Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints
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Job No. XXXX Pantone 648 92+ pages; Perfect Bind with SPINE COPY = 14 pts ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Washington, D.C. 20001 500 Fifth Street, N.W. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD TCRP SYNTHESIS 112 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH TCRP PROGRAM SYNTHESIS 112 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration A Synthesis of Transit Practice TRB NEED SPINE WIDTH TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2014 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* SELECTION COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS SHERRY LITTLE Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Spartan Solutions LLC Vice Chair: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis MEMBERS Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials MICHAEL ALLEGRA MEMBERS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Utah Transit Authority ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America JOHN BARTOSIEWICZ VICTORIA A. ARROYO, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program McDonald Transit Associates Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC RAUL BRAVO SCOTT E. BENNETT, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock ADA Americans with Disabilities Act Raul V. Bravo & Associates DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern APTA American Public Transportation Association JOHN CATOE Corporation, Norfolk, VA ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers The Catoe Group JAMES M. CRITES, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas/Fort Worth International ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers GRACE CRUNICAN Airport, TX ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District MALCOLM DOUGHERTY, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento ATA Air Transport Association CAROLYN FLOWERS A. STEWART FOTHERINGHAM, Professor and Director, Centre for Geoinformatics, School of ATA American Trucking Associations Charlotte Area Transit System Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom CTAA Community Transportation Association of America ANGELA IANNUZZIELLO JOHN S. HALIKOWSKI, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program AECOM MICHAEL W. HANCOCK, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort DHS Department of Homeland Security PAUL JABLONSKI SUSAN HANSON, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark DOE Department of Energy San Diego Metropolitan Transit System University, Worcester, MA EPA Environmental Protection Agency IAN JARVIS STEVE HEMINGER, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA FAA Federal Aviation Administration South Coast British Columbia Transportation CHRIS T. HENDRICKSON, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, FHWA Federal Highway Administration Authority Pittsburgh, PA FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration RONALD KILCOYNE JEFFREY D. HOLT, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah FRA Federal Railroad Administration Transportation Commission, Huntsville, Utah Lane Transit District FTA Federal Transit Administration RALPH LARISON GARY P. LAGRANGE, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program HERZOG MICHAEL P. LEWIS, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence JOHN LEWIS JOAN MCDONALD, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers LYNX-Central Florida RTA ABBAS MOHADDES, President and CEO, Iteris, Inc., Santa Ana, CA ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 JONATHAN H. MCDONALD DONALD A. OSTERBERG, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security, Schneider National, Inc., ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers Atkins North America Green Bay, WI NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration THERESE MCMILLAN STEVEN W. PALMER, Vice President of Transportation, Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, NC NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials FTA SANDRA ROSENBLOOM, Professor, University of Texas, Austin NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program E. SUSAN MEYER HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program Spokane Transit Authority KUMARES C. SINHA, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration BRADFORD MILLER West Lafayette, IN NTSB National Transportation Safety Board Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority GARY C. THOMAS, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration KEITH PARKER PAUL TROMBINO III, Director, Iowa DOT, Ames RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority PHILLIP A. WASHINGTON, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, CO SAE Society of Automotive Engineers RICHARD SARLES SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Washington Metropolitan Area Transit A Legacy for Users (2005) Authority THOMAS P. BOSTICK (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program JAMES STEM U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) United Transportation Union ALISON JANE CONWAY, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College TRB Transportation Research Board GARY THOMAS of New York, NY, and Chair, TRB Young Member Council TSA Transportation Security Administration Dallas Area Rapid Transit ANNE S. FERRO, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation MATTHEW O. TUCKER DAVID J. FRIEDMAN, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, North County Transit District U.S. DOT PHILLIP WASHINGTON JOHN T. GRAY II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Denver Regional Transit District Railroads, Washington, DC PATRICIA WEAVER MICHAEL P. HUERTA, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT University of Kansas PAUL N. JAENICHEN, SR., Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT C EX OFFICIO MEMBERS THERESE W. M MILLAN, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY Washington, DC APTA VICTOR M. MENDEZ, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, and Acting Deputy ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. Secretary, U.S. DOT TRB ROBERT J. PAPP (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of FREDERICK G. (BUD) WRIGHT Homeland Security AASHTO CYNTHIA L. QUARTERMAN, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety VICTOR MENDEZ Administration, U.S. DOT FHWA PETER M. ROGOFF, Acting Under Secretary for Policy, U.S. DOT CRAIG A. RUTLAND, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Tyndall Air Force Base, FL LOUIS SANDERS JOSEPH C. SZABO, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT APTA BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA SECRETARY GREGORY D. WINFREE, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS U.S. DOT TRB FREDERICK G. (BUD) WRIGHT, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC * Membership as of February 2014. * Membership as of May 2014. NEED SPINE WIDTH TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 112 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints A Synthesis of Transit Practice CONSULTANT Joel Volinski University of South Florida Tampa, Florida SUBJECT AREAS Economics • Public Transportation Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 112 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and Project J-7, Topic SA-30 energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current ISSN 1073-4880 systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand ISBN 978-0-309-27131-8 service area, increase service frequency, and improve effi ciency to Library of Congress Control Number 2014931677 serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating prob- lems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Coopera- tive Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions COPYRIGHT INFORMATION to meet demands placed on it. Authors