Agreement in Educated Jamaican English: a Corpus Investigation of ICE-Jamaica

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Agreement in Educated Jamaican English: a Corpus Investigation of ICE-Jamaica Agreement in Educated Jamaican English: A Corpus Investigation of ICE-Jamaica Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philologischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Susanne Jantos aus Räckelwitz SS 2009 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Christian Mair Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernd Kortmann Vorsitzende des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Cheauré Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 09.11.2009 Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 2 Background to the Study ............................................................................................4 2.1 The Jamaican Language Situation......................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Historical Development of the Language Situation in Jamaica ....................5 2.1.2 New Englishes – Classification and Development......................................12 2.1.3 Linguistic Variation in New Englishes and Underlying Principles.............20 2.2 Linguistic Variation in Jamaica...........................................................................23 2.2.1 The Creole Continuum ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Morphosyntactic Characteristics of Jamaican English................................27 3 Previous Research on Subject-Verb Agreement .................................................... 32 3.1 Agreement with Lexical Verbs............................................................................ 38 3.2 Agreement with the Verb BE .............................................................................. 43 4 Register Variation in Subject-Verb Agreement in Educated Jamaican English 46 4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................46 4.2 Data and Methodology ........................................................................................47 4.2.1 Data – The International Corpus of English................................................47 4.2.2 Register-Choice for the Study of Intra-Corpus Variation ...........................49 4.2.3 Methodology – Analysis of the Registers ...................................................60 4.3 Results for Spoken Jamaican English.................................................................. 63 4.3.1 Agreement with Lexical Verbs.................................................................... 63 4.3.2 Agreement with the Verb BE .......................................................................83 4.3.3 Conclusion – Subject-Verb Agreement in Spoken Jamaican English.........92 4.4 Results for Written Jamaican English ................................................................. 96 4.4.1 Agreement with Lexical Verbs.................................................................... 96 4.4.2 Agreement with the Verb BE .....................................................................110 4.4.3 Conclusion – Subject-Verb Agreement in Written Jamaican English ......115 4.5 Spoken and Written English Compared ............................................................118 4.6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................127 5 Agreement in Existential There + Be Constructions in a Cross-Variety Perspective........................................................................................................................ 130 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................130 5.2 Previous Research on Existential There + Be Constructions ............................131 5.3 Data and Methodology ......................................................................................135 5.3.1 Data – Variety-Choice for the Study of Inter-Corpus Variation ...............137 5.3.2 Methodology..............................................................................................147 5.4 Agreement in ETBs in Native and Non-Native Varieties of English................148 5.4.1 Agreement in the Varieties........................................................................ 148 5.4.2 Situational Factors.....................................................................................149 5.4.3 Subject Number.........................................................................................152 5.4.4 Tense..........................................................................................................154 5.4.5 Contractedness...........................................................................................156 5.4.6 Polarity ......................................................................................................159 5.5 Summary............................................................................................................162 6 Existential Constructions........................................................................................ 165 6.1 Expressing Existence.........................................................................................165 6.2 Existential Constructions in the Substrates ....................................................... 172 6.3 Existential Constructions in Varieties of English..............................................176 6.4 Discussion – Universal Tendencies or Language Contact? ..............................185 6.