DOCSLIB.ORG

Agency for International Development Ppc/Cdie/Di Report Process;Ng Form Enter Information Only If Not Inci 1.Jded on ('Over Or Title Pag F of Document 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agency for International Development Ppc/Cdie/Di Report Process;Ng Form Enter Information Only If Not Inci 1.Jded on ('Over Or Title Pag F of Document 1 AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PPC/CDIE/DI REPORT PROCESS;NG FORM ENTER INFORMATION ONLY IF NOT INCI 1.JDED ON ('OVER OR TITLE PAG F OF DOCUMENT 1. Prqject/fu !je~_umber 2. CortractL Grant NunaL.-- ~ ________ 3. PublicationDate ______________IPK 0491-P-IF-5017-03 7187 4. Doamen, TitleLTran-lated Title Control of vertebrate pests in Pakistan S. Author(s) 1. Hussain, I. 2. Ahmad, E. 3. Brooks, .. E. 6. Contbri Or aniationfa) _ Denver Wildlife Research Center and Pakistan Agricultural Res,-!arch USDA/APHIS Council-- National Agricultural Re:earch Centre International Programs Research Section Islamabad 7. Pa nation -- 8. Repor Number J.Seonoring A.I.D. Office pp. 349-370 IP-340 7 r USAID/Islamabad 10. Abstract (Jptieral - 25O word lUmi__ The control oF vertebrate pests is important to prevent economic losses and to safeguard human health. The usual control practices involve the protection of food either at Dreharvest; or at poutharvest stages by chemical and nonchemical or mechanical means. Sometimes good control cai be achieved by employing one method onv, but effective and lasting results are more usually dependent on the application of different methods eicher in co:'i.ination or in sequence, that is by integrated pest management. 11. Subject Kcyword (op'.ion. I 1. 4. 2. 5 °3. 6. 12. Supplementary Noted 13. Submitting Official _ d _ _14. Telephone Nurnoe 1I5.To ay 's Date Richard L. Bruggers 303-236-7850 (FFS: 776-7850) 12/1/88 ........................... DO NOT write below tnis line .............................................. 16. DOCID 17. Document Ditposition D [) INV DUPLICATE WORK SHEFT COMPILED BY DR CHAUDHIRY INAYATULLAH DIRECTOR PEST 'AtAGE, EN & INCHARGE ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABS M AIRT/PA R C It .. .. T ' ' - " .. ¢', ,.I ., 11/ -A7 ISL/."..W D PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ISLAMAIBAD , PAKISTAN r aa~a~ ~;~~.a4a ~a ~a~ -~ ~ ~ ~ a. a>~a.a 'aaa~ aap. ~ a~a~,' 1 a1 ;.a ~ A ~ a a~aaA..aaI .. ~ .~ ~ ~ a>1~ ' 7a~aa.aax~a ~ ~A _____ ~ ~ ~ ~a>4~* ~ -~ ~<a> a ~ ~aaa.~ ~ -'a-a, .4. > 'a' .a.aaaaaa a~. a .a~. (Jla ~a '~'*" 1;~ a'a .aaa~4aa ~ A -a> ~. .a .... .-. aa-a;a..aa -aj-aa-~ ~ a­ a,-,, 4, a' ~~~a~~... aaa~ -;~v~i­ a' a~a1aA~a a> ,~, ~!2V~'~ a' r 'a' ~ ~'7;~%.W ': '",a - 1 ~a~aaAa'....., . copy'rigbt(C)' 1987 by Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad. ISBN 969-4O9-~O44-X~.~.~ -a> a~ ~274a . a; a a' a 4aa' a" a a' aa' aaaa-'--­ aa-a-.aa.a 4,a-'-a aa a--' a aa~- a a--~ a a..' aaa-ta. -a-aca-- a a a~a ,aa ',a>a aa,'a 4-~ a> A-' - a a a4a.a aa>aa a>--. aa .. a--- .~aa. 4a~a'a -, - .. - a a '~a~a- a ~ ''t *1 ~ '' ..-~.~ 4't,~' a"\ a'a'~a aaaa a' aaa' ~,a~;a>a-aa.a. "a* a~3..! ~ a ~ ~ a~a a 'a"'' *~*~**a-**~* -* ~ - ~ ~ ~* '~''~ ~ ' -~'~'' a a) 4 ...... *a-~ a' a'-~a a a a a, ~ " a a 4;~'~-. --a,~, , ' ' a ' a a- a a~' 0aX- a a a' -, "~ja-aaaa;aaaa~-a.-a-aa-a 44a'a 4 ~ a 'a , -- a -a-a',--ai'< 4.~---~a~, al'aaa-a~-aaaIaTi1a a aa a' a a-a,U~~a'~-'a- a'1~~)aaa'ia'a'-a'a' a a-~ a-~ -.aaa~ag4~aaaaa4~ -aaa~'a--~-:a~iaa f~A,-~a. a0a'aa~a'a a.4-a.a-a a-a'~a'~4aa-a'a J- ' a aa' a a.a',' aa. aa'aafaa-. 4~ 1 ~' a aa a a>-4a-~-.. 4'a'a.aaaa4aaa~ .fa-aaaaa;a4a.-a- a-a-a..--Ia'~a 4 aa- a­ a ,a~a'aa'~~~ i~aa>l~a-4;a, 'a' a4aka'a'-Iaaaaaaa'aaaaaalaa'a. >4Iaa~a' 4 a~ a a- I a a'a"~ a a.a>aaa'a-~'~~ -a aP 4a a..aaaaaa'a>aA'aa'a ~ a~~:)~aa''aa- aa. aa'a'>44~ - a- a-a' a-a.A:'aa a-4 a'aa)a'I>a'a-.a.