • ·I 10 I 11 I 12 18 I H I 16 I mm Ncacosa Ol' LrcalfUB aWTED nrz.a.cH CLUB .urD GuDB. ~g ~ 0 "10 82 Bhiwani .::: ...... 3 "! 1 "1 16• .. ·151 ...... 223 4,610 18 DIU'\vo.ln. ... 9 ...... 0 Fnto.ho.bo.d" ...... 12 .." ...... 67 roO ""26

TABLE No. XXXV., SHOWING EXCISE STATISTICS.

1 3 3 5 7 9 10 11 12 13 J I • l I • I • I I I I I " FBKJIBNTBD LIQUORS. Ino:uc.lTilfo Dauas. ExCISE REVElfUJE Pll031l.

No. qJ retail- No.;Llhtai CoiUU~OII Cmurnaptioft, ira MaunU,· l!.'· ira Ga , ~ic4!11~ ., Yoar, "S~ . ll 1:'' = . .8'"'i~ ·c !I ~ ~ t'• ~ ••g~ i:i·~: 0 t~ 9 .ll' g, :;l·.. §~ ~g ~-~ e g. .. e ~ ~ ~3 Og, t OC" 0• Oc 0 ..., .·. z"~ art ~~ !

TABLB No. XXXVI, SHOWING DISTRICT FUNDS AlrliVn ll'fqoKJ, Df . Rvrus• AlrlfVJ..L ExnJJDITV .., U' BVrlllo ~· .. 1l .a-.; Year, .. D !o § Q.,j 2 ~ 1l ...., . g ~s .!1 • ~z· 0 ~ :0 0 ! D !l ~ "'8 l "!i ~ a £0! 0 3 "' ~ :l! . 'S ... ;:! ~ !I 3f ' ~ ~ O'l ;:;; :>1 ~ ~~ • ------1--:------1874-75 "' ...... "' ...... -3,865 ...... lJl,6!7 27, ... 1876-76 "' "' ...... 28,010 53-.11 ... 20,MI.'I 1876-77 ...... 25,>&02 l:l:!1,210 '~68, 4,371!3 1,270 ).1,1177 :'J,l\9 1877-78 ·- j '·""" "'·""' ...... "' ... 26,787 I . 1,z73 ro.• 4,8-1-i 1,00> ... ,I.,HI ...... 1878-79 ... "' ...... 27,063 1,335 120 1,01-.'1 8.11 lti,Co:fO 26,:~Jl 1871J.80 ·ss·;as., 'iss 35,1H2 1,3-10 4,GIJ'J•.. ,.. I 1,713 ...... 80 11,038,18,0'.!1 188().81 "' " 35,607 ...... "' ... 35,U2lo 1,5TJ .,., 6,:!!J;j 1,701 337 12, I Hit %1,30' 1881-82 ...... 35,598 ~I 36,000 1,611 """ 6,001 1,6:!3 130 12,152 ~.tr78 Nole. Thoso fl.guroa W"' tAken !tom Appendices A. and B. t.o t.ho Ann~ RcvJcw of lhatncr. 4und opcm~ona.

TABLE No XXXVII., SHOWING GOVERNMENT AND AIDED BOYS' SCHOOLS 1 • I 8 l • I • I 6 I • I 8 l 0 I 10 I II llmDLB 8ClUOOL8, Panu2r Bcuoou.

Bn9lU1f, V .rrnacular. Englim. Y ft'llat'Xlar.

. Government.. Government• Government. Govcrnmont. Aided. Year. ~ ~ ~ 5 ~ • . ] ~ '0 0 '0 ~ ~ .g 'il 'il 'il ..0 'il !0 'il J .!: .. .. ., • "' --.------"'· ___._"' ---"' --- "' "' --- 288 ------1877-79 ... "' ...... 1 3 ...... 17 612 ... 1878-79 ...... 1 ••n 3 277 18 .,. • .., 1879-80 ...... 3 35 1 0 016 .... 62i ..• . ... 1sso.Sr ...... 3 ... 1 •6 6 ... 71:5 ...... 1831-82 - ...... • 33 • 10 • ... 21"' "" ...... N.B. Smce 187!).80, 1n the CnBC ot both Government and Aaded Schools, thnllO scbulnnt only, who haya completed tho ;!laliddlo School cour'l!e, W'O Mhewn in tho returns n..M n.ttcn•lin~ High Schools, and tho>~o only who havo comB_let~d the Primary School conrso are shown a.s o.ttcndinr,t Mtd!llo Schools. Pro\·ivwt to tltnt. yenr hoj'H, o.tc.ondin~t the Upper Primary Dcp:1rtmcnt, wero inclurled in tho retuins of Middle Schools in the cn.se of ln~ttitutlonll under tbet immediate control of tho Education Department, whilst in In.!!titutions, under Di-;tr:lct OUlccrs, boy~t att.onrlinqo both tho Upper o.nd Lower Primn.ry Dcpartmcn~s. wore included in lllrimnry DetJartmcnt!l nttnehctl to it; o.ntl a. .lluldlo He boo!, tho Priiilll.ry Department. Beforo lSi0-80, Dmncbes of Government Schools, if snppllrtefl on the grJmt-in-n.id 11y~tom 'O'!ro cln.ssod ns Aided Schools; in thl) rcturus for l9i0-80, and snb~>equcnt years they hM·e IJccn ~!.own a.." Go\·orn. mont Schools. Branches of EngliAh School"-, whether Go,·ernmcntor Aided, that l'fNr< fnrmcrly inclurlc

