A Mexikói Cristero Háború Külföldi Visszhangja: Spanyol, Amerikai, Vatikáni És Magyar Diplomáciai Reflexiók

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A Mexikói Cristero Háború Külföldi Visszhangja: Spanyol, Amerikai, Vatikáni És Magyar Diplomáciai Reflexiók Szegedi Tudományegyetem Történettudományi Doktori Iskola Modernkori képzési program A mexikói cristero háború külföldi visszhangja: spanyol, amerikai, vatikáni és magyar diplomáciai reflexiók Doktori (Ph.D.) értekezés Szerző: Bodó Katalin Témavezető: Dr. habil. Horváth Gyula, ny. egyetemi docens Szeged 2018 Tartalomjegyzék Köszönetnyilvánítás .................................................................................................................... 1 Rövidítések jegyzéke .................................................................................................................. 2 Bevezetés .................................................................................................................................... 3 Források ...................................................................................................................................... 4 HISTORIOGRÁFIAI ÁTTEKINTÉS ........................................................................................ 6 AZ ÉRTEKEZÉS GONDOLATMENETE ÉS SZERKEZETE .............................................. 11 1. AZ EGYHÁZ ÉS AZ ÁLLAM KAPCSOLATA A CRISTERO FELKELÉSIG ................ 13 1.1 A függetlenség kivívása és az egyházi hierarchia megosztottsága..................................... 13 1.2 A konzervativizmus Mexikóban ......................................................................................... 17 1.3 A liberalizmus Mexikóban ................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1 Liberális törvényhozás és a reformtörvények .................................................................. 20 1.3.2 Az 1857-es alkotmány ..................................................................................................... 20 1.3.3 Az 1858-1861 közötti reformháború ............................................................................... 22 1.4 A francia intervenció és a Reforma vége ............................................................................ 24 1.5 A porfiriato ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.5.1 Az egyház a porfiriato alatt ............................................................................................. 30 1.6 A mexikói forradalom ........................................................................................................ 34 1.6.1 Az egyház és a mexikói forradalom ................................................................................ 36 1.6.2 Az 1917-es alkotmány ..................................................................................................... 37 1.7 Konklúzió ........................................................................................................................... 40 2. A CRISTERO FELKELÉS ÉS HÁTTERE .......................................................................... 42 2.1 Az egyház és az állam viszonyának kiéleződése Calles elnöksége alatt ............................ 42 2.2 A Liga tevékenysége .......................................................................................................... 44 2.3 A cristerók háttere .............................................................................................................. 45 2.4 A cristero háború katonai jellemzői ................................................................................... 47 2.5. A nők szerepvállalása a cristero háborúban ...................................................................... 48 2.5.1 A Brigadas Femeninas mozgalom: szervezeti felépítés, célok, funkciók ....................... 48 2.5.2 A mozgalom szétesése, ellehetetlenülése ........................................................................ 52 2.6 A konfliktus rendezése: az „arreglos” ............................................................................... 53 3. AZ USA ÉS A CRISTERO HÁBORÚ ................................................................................. 54 3.1 Az Egyesült Államok és Mexikó kapcsolata az 1920-as években ..................................... 54 3.2 A cristero háború visszhangja az Egyesült Államokban .................................................... 55 3.3 „Black gold, white hope”: USA-Mexikó vita a kőolajforrások tárgyában ........................ 57 3.4 Morrow tevékenysége......................................................................................................... 61 3.4.1 Mediátori szerepvállalás a mexikói vallási kérdésben .................................................... 63 3.5 Nicaragua: USA és Mexikó erődemonstrálásának színtere ................................................ 