Many Earn Their Livelihood from Professions Other Than Agriculture

Many earn their livelihood from professions other than agriculture and industry, mostly from services and sales necessary to maintain a certain standard and way of living. The growth ofthese occupations depends greatly on economic development. These occupations, both in rural and urban areas, constitute a significant part of the life of the district. These include members of the public and defence services and all those working in the fields of education, medicine, law, engineering and transport. In addition to these fully or partly organized services, there are many engaged in earning a livelihood on a self-employed basis. They often work in shops or in their own houses; some go about hawking their goods or services. In addition, there are a few people who are engaged in domestic services and work as cooks bearers, servants, gardeners and chowkidars.

There has been a vast increase in the number of jobs in the public services under the State and Central Governments, as also In Local Bodies and quasi Government organizations after Independence. Before that as development was of a low order in the Bhiwani district, the growth of employment in the public sector was insignificant . After the formation of Haryana and the start of the period of rapid development a sizeable part of the working popu- lation was able to get jobs in the public sector. The district of Bhiwani came into existence on December 22, 1972. This was a further impetus. On March 31, 1973, the number of persons employed in public services in administr ative departments and offices of the State and Central Governments, quasi Government organizations, and Local Bodies, was 8,568 (7,660 men and 908 women). This number rose to 13,674 (12,155 men and 1,519 women) by March 31, 1975, presenting an increase of 59.6 per cent within two years. By March 31, 1977, the number rose to l4,39F (13,205 men and 1,186 women), presenting an increase of 67.6 per cent within four years. It is thus evident that the scope of expansion in public services during the period 1975 to 1977 narrowed down considerably as compared to the previous two years. The women in Bhiwani do not seem interested in public services. 1 Its break-up was as follows:- State Government 11 ,322; central gcv~m~ent 9; Quasi Government 2.356 and Local Bodies 704 . . . Their number in 1977 came down to 1,186 fro m 1,51 9 in 1975 , thus recording a decrease of abou t 22 per cent .

The per so ns in th e employ of Government are give n dear ness all owa nce related bro adly to the cost of living. Class IV emp loyees are provided wi th liverie s and chap als. Loans for the construction of houses under the Low Income Group and Midd le Income Gr oup Housing Schemes and for th e pur- cha se of vehicle s are grante d to Sta te Gov ernme nt emp loye es.

In Decemb er 1970 , Government decided on an ex -gra tia grant and other faci liti es fo r the famil ies of the State Government emplOYeeswho die whi le in service . The gr ant is equivalent to ten times the last month ly emolumen ts drawn by the de ceased empl oyee subj ec t to a mini mum of Rs. 5,000 and a maximum of Rs. 15 ,000. Other fac ili ties include free med ica l aid, free educa - tional facilities up to the degree leve l and Government employme nt to a qu ali- fied member of the fam ily besides hou se re nt allowance, or the re tention of Governm ent hou se on the usua l rent for a year after the deat h of the employe e.

In March 1974 , the State Government sanct ioned an advance to Gover n- ment servant s (e xc ept class I office rs) fo r the cele bration of the marriag es of their children . The amou nt of this advance is 10 months pay or Rs.l ,500 whichever is more subject to a ceiling ofRs. ~,OOO. Such an advan ce bea rs intere st at the rate charged from time to time on an advance taken from the General Provi dent Fund Accoun t.

Som e Gove rnment Officers are provide d re nt-f re e acc ommod ation. This includ es th e Dep ut y Commissioner, all the Sub Divi sion al Offi cers (Civil) and all th e Tahsild ars and Naib Ta hsil da rs in the Bh iwan i distr ict. Esse nti al servic es like the rail ways, po lice and med ica l and publi c hea lth are usually provided with re nt-fr ee residentia l acco mmod at ion. Anoth er such cat eg ory is ja il exe cll tive staff.

Since the numb er of Go vernm ent owned hou ses is limited , gene ra lly only senior employe es are allot te d these ho uses aga in st a de ducti on of 10 per cent of their pay. Ot her employees who have no t been pr ov ide d wi th Gov ern- ment accommod atio n are being giv en house rent on the basis of the popula- tion of the to wns in the di stric t. Th e rate of house rent admissible at Bhiwa ni , which has been class ifi ed as a class II town, is 7.5 per ce nt of the pay of a Government empl oyee. Emplo ye es in pub lic services are not restricted from formi n~ associa ,- tion s or union s to sa feguard reco snised service interes t • The Jats, Ahirs, Rajputs and Gujars in the Bhiwani district contribut- ed a large number of recruits to the different branches of the defence services during the two world wars. During World War II two Victoria Cross (the highest gallantry award in the British Empire) were awarded to Hav. Chhelu Ram (village Dinod) of Rajput Rifles and Subedar Richhpal Ram (village Barda) of 4th Rajputana Rifles.