,--~---:-TT.-A_B.::T,_E-:N'-0 XXXYriJ., BHOWL~G TUE WORKING OP Dff.PEN~ARTES. 1 I 2 ~ 3 I 4 I • I • I • II 8 I 0 I 10 l 11 I .. II 13 I " I 16 l 10 I 17- -g ~ • NUVBEK OJ' P£Tnll"ta Ta:unD. ~ame of :J § Jlen. WuAIII, 'I CJ.ild,.,... Dispensary. d ~ 6 ~ [871 1878 187ll '""' .... 1877 1878 18701 '""' 1881 1&77,1818 1.:870 '""' , ..., 1 1-::H=u~.-,.-r--.-..-1-,~,-t 6200 6310 0100 4tl76 5326 Joo:Jl,i:f.i"-ru2 1,012 t,rm t,na 1,r..1.;I 1;Ji; oo~ t,tv. BhiwA.D.i ••• Jst 1 1 1 ~::::~bad· ~3 :i:lli g:~ i:~ i:~~~ r:= :; :~ ~1 ~ '~~ ~~~I]·~~, ~~ :r~ 1 ·:: Total ... 11;:877 i7,m1 1 ~ ~t;,;.;~ ~~;;;o ~~-;u;- ~ ;;;; --;::;;~-;;;:;;-;11m;

1 \: ~ 18 I;: .. :... ~.:.1 22 ZJ lt.:o~• :.. :.:.1 21 :,;,.~n~ ..~,~ a:.:.. ~

D~~~·~~ j I 1871 1878 [87ll laM I'"" 1·877 •• ,; 1•87B _::_!_::_: ,., I""I ""'i'"'"i_::_ Hissar Jst B 77d 89 77~~ 1i 9i7 7 50S I ZtH 4.131 ZlO Mi 2'1' 2,7311! 2,:nrJ 12,-llll 2,41012,9$4 Bh;wani ;:: 1st 7;,1•• a,M la,r.3 2',.a2 3,2:!0 18 156 113 163 1,066 J.M l,GJG 1,000 1,0'11 ~--..-. -=- -~ 1;,51;9 !2.553 ;;.;;25,963 ~ t.t65 i8i3 8to --;;;. e.w !7,7;"r;,;; -;:;J'AAT "' _;-..J .A••t•.-Theee ~ a.re taken from Tablea II., IT., and V. of 'he DiBpetlMI'J' Bepod.. , xx !J'unjab Gazetteer TABLII No. XXXIX., SHOWING CIVIL A't!D REVENUE.L~'rlGATION. •

1 2 8 6 I 6 7 8 9 . - II I I· ' . I ~ ·\I V.I.LUE 11'1' RVPBES OP SuiTS OOlf• NVKDE. 01' CIVIL SUITS COXCZBli'JlfG OBBllUI'&• I{umber of rent. Land and Revenue Money or Rent and Other Revenue Land.• Tot&!.• Oases. movablo Tcnnncy &nd other Total. ma.tters.• • property. • rights. mnttcra• 1878 ...... 1,786 617 367 2,709 19,911 1,40,814 1,69,725 I - e,so1 1870 ...... 2,rm 366 3n 3,2-if 16,396 1,89,180 '2,0<,670 6,368 1880 ...... 2,367 836 370 3,021 18,540 1,61,206 1,60,746 8,127 ' 1881 ...... 1,950 200 767 2,986 19,857 2,00,573 2,20,430. 8,217 1883 ...... 2,310 263 463 3,M6 23,"" 2,02,283 . 2,25,627 8,411 . -Nol,.-Tbcse ftgures aro taken from Tables VI o.nd VII of the Civil Reports for 1878 to 1880, and n. a.nd m. of the Reports on Civil Justice for 1881 and 1882. · • Suits heard in settlement. courts a.re excluded from these columna, no details of the value of the property , being avnilable.