--C a > .' a'~--'a'a'a' - ~.- A-' a-a'a a' , -4~,a4~.4a-ia'a'.a'aa'a a'aa'4'a--aa-a.aa.a,>a' a-a...- a'I~A-aaa'a',aa4 a-a aa­ 44~aa-.a.Aa'a-'141 a aa,-'~a-I',aaA:- ;a~ a aaa.a.a'aaa-"'a-'a-(,a-~a'a'-'~aa-~aaa"a ~'' a--a- 'a ~, ~4a-,a a" 4 a' a-,-.a­ a -- ~aa~aa'~a'- ~,4/~a4~aa'aa'a~ ~,- a''a a. a,a'a ava' ~a-'-aa'l'a'aIaA,~jaaa'a-~, "-a.- a-a a.Iaaa'aaa ~, a'a-aa-.~a,a,0a-'~aa'~'aa' 4A-a"-. ~a'aa,4a-laa ~ La- A 41,I-a-~a.a'.~j a 4~ a4'a'a'%4,~j74a'V'A:a~la4~ a'5I4a~~4)2a'.4i~0I44a I a.~ a-4~a>-~~a'-a'-.a'' ~ a4a'AI4a'iaaa'4 a'4~~ ­ a,4,41a~aaa'aa'a;ja'aa~a"a'aaa'a'I.-aI~a'-aa'a~I~4~ a a.>a-a- ajI44aa~1la.4aaaaa4'4a,a.4aIaf )~~ia'4~iAa'Iaa.4iaa'a' ~Va-aaa a'~aji1)a-~a~.a-a'aj4aa-a~'~~'4a--~2aa'-a(at- a'a-a" ­ ~ y{ ,aI~- ~ -­ a. ~--a-j~a;a-a'a'~i-~a'a'~1a'aa~a;a:o.-aa'Ia',a;~a-~-a'-a'2a'~0a-a,a-aia':4aca' .~.a'aa'a -aa'a'a "' a, a ~A-aa-~~~a-4 -r -'a-aa'0140-~-a'a--------- 4~a-a>~-a- ~aa''aaa'­a­ ~aaaa'aIa;-- a-~a~a~cj~ a.aaaa4?a'~o'a -- a a' 4a'a-~a ~ "0a'Iaaaa-a'.. 41a'Ia'j -'0,-a,. a' 4 CONTROL OF VERTEBRATE PESTS IN PAKISTAN By Iftikhnr 1. n , Ylz Ahmad and Joe E. Brooks Vertehr..tO iest Control Project National ArlcuLtura Research Centre I'lrunabad INTRODUCTION The cop:2rol of vonebrate pests is "7p>prtant to prevent economic losses and to snaf-q'uard hunvn h -lth. Tho usual control practicu. involve the protection of food either at pre-harvest or at po:i-harve:t stunes by chemical and non­ chemical or mchnnica] means. Somet:imes ;PQ"2.d cotnrol can be achieved v e:ployin one metLod on ly, but affective and last­ in ]esul]-ts{r a!rc more usi lly.! dep~enden:l t on] Qu. ..... a io ofI different .at0ods cit,r in combination or i.n seeuenco., that is by integrated pest management. C[IEMICALS IN VERTI[ERATE PEST MANAGEMENT Cheminals used in vertebrate pest maa-nnement are classed in sevetal categories, such a; rodcnticdaes, fumigants, repe­ llents, avicides, cheoasterilants, etc. They are used against several kinds of vetebrates such as rodents, birds and other pests 20:e, wild hoAr. Rodenticides, which are comnonly organic or in organic compounds are classified arbitrarily (based on action) into four groups: 1. Acuce or single dose 2. Chronic or multiplo dose e.g. anticoagulants 3. Fumigants 4. Chemosterilants 1. ACUTE RODENTICIDES (TABLE 1) An acute rodenticide can be lethal following the consump­ tion of one feed of )ait. ost of the acute poisons currently marketed for the control of rodents have proven to he fairly effective but, at the same time they are highly toxic to non­ target animals such as birds and wildlife of national importance. Therefore, There can be high risks of accidental poisoning. Their use is less expensive, however, the continuous use can 349 350 Table I: Acute (Single Dose) Rodenticides and the PercenL of Active Ingredients Commonly Used in Baits for Rodent Control Percentage Common Name Active Chemical Name & Formula Ingre ients Reco­ mrended in Baits Zinc or Zinc Phosphide Zinc Phosphide, Zn1 P 2 1.0 - 2.0 Red Squill Scillirosice Glycoside 10.0 C3 2I4 601 2 1080 Sodium Fluoroacetate or 0.22 Sodium Nonofluoroace- 0.03 for wild tate, FCH 2 bcar control 1081 Flouracetamide 1.0 - 2.0 Thallium sulphate Thallium Sulphate Restricted Strychnine Strychnine Alkaloid or Not recommended Strychnine Sulphate for rat control Arsenic Arsenic Trioxide Rarely used Norbormide 5 (a hydroxy-a-2-pyri- 0.5- 1.0 dylbensy I- 7 -(a-2-pyridyl­ bei.:sylidene)-5-norbornene­ 2-3-dicarboxide " Antu Alpha Naphthylthiourea 0.75 - 3.0 Vacor (DLP787) l-(3-pyridylmethyl)-3- 1.0- 2.0 (4-nitropheoyl) urea Phosphorus Phosphorus I t3 3%. Seldom used Barium Carbonate Barium carbonace Rarely used Bromethalin C14 H7 Br, F3 N3 04 0.1% or 100 ppm ca"j''cbat hn,'sad this adds cost to, Lhe controlopera-. 