A large number of soldiers from the district fought in NEFA, Western and Eastern areas when the Chinese invaded India in 1962 and during Pakistan hostilities in 1948, 1965 and 1971 . The following defence personnel received gallantry awards for distinguished services :-

Recipient Resident of villagej Award Remarks tahsil ------Jammu and Kashmir Operation, 1948

Lt. Co! . Dharam BadesrajBa wan i Mahavir Chakra Alive Singh K.hera

Lt . Co! . Brijpal BaporajBhiwani Vir Chakra Alive Singh

SM/Hony. Capt . FatehgarhjDadri Vir Chakra Alive Jug Lal Ris/Hony. Capt . Neemli/Dadri Vir Chakra Alive Jage Ram SMjHony. Capt . Gudana/Dad ri Vir Chakra Alive Ishwar Singh Hav. Sardar Singh Achina/Dadri Vir Chakra Posthumous

LjHav. Mehtab Deosar/Bhiwani Vir Cahkra Alive Singh

Naik Sispal Singh BamlajBhiwani Vir Chakra Posthumous LjNk. Chuni Singh Tigrana/Bhiwani Vir Chakra Alive

Chinese Aggression, 1962

Sub. Nihal Singh SuijBawani Khera Vir Chakra Posthumous 260 BH!WAN! D!STRICT GAZBTTEER

Receipient Resident of villagej Award Remarks ---- tahsil -- --- Pakistani Aggression, 1965

Rifleman Mathan BaporajBhiwani Vir Chakra Posthumous Singh

Chinese Border Action, 1967

Hav. Lakhmi DhananajBa wani Vir Chakra Posthumous Chand Khera Pakistani Aggression, 1971

Major Sher Singh JhumpajLoharu Vir Chakra Alive

Naik Jai Lal GaranpurajBhiwani Sena Medal Do

Sub. Lt. R.P. TigranajBhiwani Nav Sena Medal Do Singh

Sqn . Leader A.N. Krishna Colony Vayu Sena Medal Do Mehtani Bhiwani Hav. Khazan Kheri BurajDadri Vir Chakra . Do Singh Hav. Daya Nand ChandenijDadri Vir Chakra Posthumou s Ram

Major Balbir Singh Pantawas Khurdj Vir Chakra Al ive Dadri

Major Jai Bhagwan AchinajDadri Vir Chakra Do Singh Naib Risaldar Hawa NangaljBhiwani Sena Medal Do Singh

Hav. Jai Lal BadharajDadri Sena Medal Do

Hav. Ram Chander JawajDadri Sena Medal Do

Naib Subedar ChandenijDadri Mention-in- Des- Alive Chhotu Ram patches

LjNaik Ved BadesrajBawani Mention-in- Alive Parkash Khera Despatches Resident of vi llage/ Tahsil

Naik Rameshwar Mention-in- Dayal Despatches

ALD Jaipal Singh Mention-in- Despatches

Subedar Dharam Pal

Hav. Amar Singh Bajina/Bhiwani Vir Chakra Alive ~ Naik Dmed Singh Dalawas/Dadri Vir Chakra Posthumous (B.S.F.)

Two hundred and twenty five persons of the district belonging to the armed forces were reported killed or wounded during the Pakistan Aggres- sion of December 1971 . The details are :-

Tahsil Killed

Bhiwani 29

Bawani Khera 7

Loharu 7

Dadri 46 90 136 ---- Total: 89 136 225

Most of the ex-servicemen belong to agriculturist families. The villages which have maximum number of ex-servicemen are :-

Tahsil Place Number of ex-servicemen Village/Town 2 1 ------3 Bhiwani Bapora 212 TigraBa 352

Dinod 163 261 BitIWANi DISTRICT GAzintilEi .

1 2 3

Bam la 167

Biran 117

Baga nwa la 63

Prem Nagar 145

Devsar 151

Kairu : 91

Dh ani Mahu 107

Jui ~ 66

Lehg an 90

Mi ta th al 101

Bh iw ani 217

Manheru 119

Mi ran 108

Sandwa 122

Dadri Achina 237

Baund Kalan 179

Ch hap ar 116

Chir ya 141

Ch andeni 141

Ch ar khi Dadri 111

Imlot a 102

Jhojhu Kalan 214 263

2 l3

Kakr auli Hukmi 107

Makr ana 94

Misri 118

Rawaldhi 90

Ranil a 23 1

Sanwa r 144

Samas hp ur 127

Dhani - Phoga t 10 9

Barwas 76

Bisalwas 29

Ch ahar Ka lan 54

Chahar Khu rd 38

Gagarwas 31

Gothr a 45

Gopalwas 38

Hariawas 52

Balia li 10

Bars i 14

Bawani Khera 191 ., <., Dha nana 222 '" 1 Kanw ari 122 J Sev eral conce ssions, have been gra nte d by the State Government to Aqn ed Forces Fer§onne l and their fam tI!~s ,be longing to Har ya na who ma y be killed/disabled/missing during various operations in or outside India :- (A) Ex-gratia Grants

Officers Junior Other Commissioned Ranks Officers

(a) Personnel reported killed /disabled with 50 per cent disabilit y or above 7,500 4,500 4,000

(b) Personnel with disab ility between 20 per cent and 50 per cent

(c) Personnel taken as pri so ner of war A lump sum of Rs. 500 and a by enemy ~ fur ther sum of Rs . 60 per minor / dependent child A lump sum of Rs. 500 and a further sum of Rs. 60 per minor; dependent child

A sum of Rs. 1,03,150 was distributed as ex-gratia grant to the armed forces personnel and their families in the district during the period January 18, 1974 to March 31, 1977.