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................188 7 Concluding Remarks...............................................................................................190 Appendix ..................................................................................................................202 References.................................................................................................................205 Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache .............................................................216 ii List of Tables 1. Implicational scale – variable features of Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English 26 2. Spoken and written text categories included ......................................................... 50 3. Characteristics of the selected registers.................................................................. 59 4. Distribution of lexical verbs across the spoken and written text categories .......... 63 5. Distribution of agreement and non-agreement with lexical verbs in the spoken registers .................................................................................................................. 64 6. Logistic regression for grammatical non-agreement and formality (spoken) ....... 81 7. Distribution of the verb be across the spoken and written text categories ............. 83 8. Distribution of agreement and non-agreement with be in the spoken registers ..... 83 9. Distribution of agreement and non-agreement with lexical verbs in the written registers ...................................................................................................... 96 10. Logistic regression for grammatical non-agreement and formality (written) ..... 108 11. Distribution of agreement and non-agreement with be in the written registers ... 110 12. Agreement and non-agreement with lexical verbs in spoken and written Jamaican English .................................................................................................. 118 13. Agreement and non-agreement with be in spoken and written Jamaican English 120 14. Complex noun phrases and proximity agreement in spoken and written Jamaican English .................................................................................................. 125 15. Demographic characteristics and languages most frequently spoken at home in Singapore in the year 2000................................................................................... 138 16. The five scheduled languages with the highest numbers of mother tongue speakers in the 2001 census of India .................................................................... 144 17. Distribution of agreement and non-agreement in existential there + be constructions......................................................................................................... 148 18. Non-agreement with full versus contracted verb forms in category S1A ............ 158 19. Non-agreement by negation type.......................................................................... 162 iii List of Figures 1. Map of creole languages of the northern Caribbean................................................. 4 2. Kachru’s concentric circles of English................................................................... 15 3. Grammatical non-agreement by subject number (spoken) .................................... 65 4. Type of non-agreement across three levels of formality (spoken) ........................ 67 5. Potential explanations of non-agreement involving absence of –s marking across formality levels (spoken) ............................................................................ 69 6. Agreement and non-agreement with do for singular subjects in the spoken data .. 76 7. a. Most frequent verbs in direct conversations..............................................
Recommended publications
  • Trini Talk Or the Queen's English?
    Copyright by Sarojani S. Mohammed 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Sarojani S. Mohammed Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Trini Talk or the Queen’s English? Navigating Language Varieties in the Post-Colonial, High Stakes Climate of “Standard Five” Classrooms in Trinidad Committee: Diane L. Schallert, Co-Supervisor Barbara G. Dodd, Co-Supervisor Lars Hinrichs Zena T. Moore Marilla D. Svinicki Brandon K. Vaughn Trini Talk or the Queen’s English? Navigating Language Varieties in the Post-Colonial, High Stakes Climate of “Standard Five” Classrooms in Trinidad by Sarojani S. Mohammed, S.B. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2008 Dedication To the newest source of inspiration in my life, my nephew, Henrik Åge Lundgård. Acknowledgements In many ways, this document represents the love and support of the village that raised me. I regret that I cannot express my gratitude to every person who has helped me along the way, but I appreciate this opportunity to acknowledge in print those who have devoted inordinate amounts of time and effort to ensure the completion of this degree, and this project in particular. To my parents, who knew that I could do this even before it was a dream of mine, I thank you for your love and patience, help and advice, and especially for your encouragement and support over the past 27 years. To my brother and sister, thanks for making me who I am, and loving me as I am.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 English Dialect Input to the Caribbean
