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A Review of Prefab Home and Relevant Issues View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals A REVIEW OF PREFAB HOME AND RELEVANT ISSUES Mohammad PANJEHPOUR 1, Abang Abdullah ABANG ALI 2 1 Dr., Housing Research Centre, University Putra Malaysia, Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 Professor, Housing Research Centre, University Putra Malaysia, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT REZUMAT Having an easily built house has been always one A avea o casă uşor de construit a reprezentat of human wishes. Prefabricated home makes this întotdeauna una dintre dorinţele omeneşti. Casele wish come true because of its affordability and prefabricate îndeplinesc această dorinţă, datorită fast completion. This paper gives an overview of preţului scăzut şi al execuţiei rapide. Articolul different types of prefab home and its prezintă o trecere în revistă ale diferitelor tipuri terminology. This review sheds light on the de case prefabricate şi a terminologiei aferente. characterisation of prefab home, which takes the Sunt caracterizate casele prefabricate, sub aspects of off-site technology, mass aspectul tehnologiilor industrializate, al adaptării customisation, and sustainability into pe scară largă şi al sustenabilităţii. Articolul este consideration. This paper is confined to general focalizat asupra analizei generale a caselor review of prefab home without going through prefabricate, fără a aborda diferitele sisteme different systems utilised in off-site technology. utilizate în tehnologiile industrializate. Deşi In spite of the fact that prefab home has many advantages, which are discussed in this review, it casele prefabricate au multe avantaje, care sunt suffers from a few drawbacks which should be discutate, ele au câteva neajunsuri, care trebuie considered by designers. Various exploitations in luate în considerare de către proiectanţi. Diferite this field may merit further research in future, aplicaţii din acest domeniu ar merita o including finding the optimum prefabricated investigare mai atentă pe viitor, inclusiv systems among the existing systems such as roof, identificarea soluţiilor prefabricate optime, wall, and floor systems for different applications printre cele existente pentru acoperiş, pereţi şi of prefab homes. Nevertheless, there is still a planşee. De asemenea, este necesară realizarea universal design and practice code for prefab unui cod universal de proiectare şi de practică homes that emphasize on green technology and pentru clădiri prefabricate, care să pună accent pe sustainability yet to be discovered. tehnologii ecologice şi pe sustenabilitate. Keywords: Prefab home, modular home, Cuvinte cheie: casă prefabricată, casă modulară, manufactured home, off-site technology casă manufacturată, tehnologii industrializate 1. INTRODUCTION is located in Massachusetts now. During the wartime, much effort was made to develop the Housing is an important part of human Fordist mass production of kit houses. It had life, and plays a key role in development brought innovation to the technology of economics. In the new global economy, building which was shifted from on-site to off- affordable housing has become a serious issue. site. After World War II had started, market Recent developments in housing technology demand for prefabricated homes for soldiers have heightened the need for prefab homes increased. The U.S. federal government because of its affordability. The history of decided to produce 850,000 prefabricated prefab dates back to sixteenth century. It may houses in less than two years by giving be historically divided into three main sub- mandate. This decision sparked much effort in groups regarding World War II. These groups architectural design of post-war housing. Since are before wartime, wartime, and post-war. year 2000, many researchers in the world have One of the most important events before been working on different types of wartime was manufacturing some parts of manufactured homes from different building for fishing village of Cap Anne where perspectives. Nevertheless, the past decade has CONSTRUCŢII – No. 1 / 2013 53 M. Panjehpour, A. A. Abang Ali seen the rapid development of prefab home New Zealand, Australia, Africa, Middle East, design from different aspects such as South Africa, Canada, and United States. sustainability and cost-effectiveness as well as Since the British were not familiar with energy and time saving [1-10]. available building materials in these countries, However, these rapid changes are having a components of building were manufactured in few serious issues, like off-site technology, England and shipped to these countries by mass customisation and digital production, boats. The first case of these manufactured which are reviewed in this paper. Off-site is parts of building was produced in 1624 and related to the structures that are built in sent to the fishing village of Cap Anne where different locations than the location of use. is located in Massachusetts now [7, 11]. This technique saves the process time of England started working on prefabricated construction. Personalisation