In addition to the ex- gratfa grants mentioned above, the families/ personnel concerned are given monthly pen sions, as foIIows, for a period of six months from the date of occurrence of the casualty :-

Off icers Junior Other Commissioned Ranks Officers

(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs .) (a) Personnel reported killed/disabled with 50 per cent disability or above 250 150 100 (b) Personnel with disability between 20 per cent and 50 per cent 200 125 75 (C) Educational Grants (1) The children of the aJove mentioned categories of personn el are entitled to free education and no fees are charge d fr om them in schools and colleg es includin g profe ss ional instit uti ons.

(II ) For the education of children/dependents monthly grants at the following scale are given per child /dependent 1

(i) At the primary stage 15 (ii) At the Secondary stage 35

(iii) At college (Arts & Sci ence) st age, J .B .T. class and stenography in ITI/Polytechnic Institute. Also to motor mechanic trainee s with qu alification below ma tric 75

(iv) Motor Mechanic trainees from ITI /Polytechnic Institute whose minimum academic qualification is matric 100 (v)In the case of technical and professional ed uc ati on 125

(vi) Fo r higher education abroad 350

(vii) The children of deceased armed forces personnel alre ad y stud ying in public schools or getting admis sion to such schoo ls after the death of their father in action Income of widow; Amount of guardian edu ca tion per mensem allowance per men sem

(Rs .) Up to Rs. 600 2, 400 From Rs. 601 to 1,8 00 Rs.800 From Rs . 801 to Rs. 1,000 From Rs. 1,001 to Rs . 1,200

1. The expenditure incurred in this behalf is met by the Chief Secre tary to GQvem- ment, Haryana (in the Defence Branch). The I;>eputy Gommissioners are, 4ow~v er , t40 Drawin~ a~d Disbursing Officers . These grants are allowed in addition to whatever other help the children! dependents may be entitled to in re spect of free education, scholarship or other financial assistance especially sanctioned by the Government or an institution. 1 However, educational con cession s are not admissible in cases in which these are already being given by the Government of India . These are as follows :- (i) Complete exemption from tuition and other fees (including charges le vied for the school bus maintained by school and actual fares paid for the railways pass for students or bus fa .re as certi- fied by the Head of Institution concerned.) (ii) Grants to meet hostel charges in full for those studying in boarding schools and colleges (iii) Full cost of uniform where this is compulsory (iv) Full cost of books and .stationery (III) No tuition fee is charged in classes VI to XI (including J.B .T. Classes from the children of serving Armed Forces personnel or Ex- servicemen upto and below the rank of non-commissioned officers and Junior Commissioned Officers drawing pension up to Rs. 100 or who do not possess land more than 5 ac~es (2.02 hectares). CD) Reward s to the Winner or Gallantry Decoratiens The State Go vernm ent al so gi ves cash rewards and annuity, as shown below, to winners of gallantry awards , viz. Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakr a, as und er

(a) Cash: Rs. 15,000

(b) Annuity: Rs. 750 for 30 years The annuity is given for the life of the serviceman or for the life of his wife/ widow (if the decoration is earned posthumously or if the recipient dies before his wife) or for 30 years, whichever is shorter .

1. From Janu ary 19 71 . th e above concessio ns hav e also been extended to the personnel of th e Bor der Security For ••e. Ter ri torial Arm y anq tqe liOllW Guards Or~aqization belOl~~ to aar yaqa . (a) Cash : Rs. 11,000

(b) A::inuity : Rs. 400 for 30 years The annuity is given for the life of the serviceman or for the life of his wife/ widow (if the decoration is earned posthumously or if the recipient dies before his Wife) or for 30 years, whichever is shorter. ._ --

(a) Cash : Rs. 4,500

(b) Annuity: Rs. 300 for 30 years

The annuity is given for the life of the serviceman or for the life of his wife/ wid ow (if the decoration is earned posthumously or if the recipient dies before his wife) or for 30 years, whichever is shorter.

To the winn ers of these awards in future, the Haryana Go vernment has dec ided to give ca sh rew ards of Rs. 22,500, Rs. 15,000 and Rs . 7,000 and annuit y of Rs. 1,000 , Rs . 400 and Rs. 300 respectively. The winne rs of Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra and Sena /Vay u Sena /Nav Sen a Medal are given cash reward of Rs. 12,000; Rs. 5,000 ; Rs. 3,5 00 and Rs . 3,00 0 respectively without any annuity. It has also be en dec ided to gi ve in fut ure, a cash reward of Rs . 2,000 to the recipient of Mention -in-Despatche s wi th out any annuity.

The awar de es of Param Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra (Posthumous) of Chine se Agg ressi on 196 2, Indo -Pak conflicts of 1965 and 1971 are given monetary gr ants of Rs. 22,500 whereas winners of Maha Vir Chakra are given Rs. 15,000 for the pur chase of agricllltural land or urban property. In future, the recipients of Par am Vir Ch akra and Maha Vir Chakra will be given mone- ta tS' grant at the rate of Rs. 1, 00,000 and Rs. 50,000 respectively.