    12 English dialect input to the Caribbean 1 Introduction There is no doubt that in the settlement of the Caribbean area by English speakers and in the rise of varieties of English there, the question of regional British input is of central importance (Rickford 1986; Harris 1986). But equally the two other sources of specific features in anglophone varieties there, early creolisation and independent developments, have been given continued attention by scholars. Opinions are still divided on the relative weight to be accorded to these sources. The purpose of the present chapter is not to offer a description of forms of English in the Caribbean – as this would lie outside the competence of the present author, see Holm (1994) for a resum´ e–b´ ut rather to present the arguments for regional British English input as the historical source of salient features of Caribbean formsofEnglish and consider these arguments in the light of recent research into both English in this region and historical varieties in the British Isles. This is done while explicitly acknowledging the role of West African input to forms of English in this region. This case has been argued eloquently and well, since at least Alleyne (1980) whose views are shared by many creolists, e.g. John Rickford. But the aim of the present volume, and specifically of the present chapter, is to consider overseas varieties of English in the light of possible continuity of input formsofEnglish from the British Isles. This concern does not seek to downplay West African input and general processes of creolisation, which of course need to be specified in detail,1 butrather tries to put the case for English input and so complement other views already available in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Researcher 2015;7(8)
    Researcher 2015;7(8) http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher “JANGLISH” IS CHEMMOZHI?...(“RAMANUJAM LANGUAGE”) M. Arulmani, B.E.; V.R. Hema Latha, M.A., M.Sc., M. Phil. M.Arulmani, B.E. V.R.Hema Latha, M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil. (Engineer) (Biologist) [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: Presently there are thousands of languages exist across the world. “ENGLISH” is considered as dominant language of International business and global communication through influence of global media. If so who is the “linguistics Ancestor” of “ENGLISH?”...This scientific research focus that “ANGLISH” (universal language) shall be considered as the Divine and universal language originated from single origin. ANGLISH shall also be considered as Ethical language of “Devas populations” (Angel race) who lived in MARS PLANET (also called by author as EZHEM) in the early universe say 5,00,000 years ago. Janglish shall be considered as the SOUL (mother nature) of ANGLISH. [M. Arulmani, B.E.; V.R. Hema Latha, M.A., M.Sc., M. Phil. “JANGLISH” IS CHEMMOZHI?...(“RAMANUJAM LANGUAGE”). Researcher 2015;7(8):32-37]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7 Keywords: ENGLISH; dominant language; international business; global communication; global media; linguistics Ancestor; ANGLISH” (universal language) Presently there are thousands of languages exist and universal language originated from single origin. across the world. “ENGLISH” is considered as ANGLISH shall also be considered as Ethical dominant language of International business and global language of “Devas populations” (Angel race) who communication through influence of global media. If lived in MARS PLANET (also called by author as so who is the “linguistics Ancestor” of EZHEM) in the early universe say 5,00,000 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian English - a National Model
    Indian English - A National Model Daniel Costa Woospeak Learning Center, Greece Abstract India is currently home to one of the world’s largest English-speaking communities, in a context where the language is increasingly seen as a gateway to the world. Given the plurality of the country’s social and linguistic landscape, however, a significant amount of the population does not speak or have access to the language. The impact of colonization has traditionally made Standard British English the model to be followed in the educational context, although it does not reflect the local culture. This paper advocates the use of Indian English as the national model, due to a set of unique lexical, grammatical, phonological and discourse features that would allow it to act as both a lingua franca within the country and on the international stage. Keywords: India, Indian English, lingua franca Introduction The English language has increasingly played a significant role in India since the early days of colonization and it currently acts as “its lingua franca and ‘window on the world’” (Mehrotra, 2003, p. 19). In spite of an overreliance on Standard British English as a plausible model, the emergence of a local variety, commonly referred to as Indian English, reflects the impact of its socio-cultural background and setting. It is characterised by the incorporation of distinct lexical, grammatical, phonological and discourse features. This paper argues that such elements, which Indian English has acquired through “indigenization” (Kachru, 1990), has endowed the language variety with a unique nature and the consequent ability to be used as a national model, rather than a set of deviations from a native target model, as it has often been described (Domange, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Spanglish Code-Switching in Latin Pop Music: Functions of English and Audience Reception