67 3.6 Az USA kongresszusi jegyzőkönyvei mexikói témában: Kellogg bolsevik „rémképe” kontra pro-Calles propaganda ................................................................................................... 69 3.6.1 Bolsevik „rémkép” .......................................................................................................... 71 3.6.2 Pro-Calles hangok az Egyesült Államokban ................................................................... 75 3.7 Bankárok Mexikóval foglalkozó Nemzetközi Bizottsága (ICBM, International Committee of Bankers on Mexico) ........................................................................................... 78 3.8 Konklúzió ........................................................................................................................... 80 4. MEXIKÓ ÉS A VATIKÁN ................................................................................................. 82 4.1 A Vatikán reakciója a cristero konfliktus kapcsán ............................................................. 83 4.2 A Vatikán szerepe a megegyezésben.................................................................................. 87 4.2.1 A megegyezés után .......................................................................................................... 95 4.3 Konklúzió ........................................................................................................................... 96 5. SPANYOL KÖVETJELENTÉSEK A CRISTERO HÁBORÚ IDŐSZAKÁBÓL .............. 98 5.1 A cristero háború kibontakozása spanyol követjelentések alapján .................................. 100 5.2 A mexikói elnökválasztási kampány részletei és a cristero felkelés ................................ 116 5.3 Az Escobar-felkelés .......................................................................................................... 121 5.4 Az Egyesült Államok és Mexikó kapcsolata a spanyol követjelentések fényében .......... 123 5.5 Spanyol diplomáciai reflexiók a megegyezéshez vezető útról ......................................... 126 5.6 Konklúzió ......................................................................................................................... 131 6. A CRISTERO HÁBORÚ MAGYAR VISSZHANGJA ..................................................... 134 6.1 Az állam és az egyház közötti konfliktus kibontakozása a Magyar Távirati Iroda jelentései alapján..................................................................................................................... 134 6.2 Diplomáciai tükör: magyar követ- és sajtójelentések a mexikói helyzetről ..................... 138 6.3 Katolikus sajtó .................................................................................................................. 142 6.4 A mexikói helyzet fogadtatása a magyarországi felső-egyházi és felsőházi körökben .... 144 6.5 Konklúzió ......................................................................................................................... 147 7. ÖSSZEGZÉS ...................................................................................................................... 148 Bibliográfia ............................................................................................................................. 152 Köszönetnyilvánítás Köszönettel tartozom Anderle Ádám professzor úrnak, akinek szakmai és emberi támogatása mellett, számos spanyolországi kutatási lehetőséget is köszönhetek. Mind az egyetemi, mind pedig a PhD tanulmányaim alatt bíztatott és a kutatás irányába terelgetett. Lelkesedése és a kutató munka iránti elkötelezettsége nagy motiváló erővel hatott és a nehéz pillanatokban is inspirált. Köszönetemet szeretném kifejezni témavezetőmnek, Horváth Gyula tanár úrnak végtelen türelméért, szakmai és emberi támogatásáért. Bármikor fordulhattam hozzá tanácsért, mindig készségesen segített nagy szaktudásával. Köszönettel tartozom a kutatásaim során meglátogatott magyar és külföldi levéltárak, könyvtárak dolgozóinak, akik segítették munkámat. Ezúton szeretném kifejezni hálámat a szegedi Hispanisztika Tanszék minden dolgozójának amiért olyan családias hátteret és bázist biztosítottak, amely megkönnyítette és előbbre vitte a kutatásaimat. Köszönöm Csikós Zsuzsanna tanszékvezető asszonynak támogatását, fáradozását és rendületlen bizalmát. Köszönetemet szeretném kifejezni Szente-Varga Mónikának, Jancsó Katalinnak, Nagy Marcelnak, Szeljak Györgynek, Kökény Andreának, Kaczur Ágnesnek a témámra vonatkozó szakirodalom rendelkezésemre bocsátásáért, szakmai támogatásukért. Köszönöm Pihurik Judit tanárnőnek és Tomka Béla tanár úrnak módszertani javaslataikat és tanácsaikat. Köszönettel tartozom Cristian Rékának, aki már az egyetemi éveim alatt ösztönzött a kutató munkára, mindvégig bíztatott, lelkileg támogatott és hitt abban, hogy elkészül a dolgozat. Külön köszönetemet
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