The se re wa rd s/annuities are given to the members of the Armed Forces of all ranks belongi ng to Harya na.1 These benefits are in addition to other

1. Th e per sonn el of th e Border Security Force , Territorial Army and the Home Guards who mlY be awarded such gall antr y" dec orations have also been made entitled to simi lar cash rewards -and annu ity. ex-gr atia grants that may be admissible otherwise. In case of more than one gall antary decoration, the awardee is entitled to fu ll cash rewards for each decoration separately. In the case of posthumous decoration, the rewards/ ann uities are giv en as under : (i) Fi fty per cent is given to the widow/dependent children with imm ediate effect .

(ii) Fi fty per cent is given to the parents provided they were dependent on the recipient of the decoration. Otherwise this por tion of the reward/annuity is given to the widow/dependent children. (iii) Where widow/dependent children and dependent parents do not exist, the payment of cash rewards and annuity is made to the dependent brother(s) and sister(s) provided they were residing with the deceased personnel during his life time and in the case of females, annuit y is to be paid till her /their marriage. (iv ) Where the deceased personnel is survived by his dependent parents only, then parents are given 100 per cent of such grant, etc.

Fiv e per cent vacancies in Cla ss I and II posts and 28 per cent of vacancies in Cl ass III and IV post s have been reserved for ex-servicemen. This re servati on is utilized in the following order :-

1. (a) Disabled ex-ser vicemen l with disability between 20 per cent to 50 per cent.

(b) Up to two dep en den ts (this includes wife /widow/dependent sons/ daughters) of killed/disabled ex-servicemen with disability 50 'per cent and abo ve. (c) Ot her ex-servicemen . 2. Rel axation in educa tional qualific ations and age are also allowed to ex -servicemen for their re-employment in civil positions.

The se concessions are also allowed to ex-servicemen by the semi-Govern- ment or ga nizations, public sector undertakings and loca l bodies.

1. The ex pression 'disabled ex-servicemen ' means ex-servicemen who while serving in the arme d forces, were disabled in operations against the enemy or in disturbed areas. (a) Reservation of 15 per cent of the plots in the Industrial Area/ Industrial Development Colonies for the establishment of industries.

(b) Allotment of residential and commercial plots to the war widows and disabled soldiers at the reserved price. Payment is received in insta lments with a nominal interest of 2 per cent .

(c) State Government has given additional pension from Defence and Security Relief Fund to the widows and children (up to three children) of servicemen dying in service without being battle casualties, disabled exservicemen whose disability is attributable to service and their children at the following rates from March 1, 1975 .- Rs. 50 per month up to 20 years

(ii) Junior Commi ssioned Rs. 40 per month up to 20 years Officer's child (iii) Other rank's child Rs. 30 per month up to 20 years (iv) Childle ss widow Rs. 30 per month up to re-marriage or till life (v) Childless disabled Rs. 30 per month ex-servicemen Up to March 31, 1977, Rs. 79,278 was distributed to 58 families of the Bhiw ani district.

Two funds, (1) Post War Services Reconstruction Fund, and (2) Special Fund for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Ex-servicemen have been created by the Government of India for the v, .elfare of ex-servicemen and their dependents.

Post War Serv ;ces Recon struction Fund. -This fund was raised during World War II for the benefit of ex-servicemen of and below the rank of non-commissioned officers and their dependents. The money from which the fund had been built was to be used for the collective bene fit of those who had served in the ranks or as non-combatants in the Defence Services during World War II or thereafter. The purposes for which the fund is being utilized (a) Grant of stipends to the sons /wards of beneficiary ex-servicemen (b) Medic al relie f to T.B. and Leprosy patients

(c) Purchase of sewin g machines for widows/wives of beneficiaries and disa bled ex-serv icem en (in extremely deserving cases)

(d) Const ruct ion and ma intenance of Sainik Re st Houses

(e) Mainte nance allow an ce to destitute ex-servicemen in the Ex- ser vicem en 's Ho me at Kand aghat jJullundur

(ft Maint enance charges of ex-servicemen trainees in the Queen Mary's Techni ca l Sch ool for di sabled Indian Soldiers, Kirkee, Po ona ~

(g) Grant to Haryanvi st uden ts, son s/ wards of ex-servicemen studying in Pu njab Publ ic Sch ool , Na bha (h) Mainten ance of informa tion rooms attached with District Soldiers', Sailor s' an d Air men 's Boards

(i) Gra nt for re -un io n of ex-s erv iceme n Specia l Fund for Rec onstru cti on an d Rehab ilitation of Ex-servicemen. - This fund was create d in 1964. The nuc leus of the fund consists of contribu- tions from the Go vernme nt of In dia from th e Defence Budget, the Defence Fund and matching gra nt s ma de by the State Government . The objects of the fund are : (a ) to awar d stipends to ex- servicemen for technical, managerial, vocatio na l or ag ricul tura l training at a recognised training in- stitu tion ;

(b) to sanct ion grants or loa ns to co-operative societIes, or other ass ociati on s of ex -serv icemen, for schemes and projects of re- settle ment that is to say horti cultu re, animal husbandry, in- du str y, trans po rt an d the like ;