    Spanglish code-switching in Latin pop music: functions of English and audience reception A corpus and questionnaire study Magdalena Jade Monteagudo Master’s thesis in English Language - ENG4191 Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2020 II Spanglish code-switching in Latin pop music: functions of English and audience reception A corpus and questionnaire study Magdalena Jade Monteagudo Master’s thesis in English Language - ENG4191 Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2020 © Magdalena Jade Monteagudo 2020 Spanglish code-switching in Latin pop music: functions of English and audience reception Magdalena Jade Monteagudo http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Abstract The concept of code-switching (the use of two languages in the same unit of discourse) has been studied in the context of music for a variety of language pairings. The majority of these studies have focused on the interaction between a local language and a non-local language. In this project, I propose an analysis of the mixture of two world languages (Spanish and English), which can be categorised as both local and non-local. I do this through the analysis of the enormously successful reggaeton genre, which is characterised by its use of Spanglish. I used two data types to inform my research: a corpus of code-switching instances in top 20 reggaeton songs, and a questionnaire on attitudes towards Spanglish in general and in music. I collected 200 answers to the questionnaire – half from American English-speakers, and the other half from Spanish-speaking Hispanics of various nationalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Strategies and the Construction of Identity in My Name Is Salma by Fadia Faqir
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Journal of King Saud University – Languages and Translation (2012) 24, 43–49 King Saud University Journal of King Saud University – Languages and Translation www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Linguistic strategies and the construction of identity in My Name is Salma by Fadia Faqir Fatima Felemban Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Received 10 March 2011; accepted 14 June 2011 Available online 30 October 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract Contemporary Arab-English writers (American or British) share with other ethnic writ- ers many features of post-colonial literary texts, most prominent among which is the appropriation Linguistic strategy; of language. This paper investigates the ways in which language is appropriated by Fadia Faqir Identity; Construction; through the main character of her novel My Name is Salma. In her ongoing search for identity, Code-switch; Salma (the narrator) uses certain linguistic strategies for self-definition. These strategies can be Interlanguage divided into two major types: interlanguage and code-switching. Interlanguage is expressed syntac- tically, semantically, and phonologically. Code-switching, on the other hand, includes loan words, untranslated words, terms of address, items of clothing, food, reference to religion and reference to proverbs, wise sayings and songs. However, these linguistic strategies often interact and overlap. ª 2011 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction how they relate to the social world’’ (Norton: 409). Accord- ingly, this paper investigates Faqir’s use of language in her no- Apart from the various definitions of language in various fields vel, My Name is Salma, to construct and represent her identity of study, language may be defined as a cognitive means of as an Arab Bedouin Muslim through her major character, Sal- communication that represents the individual identity as a ma.
    [Show full text]
  • Fenomena Munculnya Interlanguage (Inglish) Di Indonesia
    FENOMENA MUNCULNYA INTERLANGUAGE (INGLISH) DI INDONESIA Rosita Ambarwati FPBS IKIP PGRI Madiun Abstrak The process of learning a new language is difficult. Even so, when the second language is finally formed, the language would have a continuous effect on the person’s mother tongue ability (Association for Psychological Science, 2009). On the other side, someone who is learning a new language, would also have trouble to understand the grammar in translation. In the translation skill, they move from the original language to the literal gloss before it reaches the new language (Saygin, 2001). Both sides show the same symptom, the birth of new terms that are actually combinations from both language elements. Some nations, suffer some sort of desperation where it is so difficult to learn English that leads them to a compromise. The compromise gave birth to numerous and vary new vocabularies, and almost can be recognizable as a language. Key words : Interlanguage, Inglish Pendahuluan Belajar bahasa baru itu sulit. Semakin sulit seiring meningkatnya usia. Walau demikian, saat bahasa kedua telah terwujud, bahasa tersebut akan berpengaruh sinambung pada kemampuan seseorang berbahasa asli (Association for Psychological Science, 2009). Di sisi lain, seorang yang mempelajari bahasa baru, akan mengalami kesulitan memahami grammar dan menterjemahkan. Dalam ilmu penerjemahan, mereka berangkat dari bahasa asli menuju ke literal gloss sebelum sampai ke bahasa baru tersebut (Saygin, 2001). Kedua sisi menunjukkan gejala yang sama, munculnya sekumpulan istilah yang merupakan perpaduan dari unsur-unsur kedua bahasa. Sebagian bangsa, mengalami sebuah keputusasaan, begitu sulitnya mempelajari bahasa Inggris sehingga membawa mereka pada kompromi. Kompromi ini memunculkan kosakata yang luar biasa banyak dan beragam, yang hampir dapat diakui sebagai bahasa.