·TABLE No. XL., SHOWING CRIMINAL TRIALS. 1 3 • 6 .I 6 Det.a.us. F\ 1879. 1880. 1881, . 1882...... 3,149 2,422 2,822 2,920 2,569 ~o-d ij"'""ht-Discharged to tri>l .!. ...••...... 803 788 773 622 .452 261 423 r: ~ Acquitted ••• ...... 3l0 &: ..., Convicted ••• •...... 1,810 1,368 1,5741 1,675 1,63! Commit.ted or refen·ed ...... 6 0 10 so 26 .;,..:rnmmons ..... rgnlar) ...• ...... 726 687 00 0 81llJlDllU'Y) - ...... 1 s ~"g wnrrnx:led cases rcgnln.r) ...... - ... 002' 638 "'~ . ., 8UIIUlUI.l'l') ...... ' 4 ~ Qo LTotal CIL8e8 disposed of ••• ...... 1,458 1,212 1:176 1,332 1,232• ...... ~ 1 6 ... - 1 ·~=~pott&Uon"for uf8 ::: ...... 2 ...... 3 o n (or a. t.crm. •·• ...... 6 !.."' ... ~ Penal servitude ... •...... '.!-' ----... •0 Fine und«n" B.s. 10 •.• ...... 1,666 726 1,056 1,195 1,110 •• Rs. 10 to 60 ...... 318 263 263 261 ... ., n 60 to 100 ...... 83 • .. 6 8 • G I• n ., 100 to 600 ...... 6 ' .. ... • If .. 600 to 1.000 ...... ' ... I ...... •Q Over Rs. 1,000 ...... -----... f8. Im.priBonmont. under RlX months ... "0 ,303 ... 236 261 .... l ., six months . to two years ... 200 191, 1.. 116 114 ::: ,, over two yen:ra ... •.. ... 26 27 32 - 87 26 .8 ,. Whipping ...... - ...... 120 141 71 77 21. 9 Find sureties of tho peace ••• ...... 26 8 Z I Rccognisn.nce to keep the peaee ... .., •2" '''t'T . Give suret.iea for goOd behaviour ... . 100• 63 12 "14 23• l ' lf'of•-Thtse figures are taken from Stntements m. and IV. of the Criminal Reports for. 1878 to 1880 and IV. a.nd V. of tho Criminal Reporta for 1881 an'li 1882. Hissar Distric\.1 xu TABLE No. XLI., SHOWING POLICE INQUIRIES,

----'~---11--~...!.1_3_LI_•_!_I_•...JI'--ol ' I s I o 11• ju '"l"l"l1& ]{'11.-.IJnof C"t.a iRqllirN N111Mn &/ P.-r.o .. .drndftl "N•.Mr o.{ p,,.,."' i"to. or S•a110ud. Dt•~.W. • Nature of Offence. ~ ~~~ ~ i\g ~~iii 5 ~ ~ ii ------1!-'-=- -""" ... ---,------...... ~ ...... -r-- ......

Rioting or unlawful assembly... 1 6 6 6 s 133 60853320 2831623117 llnrder and attempts to murder 43368 4o 84843418 ..• Total serious oft'ences against! t.ho person ...... 57 38 87 '" 42 00 78 '60 &I 00 01 60 86 07 76 Abduction of ma.rried women ...... Total scriona offences against 203 202 150 131 167 210 250 189 107 263 13& 17& 130 Ul 187 'tot&~ro~~~ offm;ces &KainS"i tho person ..• •.. •.. 87 5 .. 8 u 200 17 10 25 68 13 17 !Z Cattle-.tbeft. •.• ••• - .•• 172 102 170 123 117 160 201 11)7 13:1 166 106 136 U8 10tJ 100 Total minor offences against property ..• ...... &15 ..... 206 207 481 Bi-t. 502 409 4H 338 471 393 :1!0 250 Total cognizable offences ... --853 708 621> ... 525 1,os.s 1,011 sn 100 816 616 1ro 636 ."i8D sso ------·-Rioting, un.Ia.wful assembly, ------a.ffray ·- •·· ... . .• 3 4 3 Offences relating to marriage •2 3 3 ·s ).1266,.f2-t3 19 21 ... lllll 10 18 ... \111 Tot.al non-cognizaQle offences 30 20 • 4D .. 61 68 81161 32 881.f1 62 -67 23 66 Ciu:rD orouL of offences ... aoa I828 6&6 m 67a 1,11C 1,132 003 7~1 ·; 081 808 ..... ,6,... ;;u

Nott.-Thcae flgtll'CS aro taken from Statement; A. of t.he Police Report.