. (c) to sanct io n scholarships or gran ts to dependents of ex-servicemen fo r hig her stu dies in Indi a beyond high school or higher second ary stag e, in tec hnic al, vocational or agricultural education ; j f1 (d) to sanction expenditure on special measures of collective nature for the main tenance of old and destitute ex-servicemen or widow s of ex -servi cemen; J 271

(e) to grant lo ans to individual ex-servicemen for starting in du stri ei or bu sin ess undert akings ; and (f) to do all othe r things to promote me asure s for the benefi t of ex - ser vicemen and their dependents. The incom e fro m the fund is being main ly utili sed for gr ant of stipends to ex -servicemen /the ir dependent s and gr an t of loan s to ex-service men for their rehab ilitation . Eve r si nce the oper ation of the fu nd in th e State , an attempt has been mad e to mak e clea r cut demarca tion in re gard to the benefits to be given to ex-servi ce men /the ir depe ndent s fro m the Special Fund /Post War Ser vices Re const ruction Fund in order to av oid ov er-lappi ng and du pl icati on. Loans are be ing gran te d fr om the Special Fu nd onl y. Stipend s to ex -ser vicemen/ their depe nden ts eli gib le under the Sp ecia l Fund Sc heme are also being gi ven from the Special Fu nd. Dependents with aca de mic qua lif ication of Matric /Higher Second ary for tec hnical, voc ation al or agricultura l ed uc ation are granted stipend s fro m th e Spe cial Fund wherea s und er matric depend ent s studying in the I.T.I.s and for gener al education are given stipends from the Post War Services Rec on st ruction Fund . EDUCATIO NALPERSONNEL

During 1976-77 , the numb er of school teac hers in the Bhiwani di strict was

Male Fem ale Total 'b' i ------Tr ai ned Un- Trained Un- Trai ned Un- ~ trained trained trai ned : ------High /Higher /Multi- purpose Po st Basic Schools 1,700 22 350 3 2, 050 25 Middle /Senior Basic Schools 518 134 2 652 2 Primary IJ unior Basic Schools 913 24 1 1, 154

Total: 3,131 22 725 5 3,856 27

Teachers in high /hi gher sec ondary schoo ls We re 53.4 pe r cent of the . total number of teacher s, wh erea s in middle /senior basic shools and prim aryl junior basic schools the per ce nta ge was 16 .8 an d 29.7 respective ly. Accord- jD~ to qual ifi ca tions, 26 .6 per cent of t!l 9 tea chers were gr adu ates, 73 .4 pe r cent either matriculates or under matriculates or under gradua tes. The number of untrained teachers was ne;;ligible. The qualification details are :

Males Females Total Percent- age to total

Degree 912 120 1,032 26 .6 Inter /Matric/N on-matriculates 2,241 610 2,851 73.4 3,153 730 3,88 3 100.0

Women teachers comprised 18.8 per cent of the total number. Social conditions do not encoura ge unmarried girls particularly to go for work in village schools . Even male teachers tend to reside in nearby urban areas because of the scarcity of suitable residential accommod ation and other facilities in the villages. In these circumstances, teachers living away from their place of work cannot make a full impact on the life of the village community .

The pay scales of teachers in private institutions are the same as of the teachers in government institutions. The scales of pay of teaching personnel in the privately managed institutions were revised

In the past few years, there has been an increasing demand for engineering personnel required for development and national building, including the construction and repairing of canals and bunds and sinking of tubewells. Many neW electricity distribution units have been set up in the di strict to ex- tend rural electrification. The emergence of the district in the field of industries and transport has necessitated the commissioning of engineering services for the devel opment of roads and buildings. The foll owing list of offices at the district headquarters and elsewhere indicate s the nature and organization of off icial enginfering activity :- (I) PUBLIC WO RKS DEPARTME NT

(a) Pu blic Heal th 1. Pu bli c Health Circle, Bhiwani

2. Pu blic Hea lth Di visi on No.1 , Bhiwani

3. Public Healt h Di visio n No . II , Bhiwani

(b) Buildings and Road s

2. Bh iwa ni Irrigation Di vision, Bhiwani 3.Hisa r Div ision , W.J.c., Hisar

4. Weste rn Yam un a (Jumna) Canal West Circle, Rohtak 5. Hisa r Bh ak ta Canal Cir cle, Hisar

6. Jui Cana l Di vision , Bhiw ani

1. Th e irrig ation circles/divis ion s do not coincide with the boundaries of civil district but are determin ed by th ~ irrigatio n channels which these administer. The list, therefore. in cIud .esall the offices of Irrigatio n Depar tment con ce rned with the Bhiwani distri~t. althou~ som ~ 0f th~m ar e locat ~d outsi de the dist ric t. 1. Hary ana St ate Electricity Board Operation Division, Bhiwani 2.Haryana State Elect ri ci ty Board Construction Division, Bhi wani

3. Harya na Stat e El ectr icit y Board Operation Division, Charkhi Dad ri

A few pers on s also work as contractors, architects and surveyors . Som e en gineers ha ve been em ployed by the textile industry . The district has the un ique distinction of having the only Technological Institute of Textiles in th e State located at Bhiwani , which imparts training in tex .tile engineering .