    [Show full text]
  • Argotica I(5)
    ARGOTICA UNIVERSITATEA DIN CRAIOVA, FACULTATEA DE LITERE CENTRUL DE CERCETĂRI ARGOTOLOGICE ARG TICA REVISTĂ INTERNAȚIONALĂ DE STUDII ARGOTOLOGICE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SLANG STUDIES REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’ÉTUDES ARGOTOLOGIQUES 1(5)/2016 EDITURA UNIVERSITARIA CRAIOVA C o m i t e t u l d e r e d a c ţ i e Laurențiu Bălă: Editor fondator M e m b r i Anda Rădulescu (Craiova), Gabriela Biriş (București) C o m i t e t u l ş t i i n ţ i f i c Anne-Caroline Fiévet, EHESS-ENS-CNRS, Paris (France) D o m i n i q u e Jeannerod, Queen’s University, Belfast (Northern Ireland) Ioan Milică, Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași (România) A n d r z e j Napieralski, Uniwersytet Łódzki (Polska) M o n t s e r r a t P l a n e l l e s I v á ñ e z, U n i v e r s i d a d de A l i c a n t e (E s p a ñ a) A l e n a Podhorná-Polická, Masarykova Univerzita, Brno (Česká republika) R a c h e l e R a u s, Università d e g l i Studi di T o r i n o (Italia) Anda Rădulescu, Universitatea din Craiova (România) Ghislaine Rolland-Lozachmeur, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, B r e s t (F r a n c e) F e r n a n d e E l i s a b e t h R u i z Q u e m o u n, Universidad de A l i c a n t e (España) Andrea Scala, Università d e g l i Studi di Milano (Italia) M a r c S o u r d o t, Université « René Descartes » Paris V (F r a n c e) D á v i d S z a b ó, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem (E L T E), Budapest (Magyarország) G e o r g e V o l c e a n o v, Universitatea „S p i r u H a r e t”, București (România) F r a n c i s Y a i c h e, Université « René Descartes » Paris V (F r a n c e) R o d i c a Z a f i u, Universitatea din București (România) George Volceanov: R e s p o n s a b i l de n u m ă r G a b r i e l a B i r i ş: Secretar de redacție I S S N : 2 3 4 3 – 7 2 0 0 ISSN-L: 2286-3893 CUPRINS MAEŞTRII ARGOULUI .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (University College London) the Subjunctive Conundrum Plenary II, Thursday, 9:00 – 10:00, Room 1010
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Huddersfield Repository ABSTRACTS OF TALKS AND WORKSHOP PAPERS Bas Aarts (University College London) The subjunctive conundrum Plenary II, Thursday, 9:00 – 10:00, Room 1010 The view espoused in Palmer (1987: 46) that “the notion of a subjunctive mood is a simple transfer from Latin and has no place in English grammar” is generally accepted in most modern descriptive frameworks. But the consequences of accepting such a view have not been sufficiently appreciated in the literature. In this paper I will discuss a number of approaches to the English subjunctive, and I will argue that none of them deals adequately with the fallout of denying the existence of an inflectional subjunctive in English. I will propose that English subjunctive clauses can be described by making reference to the notion of Subsective Gradience (Aarts 2007), and that the grammar of English should recognise a ‘subjunctive clause type’, along with declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives. Palmer, Frank (1987) The English verb. London: Longman. Elsbieta Adamczyk (University of Poznan) On morphological restructuring in the early English nominal system: the fate of Old English consonantal inflection Wednesday, 12:00 – 12:30, Room 1016 The paper investigates the morphological shape of the early English nominal inflection, focusing on the developments which contributed to its later restructuring. A prominent feature of the early English inflection was an evident tendency, revealed by nouns considered minor (unproductive) to adopt the inflectional endings of the productive types. This marked inclination of some nouns can be particularly well seen in consonantal stems, such as r-stems (deriving from PIE *-es/-os stems).
