Les Évolutions Politiques Au Kenya À L'approche Des Elections 2007

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Les Évolutions Politiques Au Kenya À L'approche Des Elections 2007 Les évolutions politiques au Kenya à l’approche des elections 2007 Anne Cussac To cite this version: Anne Cussac. Les évolutions politiques au Kenya à l’approche des elections 2007. 2007. halshs- 01208165 HAL Id: halshs-01208165 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01208165 Submitted on 7 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MAMBO ! La lettre d'information de l'Institut français de recherche en Afrique Volume VI, n° 1; 2007 Les évolutions politiques au Kenya à l'approche des elections 2007 lors que les rumeurs d’une dissolution imminente du Parlement et d’élections générales avant les vacances de Noël se multiplient, l’activité Apolitique kenyane paraît s’intensifier. En moins d’un mois, les trois principaux candidats à la présidentielle, Mwai Kibaki, Raila Odinga et Kalonzo Musyoka, ont successivement lancé leur campagne électorale, s’appuyant respectivement sur le Party of National Unity (PNU), l’Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) et l’Orange Democratic Movement of Kenya (ODM-K). De plus, et pour attirer les électeurs, les deux favoris, Mwai Kibaki et Raila Odinga semblent mobiliser leurs alliés-clé dans les régions stratégiques du pays1. Par ailleurs, alors que Mwai Kibaki semblait dominer les sondages d’opinion depuis le milieu de l’année 2006, sa popularité diminuerait progressivement puisque, pour la première fois, à la fin du mois de septembre 2007, Raila Odinga prit la tête des intentions de vote2. Les explications de ce renversement de tendance sont certainement multiples, mais elles pourraient tenir essentiellement à deux facteurs : d’une part, au retard pris par Kibaki pour le lancement véritable de sa campagne et, d’autre part, aux divisions dans le camp Orange, qui conduisirent à la scission du mouvement mais rendirent paradoxalement la situation plus claire pour Raila Odinga et ses partisans. Un lancement de campagne tardif pour Mwai à maintenir une certaine popularité. Dès mai 2006, lors Kibaki d’élections partielles à Marsabit, à Moyale et à Nakuru, Très rapidement, le grand espoir suscité en 2002 par trois candidats soutenus par Mwai Kibaki remportèrent 9 l’élection à la présidence de Mwai Kibaki, fit place aux d’ailleurs les suffrages et plusieurs sondages d’opinion désillusions et l’année 2005 se révéla particulièrement réalisés en 2006 et 2007 donnaient ce dernier comme le difficile pour le Président3. Sa débâcle lors du référendum candidat préféré des Kenyans à la présidentielle. Cette sur le projet de nouvelle Constitution s’accompagna, à la relative popularité du Président sortant tenait pour une fin de l’année, d’une vague de sécheresse dans le Nord- large part aux succès indéniables de son administration Est du pays qui menaça la vie de près de trois millions et dans le domaine économique, le pays ayant bénéficié de demi de Kenyans. L’échec du référendum mit également taux de croissance records et de la renaissance de plusieurs un terme au Gouvernement d’Unité Nationale, après le compagnies industrielles (Kenya Meat Commission, Kenya Co- renvoi des sept ministres qui appelèrent à voter ‘NON’4. operation Creameries, Mumias Sugar Company, Kenya Seed L’année 2006 aussi ne fut pas plus faciles pour le Président, Company). Mwai Kibaki peut également se féliciter du en raison d’une multitude de scandales et de déroutes, programme d’éducation primaire gratuite, qui aurait profité accusations de corruption qui coûtèrent leur poste à à plus de sept millions d’enfants, ainsi que de plusieurs ministres5, l’affaire des présumés mercenaires l’établissement du « Youth Fund » et du « Constituency Artur6, le raid policier contre la chaîne de presse Standard7 Development Fund ». Il ne se prive d’ailleurs pas d’invoquer et les difficultés financières de la chaîne de supermarchés ces réussites pour demander aux Kenyans de le réélire afin 10 Uchumi8. L’administration Kibaki eut encore à faire face que « le travail continue » , même si ce n’est que le 16 à de nombreux actes de violence, en particulier des luttes septembre 2007 qu’il annonça officiellement la formation inter-communautaires dans la région du Mont Elgon et qui soutiendrait sa campagne. des affrontements liés à la secte Mungiki dans la Province Ainsi, pendant une bonne partie de l’année 2007, la Centrale et dans le bidonville de Mathare à Nairobi. Alors question politique majeure aura porté sur le parti politique que l’ensemble de ces événements aurait pu logiquement que le Président sortant Mwai Kibaki allait représenter. affaiblir le camp présidentiel, ce dernier parvint pourtant Alors que ce dernier avait été élu en décembre 2002 comme Ambank House, Utalii Lane; P.O. Box 58480 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tel : 254 20 222 19 22 ; Fax : 254 20 24 13 59 E-mail : [email protected]; Site web : www.ifra-nairobi.net candidat de la National Rainbow l’opposition des membres d’autres débat dans les rangs de la KANU. Une Coalition (NARC)11, le groupe se groupes, qui annoncèrent leur fraction de ses membres craignait, en scinda lors de la campagne pour le intention de faire de même, de crainte effet, que la formation, la plus référendum sur le projet de nouvelle de voir leurs partis absorbés par le ancienne du Kenya, ne soit dissoute Constitution, lorsque les députés du PNU16. au sein d’ODM-K, comme ce fut le Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Ces divisions, ayant monopolisé les cas précédemment avec les partis s’allièrent à certains membres de débats au sein du PNU alors qu’il était politiques ayant formé la NARC. La l’opposition pour former l’Orange indispensable de mobiliser les KANU se divisa alors entre deux Democratic Movement (ODM) et appeler membres de la nouvelle coalition camps, l’un allié à Uhuru Kenyatta et au rejet du texte. Après son échec au autour de thèmes communs de à William Ruto, favorables à un référendum12 et parce que la NARC campagne, ont certainement rapprochement avec le parti Orange, paraissait largement affaiblie après le contribué au retournement de et l’autre autour de Nicholas Biwott, départ du LDP, certains députés alliés tendance de la fin septembre et à la opposé à toute association avec le de Mwai Kibaki formèrent un chute de Mwai Kibaki dans les nouveau groupe. Le clivage s’aggrava nouveau parti politique qu’ils sondages. D’autant plus que, du côté lorsque l’ancien Président Daniel arap appelèrent NARC-Kenya13. Pourtant, du camp Orange, la scission du Moi apporta son soutien à Mwai le Président n’annonça jamais mouvement en deux factions Kibaki dans la course à la présidence. officiellement son soutien à la NARC- opposées a mis fin à la lutte de Certes, une telle alliance paraît K car quitter la NARC aurait signifié leadership entre Raila Odinga et particulièrement surprenante18, ne qu’il abandonnait le parti avec lequel Kalonzo Musyoka et permis au répondant sans doute qu’à l’hostilité il avait accédé à la présidence. Mais premier de se concentrer commune des deux hommes envers parallèlement, il lui aurait été difficile véritablement sur sa campagne, Raila Odinga, cependant, un tel d’annoncer sa candidature sous participant ainsi à l’intérêt grandissant rapprochement aurait pu représenter étiquette de la NARC, en raison du de l’opinion publique en sa faveur. la menace la plus sérieuse pour ODM- départ de la plupart de ses membres. K, essentiellement dans la Rift Valley, C’est sans doute pourquoi Mwai Les divisions du camp Orange et où Moi jouit toujours d’une certaine Kibaki attendit le mois de septembre la consécration de Raila Odinga influence auprès de la communauté 2007 pour enfin annoncer qu’il serait comme candidat de l’ODM Kalenjin19. De plus, la décision de candidat à la présidence avec l’appui À l’origine groupe de pression pour Daniel arap Moi de soutenir Mwai d’une nouvelle formation, le Party of lutter contre le projet de Constitution Kibaki plaça Uhuru Kenyatta dans National Unity (PNU), une coalition de Wako lors du référendum de une position extrêmement délicate, plusieurs groupes politiques lui étant novembre 2005, le mouvement dans la mesure où il lui devenait 14 favorables . Toutefois, le choix de ce Orange, qui devint officiellement un difficile de maintenir sa candidature à parti ne rendit pas la campagne du parti politique en août 2006, sous le la présidentielle, contre les vœux de Président sortant plus lisible, du fait nom d’Orange Democratic Movement son mentor, au risque de diviser de l’alliance de circonstance entre ces Kenya (ODM-K), ne reposait en réalité irréversiblement la KANU. Aussi, formations aux intérêts variés. La que sur une alliance de circonstance, Uhuru Kenyatta se retira finalement division se cristallisa autour des le rendant particulièrement fragile17. du camp Orange pour, à son tour, candidatures aux élections civiques et La création de ce nouveau parti apporter son soutien à la candidature 20 parlementaires, pour lesquelles divers répondait certainement à la volonté de Mwai Kibaki . Paradoxalement, groupes souhaitaient présenter des de faire face à la NARC-K, les bons cette alliance improbable entre Kibaki, aspirants en leur propre nom, plutôt résultats de la formation lors des Moi et Kenyatta a pu favoriser la que sous étiquette PNU. À l’issue élections partielles de juillet ayant popularité de Raila Odinga. D’une d’intenses discussions entre les partis convaincu les membres du part, il n’est pas certain que la prise intéressés, il fut convenu que toutes mouvement Orange de la nécessité de de position de l’ancien Président ait les formations présenteraient leurs demeurer unis s’ils ne souhaitaient pas réellement joué en faveur de Mwai postulants sous étiquette du PNU, à être mis en échec en 2007.
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