TRANSPORT

Transport requires the services of people working on railways, buses, motor vehicles, tempos, rickshaws, tongas, bullock carts and camel carts. In 1961, 1,814persons we re employed in all these transport activities . The number rose to 2,463 in 1971 . In March 1977, th e nu mber rose to 3,274 .

After the Pa rtiti on, th e rick shaw appeared on the scene. Most of the men eng aged in pu lling ri ckshaw s get these on hire and pay Rs. 2 to Rs . 3 a day to the owne rs. The ir econo mic condition is not satisfactory since on an average they earn onl y Rs. 200 to Rs . 300 per mensem. Rising prices ha ve affec ted adversely this section of the people. Banking agencies have fi nanced some rickshaw pullers in pu rch asing rick shaws. As for to ngas, th eir nu mber is few in th is di strict . The demand is no lo nger brisk in th~ urb an areas of the di strict du e to the ready availability of ri ckshaws at comparitive ly lowe r ra tes; the co st and maint enance of a rickshaw is much smal ler; the rickshaw also ta kes the pa ssenger to his re sidence even in na rr ow lanes. Tongas ar e used for longer distances into the country- sid e. The use of passe nger te mpos ha s gained popularity in recent years ag ain at the cos t of the to nga . The econ om ic an d social stat us of Government transport employees is much bette r than th at of rick shaw pull ers and tonga dri vers. There have be en remarkable chang es in transpor t ac ti vit ies afte r the formation of the new di strict of Bhiwani . The numbe r of bu ses and rout es have increased . . '(hi s has adversely affecte d the nu mbe r as well as income of tempo owners . .-At pre sen t th e number of thre e-w heele d tempos carrying passengers is only 70 in the dist rict . Before the re organization of the dist ric t th is numbe r was higher . The number of four wh eel ed tempos, which ca rry goo ds from on e place to anoth er, is ab out 75 in the district . This type of vehicle is called Matador . It has been gaining much po pularity in goo ds transport . These me tadors are mostly fin anc ed by the ba nk s.

Tran sport workers, Drivers, Conductors, Cleaners, etc., are em plo yed both in the public and priva te sectors.

Barb ers. -Their number in Ma rch 1977 was 2,75 0 in the dist rict . This also included hair dr esser s an d rela ted workers . In urban areas the old practice of a family barbe r is almost extinct . People pay barbe rs for ser vice at home or go to a hair cu tti ng sa loon . Hair cutt ing charges vary from Re. 1 to Rs. 1.25 and shav ing cha rges fr om 30 to 40 paise. The barbers in Bhi wa ni town have thei r own union which en joins upon its members to fol low certain rules and reg ulat ions in ec onomic and social ;matters.

In villag es, ho weve r, the old pr act ic e of a fa~i ly barbe r is in vogu :. H; can still b ~ s~n at social cere mon ies an d otht:rwise. He attends his yajmans (patrons) at their re sid enc e and get s remune ration in kin d at har- vesting time. The wife of th e bar be r cal led nain does some sort of ha ir cleaning and hair dressing for wo men in villages and he r pr es ence on ce rta in social and religious ceremoni es is ne cessa ry. In ol d times the nai (barber) us ed to be a messenger from the bri de's fa mil y to the bridegr oom's family and vice versa. He played a ver y importan t role in the arrangement of mar ria ges, and the barb er's wife (nain) use d to accom pany the bride af ter the mar riag e to her in-laws . This pr atice has since fa ll en into diSUse.

Washermen. -In March 197 7, thei r number was 274 (218 me n and 56 women). It included dhobis , launderers, dry cleaners and pressers. Was her- men mostly ser ve the urb an ar eas; the vi lla gers do their own washing. Wa sh er- men colle ct clothes from the resi dence of their customers and generally charge 30 'pai se per article of cl othing. How ever, the charges for a bed -sheet, kh es; carpet are almo st double or three times this rate. The launderers run reg ular shops and do not un dertak e ho me del ivery. They charge higher ra tes than the dhobis . Their qui ck and effic ie nt servic e ensures good cus tomers . The laundry owners eit her USewashing mac hi nes or em ploy dho bi s for wash ing and J BIDW ANI DISTRI CT GA ZllT 'tEER add itional pe rso ns for ironi ng. 'The laundry business has affected the com- mon dhobi who often pr efers employment with a launderer. They switch over to dr y cle anin g in winter . Dry cleaning has no doubt b~come a pro- fit able bus ines s as there ar e as many as 137 persons engaged in this business. An autom atic st~am pressing plant set up by Jug Mug Dry Cleaners, Sarai Chopta , Bhiwani , is the lates t addition to this trad~. The dry cleaners charge according to a sc hed uk of rat ~s, shown below, fixed by the District Bhiwani Dry Cle aners Asso ci ation , Bhiwani Rate per piece (March 31, 1977)

(Rs .)