    [Show full text]
  • Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in Writing Bettina M Migge, Susanne Muehleisen
    Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in Writing Bettina M Migge, Susanne Muehleisen, To cite this version: Bettina M Migge, Susanne Muehleisen,. Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in Writing. Hickey, Raymond. Varieties in writing: The written word as linguistic evidence, John Benjamins, pp.223-244, 2010. halshs-00674699 HAL Id: halshs-00674699 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00674699 Submitted on 28 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing Bettina Migge Susanne Mühleisen University College Dublin University of Bayreuth Abstract In research on Creoles, historical written texts have in recent decades been fruitfully employed to shed light on the diachronic development of these languages and the nature of Creole genesis. They have so far been much less frequently used to derive social information about these communities and to improve our understanding of the sociolinguistics and stylistic structure of these languages. This paper surveys linguistic research on early written texts in the anglophone Caribbean and takes a critical look at the theories and methods employed to study these texts. It emphases the sociolinguistic value of the texts and provides some exemplary analyses of early Creole documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Country List
    CONTENT LANGUAGE & COUNTRY LIST Languages by countries World map (source: United States. United Nations. [ online] no dated. [cited July 2007] Available from: www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm) Multicultural Clinical Support Resource Language & country list Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Afghanistan Dari, Pashto, Parsi-Dari, Tatar, Farsi, Hazaragi Brunei Malay, English, Chinese, other minority languages Albania Tosk, Albanian Bulgaria Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma and other minority languages Algeria Arabic, French, Berber dialects Burkina Faso French, native African (Sudanic) languages 90% Andorra Catalán, French, Spanish, Portuguese Burundi Kirundi, French, Swahili, Rwanda Angola Portuguese, Koongo, Mbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Cambodia Khmer, French, English Antigua and English, local dialects, Arabic, Portuguese Cameroon French, English, 24 African language groups Barbuda Canada English, French, other minority languages Argentina Spanish, English, Italian, German, French Cape Verde Portuguese, Kabuverdianu, Criuolo Armenia Armenian, Yezidi, Russian Central French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), other minority Australia English, Indigenous and other minority languages African languages Austria German, Slovenian, Croatian, Hungarian, Republic Alemannisch, Bavarian, Sinte Romani, Walser Chad French, Arabic, Sara, more than 120 languages and dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri), Russian, Armenian, other and minority languages Chile
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Durkheim and the Internet
    Paper Durkheim and the Internet: On sociolinguistics and the sociological imagination by Jan Blommaert © (Tilburg University) [email protected] January 2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ Durkheim and the Internet: On sociolinguistics and the sociological imagination Jan Blommaert Contents Abstract 2 1. Sociolinguists as sociologists 4 2. Durkheim’s social fact 7 3. Sociolinguistics and the social fact: Avec Durkheim 15 4. What Durkheim could not have known: Après Durkheim 30 5. The sociological re-imagination 65 References 68 Durkheim and the Internet: On sociolinguistics and the sociological imagination Jan Blommaert A man with one theory is lost (Bertolt Brecht) Abstract Sociolinguists have rarely attempted to draw the social-theoretical implications from their findings, and in spite of the tremendous theoretical relevance of sociolinguistic insights, most sociolinguists themselves continue to rely on established, mainstream forms of sociological imagination – often at odds with their own results. In this text, I explore the ways in which contemporary sociolinguistics can contribute to a new sociological imagination, and I use Emile Durkheim’s work as the take-off point for this exercise. Durkheim – one of the founding fathers of sociology – emphasized the crucial importance of normativity in his work, and saw normativity itself as “the social fact”. Normativity was collective and compelling, and thus provided the glue to hold diverse segments of society together in forms of social cohesion and integration. His view of the social fact became the foundation for defining the very possibility of sociology, and by extension sociolinguistics as well.
    [Show full text]