TABLE No. XLII., snowtNG CONVICTS IN GAOL.

, •I•IJ•I• •11 81•11•1n'/" I------III-,~~~.1~!-~--,~.~.N~II-R-,-rru~~--.,-l~--~---~--~--~---1 at Btgi1uaing of ~ •pruo Prmotu O~tW. of fJilJZ. «nnoid•. ~~~ d•nng ~M y«~r. __""'_oid_· -'-·-ll--·-.,.-,....,.,...--,--,--l Year. 11

' " ..-.i !. .,=_; :.sd l ~ :a. g ~a~ ~ ~ ~ l.£~ ~ ~~~i 8'il~~ ------l...:.:..-l--r--11--=-l--1-...:::.._-l__:-l_::_-l0 ., !!20 14 018 15 461 6 610 1877-78 ... .,. 7 216 7 807 21 811 • ... 184 16 16 120 1 '2s •• 118 ''ir ~=~=-:- ... IJ 181J0.81 220 • .. .. 119 1 ' • 93 1 1881-83 ...... '" 18 I .. " "'.. • t 13 1 15 16 1 17 1 18 1 19 I 20 I 21 I "" .. I ..

Year. 8 ..... 1----n------3 1 91 10 12 13,41)2 1,2M 1877-78 .,. 119 18 lfi,3IJ 644 230 13f•• t.IJJJ 1878-79 • 111_!~8 78 08 28 • • 41 ..... 1879-80 "' "• • 14.720 l,itl 1880-8: ••57 83 '87 32 • "'39 20 1 , 11• 31 ,,711 1881-82 .. •• .. . • • " .... I Jrott.-These ftll'tlres &ro taken from T&blea XXVIII., XXIX., XXX., XXXI.. and XXXVD. of lob .A.dminiatration Report. . [Punjab Gazetteer. TABLB No. XLIII., SHOWING THE POPULATION OP .TOWNS.

1 4 G 1 8 ••• ·I • • ~~~ ---- . ,; . ... ~ ' . ~! o.·-·~ ' 'd~ ~ 8g fll §':! ~bil. ~OWD. ~·o- .. ~ a ~-~- ~, gga E

T.I.BLE No. XLIV., snowiNG lliRTHS AND DEATHS FOR THE TOWNS.

1 s 4 1 6 8

g ~ Total Birtlll regUtertd during Total Dtath r~gi.tntd duri11g, • .I ~§ tile year tlu yta,., . ! Sex. Town. I, • '""P-1..:."?::5-,ll:i j '2 > _ '1877. 1878. 1870. taso. 1881. 1877. 1878. 187{). 1880. 1881. ~,c·'"c) 1 l------{-il·:cl!n:-:-l.-.--.-.. +-":7.-:5:c21-,i 220 !233140176 2-i31'2.ll6i9~ 2!8--;; HisS&r • ••• •·• l<'cmnlcs ~.. 6,641_ j 200 156 115 134 1{18 !H7 52.0 302 144 240 Males •••· 6,359 198 139 lOS 193 203 · 167 · 374 28-i 100 1{)2 Ilnnsi ·•· "' { Females ... 5,851 180 1136 117 176 207 120, 372 257 141 178 Bhiwaru.· { Maleft •.• 1'1 ,563 710 631 572 • 661 736 500 804 7·14 380 556 ...... E'cmnlcs ... l5,6a7 617 528 45,1 636 600 .490 681. 66-i 873 55q. Note.-Theso figures aro taken from Table LVII. of tho Administration Report••

TABLE No. XLV., sHoWING MUNICIPAL INCOME •

.,; . • -g • I • ...: ~ Nnmoof .: ~ Name;~f -( ~ ~ ~ -;l .; ~~nicipo.lity. ;; .! § Munic~pa&ity;- ~ ;; Ia • ~ •~ "'!< IS •~ :.; .g • • "' ~ Ei 1 ..:; .. iS • :a = ..~ "' --4--" - .. " -- Closs of "' - Class of • "' "' YuLicipality. n. m. m. m. m. m. Monic pn.lity. n. m. -;;T~~r~-- ru. .. ---.--:-:------