Gents Suit (wooll en) 5.00

Gents Coats (woollen) 3.00 Gents Pant s (wo ollen ) 2.00 Sh awl, Jer sey, Jac ket Shirt , Baby Coat (wooll~n) 2.00

Blan k~ t (woollen ) 5.00 Ches~r (woollen ) 6.00

Ladies Suit (woo llen ) 3.00 2.50 3.00 1.50

Mumsf l(w oollen) 0.75 Achka n (w

In bygone days, tailoring was a caste-professi on.Lik e th e family docto r, there used to be a family tailor. He wo uld visit hi s clie nt s and take th e 'family order' wholesale on the eve of schoo l reop enin g or fe sti va ls. The tailo r in olden days was the counsel ler to the fami ly on clot h purc hase s. At marriages a ta ilor used to sit in the house a few day s precedi ng these to make all the clothes for the bride or bridegroom and also of al l th e mem ber s of the family. That has changed with the ti mes. The fa mi ly tai lor has faded away.

Tailors who run their own shops ar e usua lly re fe rr ed to as maste r tailors and employ anywhere from I to 10 ass istants, sewing boys an d help ers . Al- most al l are cutte rs, who have acqu ired their tail oring skill not through formal te ac hin g but through long years of ap prenticesh ip und er some ma ster tailor . The ave rage monthly income is ar ou nd Rs. 500, after mee ting all expenses. Tailo rs spec ia lis ing in ladies an d childrens' clothing earn Rs . 250 to Rs. 300 per mo nth.

The tailoring charges vary from pl ace to place and shop to shop de- pendin g up on the st itching skil l of the tail or and the standard of li ving of the people. The usua l charges for st itch ing garments in prb an and rural areas are:

Stit ch ing Charges

Urb an Rural

(Rs. ) (Rs.) 5.00 4.00

Shirt (te ry cot ton ) 10 .00 7.00

Pyjam a 1.50 1.00

Pants ~c otton ) 8.00 6.00 Coat (wooIl enfter ywoo lfte ry cot ton ) 100 .00 90.00

Pants (- do-) 25.00 18.00

Gbaghr as 6.00 5.00

Ladies Suit (cot ton ) 10.00 7.00 Their num ber on Ma rch 31, 197 7, in the Bhiw ani di st rict was on ly 335 , of whom 10 5 we re women . With increasing devel opment, the dis tric t has more ser vants in ev idence now.

A domestic serv ant is paid between Rs. 50 and Rs. 80 per month plus board and lodging. At marr iages, or other important fe sti vals or ceremon ies, they are paid both in cash and kind . The Indian situt ati on and at mosphere do not usually fa vour sp ec ialisedjobs . A single domestic servant eng aged in a household may be requ ired to purchase eatables in the mark et, cook foo d at home , clean the used di shes an d plates, scru b utensils, sweep the house, make the beds and in fac t do an yt hing elseat th e bidding of the master . Some wome n also work as part-time domest ic serva nts in a number of houses for clea ning utensils, sweeping and helpi ng th e ho use-wivesin their daily chores. Such a part-time domestic worker get s about Rs. 15 to 20 per month.

In urban areas, the uppe r mid dl e classand more well-to-do people often employ domestic ser vants . If both the partners are in service, a domestic ser - vant is emplo yed to loo k afte r their ho use and children. In rural areas, hardly any family employs a ser van t for dom es tic work. Mo st rural women atten d to their dome stic wo rk th emse lves. The halis besid es attending to agric ul - tural operations , do domestic chores for their masterS '. These persons, who are generally landles s labo ure rs are paid at fixed proportion of the harvest (about 1/5th of the tot al harve st) .

SELF-EMPLOYED PERSO NS

The can va s for work of self -em ploy ed persons is wide. It includes julahas (wea ver s), mochis (cob bl ers), sweepers, thatheras (ut ensil make rs), shoe makers, potter s, bull oc k- ca rt dr iv er s, hand- cart pullers, hawkers, pvn da s (priests) a:ndall persons who wo rk for their li ving by providing their indivi dua l servicesor goods on de man d. Th ere are shops of all kinds , hal wai shops, pan bidi shops, shop s manu fa ctu rin g or /an d se ll ingaerated water /soft drinks, shops dealing in grocery , veg etable s and fru it shops . Bakeries sell their products directly or through agent s. Go lds mith s man ufacture gold and silver ornaments. Shops deali ng in gene ra l mer ch and ise, oilmen's stores and consumer goods and no vel iti es also cater to va rying needs . Changing concepts an d circumstances mak e scope for new occupations. Take for examp le, the public eating hous es. Th e gro wing habi t of eating outside has led to the establi shment of a larg e num ber of tea stalls, snack bars and dhabas. Like-wise,a desire to wear st and ard ised clothe s has prompted the open ing of sho ps dea li ng in rea dy-made garments. There are 25 shops of ready-made

garm ent s in the district . Th e inc rp3.sing use of bi cy cles, auto-cycles, cycle- ri ckshaws, scooter s and motor -cars has bee n res ponsibl e for attracting people to take to the business of cyc le and auto-rep airing . Bicycle repairers are found in every nook and corner of th e dis trict. Bu siness is usually brisk for th em all the year round . Au tom obi le re pair ers are conf in ed almost entirely to urb an areas . Th ere ar e 60 such sh op s in the di strict .