'K ~A~J tions. Ther' is'n~c, perfect antido te fo.- thpse poi'sons in K'~~ case of accidents.~ '' 2. ANTIC0.LANT RODENTICIDES The various anticongulant rodentcides have a similar physiological reactionginthat they disrupt the mechanism that controls blood-clotting and. cause fatal .nternal haemorrhiges to develop. Their~ action is cumulative andiimost, except for certain ofsthe second-gcneration materials, need to be ingested, ~-~'' over a period of' seea ast be efEfective. Anticoagulants'" possesses wo main; advmhtheamover acute rdenticides: i) they rarely, if"ever, cause ba Wns, n ii)primnary' and'second­ ay poi:n z to nn-target species are reduced and in effective antidote, vitamin K1 , is available. The older anticoagulants, introduced prior to' 1975, havce come to be called the "fionrst generation" anticoagulants because of their lower toxicity~ to rodents. and-need for cumulative or. multiple dosing. After 1975, a new toxic anticoagulants were introduced, and theseclass haveof much become more knownas. "second generation" anticoagulants.' Among these, some. require only one dose to kill all test rodents. The time to death is still aout the saie to 10 days, whether using "first generation" or "second generat'ion" materials.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-Target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 2018 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S. Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Penny M. Fisher Landcare Research Brian M. Hopkins Landcare Research Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Life Sciences Commons Horak, Katherine; Fisher, Penny M.; and Hopkins, Brian M., "Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non- target Organisms" (2018). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2091. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2091 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine E. Horak, Penny M. Fisher, and Brian Hopkins 1 Introduction The concentration of a compound at the site of action is a determinant of its toxicity. This principle is affected by a variety of factors including the chemical properties of the compound (pKa, lipophilicity, molecular size), receptor binding affinity, route of exposure, and physiological properties of the organism. Many compounds have to undergo chemical changes, biotransformation, into more toxic or less toxic forms. Because of all of these variables, predicting toxic effects and performing risk assess- ments of compounds based solely on dose are less accurate than those that include data on absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of the compound.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evaluation of Alternative Toxins to Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) for Possum Control
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference 1992 collection March 1992 THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL Charles T. Eason Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc15 Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Eason, Charles T., "THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL" (1992). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992. 24. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc15/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL CHARLES T. EASON, Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Possum control in New Zealand is dependent on the use of sodium monofluroacetate (1080) and cyanide. Although 1080 is highly effective, its use is restricted to government staff. Cyanide is available for a wider group of licensed operators, but cyanide "shyness" reduces its effectiveness. An acute toxicity programme has been set up to identify non- anticoagulant toxins that could be used safely by farmers. Dose-ranging studies showed that possums are susceptible to cholecalciferol, calciferol, gliftor, alpha-chloralose, and nicotine, but not to bromethalin.