of mass structures for Australians in late 1700s and production with taking into account of early 1800s. In 1790, England assembled customers’ individual demands regarding to many prefabricated storehouse, cottage, and price and quality is called mass customisation. hospital, with shipping their parts to Sydney, The significance of digital production brings which were considered as shelters. These about today’s process of production, which shelters had timber panel floors, walls, and implies both design and fabrication with roofs. After English colonised South Africa in computer-aided design and computer-aided 1820, a committee was sent to South Africa manufacturing systems [4, 6]. accompanied by three-room wooden shelter to This paper has been divided into three evaluate this shelter for mass production based main parts. Firstly, it gives a brief overview of on South Africa environment. In 1833, the the history of prefab homes and related invention of the balloon frame in the terminology. The most common terms used for implementation of Mary’s Church was this topic are prefabrication, mobile home, suggested by Augustine Taylor in Fort manufactured home, and modular home. Dearborn near Chicago. The light frames, Secondly, it sheds light on the application of including balloon frame and platform frame different types of prefab homes from different were designed by researchers because of two perspectives as well as the contribution of factors: availability of wood in the new countries in off-site technology. countries as well as rapid development of Finally, advantages and drawbacks of industrial economy with mass-production of prefab homes are described. There have been lumber mills and iron nails. Balloon frame no controlled studies which compare design was developed promptly to some parts characteristics of eco-home and prefab home of the world such as Chicago. Before the fire in order to find a feasible method for shifting of 1871, Chicago was almost completely the eco-home conventional technology to constructed of balloon frames. A manning prefab home new technology according to prefabricated colonial cottage, which was green material. Far too little attention has been designed by British for emigrants, is shown in paid to universal design and practice code for Figure 1. It was an iron prefabricated system prefab homes. which was developed rapidly in New Zealand and South Africa during the nineteenth century 2. THE HISTORY OF PREFAB HOMES [4, 7, 12-14]. 2.1. Before wartime 2.2. Wartime The history of prefabrication started in the United States of America simultaneously with In 1906s, Kit houses were produced with Great Britain’s colonisation effort. In the pre-cut pieces of trees by Aladdin Readi. In sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, prompt 1908 Sears Roebuck designed prefab houses building process was needed for settlements in by a special program and 100,000 units of them were sold until his technique demise in 54 CONSTRUCŢII – No. 1 / 2013 A Review of Prefab Home and Relevant Issues 1940. During the wartime, much effort was method to produce mass prefab homes in made to develop the Fordist mass production 1945. By 1948 he could produce 150 prefab of kit houses. That was the time of innovation, homes per week [15, 18]. when the technology of building shifted from on-site to off-site. During the 1920s and 1930s, there was an economic downturn that 2.3. Postwar caused the decline of mass production. This Since World War II had started, market period of time was not marked for large mass- demand for prefabricated homes for soldiers housing technology but there were some off- increased. The U.S. federal government site prototypical experiment houses to test the decided to produce 850,000 prefabricated Fordist mass production by using ship building houses in less than two years by giving and automobile technology [13, 14]. mandate. This decision sparked much effort for architectures in post-war housing. Lustron Corporation started producing all-steel prefabricated houses in the airplane factories. The houses were simple and traditional in form. The innovation of these prefab homes was related to their construction with complete enamel steel on the interior and exterior. In 1930, Carl Strandlund who was an industrialist suggested the concept of automobile process with metal sandwich panel technology. This method was fashioned after automobile manufacturing. At the beginning, the size of manufactured sheet metals did not fit to each other which caused many wasted materials. Fig. 1. Iron Prefab [15] Thus, the cost of these prefab homes was very However, there are some unsuccessful high and the company, stopped working after experiences about prefabricated homes. As an only 2500 hours working on it, in 1950 [16, example, builder George Fred Keck designed 17, 19]. In 1974, the U.S. Department of both the “Crystal House” and “House of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was Tomorrow” for the fair in Chicago in 1933. set up as the government agency to supervise They were made of prefabricated steel frame the federal manufacturing housing.
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