The ti me ol d ju lahas tweav er s), moch is (c ob blers ), potters and sweepers are spr ead thro ughout the di str ict and ser ve both the rural and urban com. muni ty. Most of them in rur al are as help famil ies in th eir agricultural acti· vitie s an d per form their cus tom ary professi onal ser vices on the occasion of marriages and oth er ce rem onies . The mochi (cobbler) with equipment hang . ing by the sh ou lder in a box , may usually be seen hawking for his services In the streets . Cobblers usually attend to the repair mending and recondition· ing of shoes. Oth ers who make new shoes have their own shops. There is a shoe-m aking fac tory of Haryana Footwear Corporation making all types of shoes , sand als an d c1zap pal s for women ~.ndmen. The potters make ordinary ve ssels mos tl y for the use of vill ager s. The earthen pitchers and surahis, be cause of the ir prope rty to coo l wat er, are sold in large number during the su mlil er sea so n bo th in the urban and rural ar eas. The sweepers engaged in cle aning hous -;: sin urban area s, ge t a few rupee s per month in addition to one or two chapatis dail y or we ekly an d occ asionally small gifts in cash or kind, on fest ivals and cerem onial occas ion s. In recent years , owing to better emplo yment fa cilit ies an d pri vil eges, some sweepers hav e be en shifting over to serv ices in Government offi ces an d private organizati ons.

Th.lth eras (ut ensi l ma kers) and lohars (blacksmiths) of Bhiwani and Loh aru are reputed fo r the ir bras s utensils and iron containers. The tokni (bra ss couldr on ) of Bhiw an i is a popu lar uten sil of the area. The ha nd-c art p~dlars an d ha wker s go about the towns and villages hawking thei r goods . The goo ds which they sell include among other articles of daily use, veg etables, fruit , ea tables, general merchandize, crockery, cloth and toy s.

A typical cl as s of Hin du pri es ts (pandas and purohits) is found scatter- ed all over the district. They pe rform the cu stomary reli gious practices, for th e famil ies to wh Ich they are tr ad itio nally at tached and make living on thi s. D Exce pt )n very)m all : villages, a tea-stall .of some kind has made its appearance. The sm aller ones, manage d by a single person ana serving only tea, are ge ner all y shabb y. Th e bigger ones, which also serve other hot an d cold be wer ages and som e edibles, are more presentabl e in appearance and are managed by more than one person.

In town s and bi g villages there ar e shops dealing in general mer cha n- dise. The goods on sale comprise toilet articles (combs, hair brushes , mirro rs, et c.), soaps , oil s, toot h-pastes, tooth-brushes, shoe polishes, hosiery ar ticles, re adymade garmen ts an d sundries of daily use. They have a flourishin g bu sin ess. With the rise in the standard of living, there is an increasing dema nd for co nsu mer goods and in fact new shops keep cropping up .

Eve ry town and big vil lage of the district has a number of halwai shops . In the ol d days the ir fa mi liar sweetme at preparations were laddu s and jule bis The dev el opment of com mun ications, and an increasi ng contact with the ot her parts of the co untry , have introduced some new sweetmeat preparations like gulab jamans, ras gulla s, barti and various kinds of halwas. In urban areas, sweetmeats pr epare d from milk are more popular. These shops are of ten one-man un its but several do employ two or three or even more pers ons according to requirements . This business provides employment throug hout the year . . Pan-bidi st alls in urb an areas are tiny booths which are a fa miliar sight througho ut the dis tr ic t. These one-ma n units in towns, which us ually sell cigarettee s, als o serve as chopa ls in villages. They become social cent res for pe opl e wh o sto p to lis ten to radio broadcasts and recorded film music and talk about current events .

In the last few years bottle d soft dr inks have become popular an d it is fash ion abl e to drink these wit h a straw put into the bottle. Such drink s are impo rte d fro m De lhi. In fact soft drinks are freely offered at all big functions ' and ma rri ag e cel ebrations. A few small local units at Bhi wanij Charkhi Dadri al so prepare ae rated dr inks fo r loca l consumption.

A number of grocer shop s are to be found in ev ery locality. Alt hough these are one-man establ ish ments, general ly a helper is also engage d. Eve ry town has a numb er of sh ops sel lin g ve getables and fruit . Enterprising persons with small capital carry vege tabl es and fruit on their rehariS (hand car ts) and sell thes e to customers at their doors.

It is not unusual to co me across a ba kery even in a small town. Thes e have gained pop ulari ty owing t9 the demand for thei r ready-made prod ucts. Such establishments are mostly one-man units. The proprietor may engage one or two persons for preparing products as bread, cakes, biscuits, pasteries, etc. The bakery units sell their products in wholesale as well as in retail . Usually the grocer and hawkers buy these products wholesale and retail these to their customers along with other articles.

The ordinary goldsmith cannot afford to purchase or stock precious metals like gold and silver. These precious metals are, therefore, supplied by the customer who places orders for ornaments. However, richer goldsmiths have their own stock and they prepare ornaments even without taking the metal in advance from customers. This business gets a boost when the marriages are about .