    [Show full text]
  • RRAC Guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of Croplife International Aim
    RRAC guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of CropLife International Aim This document provides guidance to advisors, national authorities, professionals, practitioners and others on the nature of anticoagulant resistance in rodents, the identification of anticoagulant resistance, strategies for rodenticide application that will avoid the development of resistance and the management of resistance where it occurs. The Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) is a working group within the framework of CropLife International. Participating companies include: Bayer CropScience, BASF, LiphaTech S. A., PelGar, Rentokil Initial, Syngenta and Zapi. Senior technical specialists, with specific expertise in rodenticides, represent their companies on this committee. The RRAC is grateful to the following co-authors: Stefan Endepols, Alan Buckle, Charlie Eason, Hans-Joachim Pelz, Adrian Meyer, Philippe Berny, Kristof Baert and Colin Prescott. Photos provided by Stefan Endepols. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Classification and history of rodenticide compounds ..............................................................................................3 3. Mode of action of anticoagulant rodenticides, resistance mechanisms, and resistance mutations ......................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Anticolagulant Resistance in the UK
    Anticoagulant Resistance in the United Kingdom History of resistance Anticoagulants were introduced into the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. Their introduction revolutionized rodent control, providing a far more effective method of controlling rodents compared with the previously available acute rodenticides. The acute rodenticides (zinc phosphide, alpha-naphthylthiourea, 1080, 1081, thallium) were relatively inefficient as a result of their poor palatability, fast action (mins/hours) and relatively painful impact. Many rodents, either failed to eat the baits or only consumed sub-lethal doses. Those that survived sub-lethal dosing often acquired bait and poison shyness, avoiding further attempts to poison them. Even with pre-baiting it was not easy to average more than 70% mortality in practical situations. The introduction of warfarin and above: Rodents are carriers of at least 45 diseases and 200 human pathogens. subsequently other anticoagulants provided a far more effective means of products were launched populations of and the term “First Generation controlling rodent infestations and if Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Anticoagulants (FGARs)” used to identify applied correctly, 100% mortality could be House mice (Mus musculus) had the earlier anticoagulants. expected. This increased efficiency was developed resistance to these early In the 1980s and 1990s further SGARs due to the chronic nature of anticoagulants. anticoagulants and could consume appeared in the U.K. market, these were They were generally far more palatable considerable amounts of bait and survive. brodifacoum, flocoumafen and most than the acute rodenticides as they used These rodents were termed Warfarin- recently difethialone. By the late 1970s, much lower concentrations of active resistant rodents, although a high level of populations of Norway rats were identified substance and they had a much slower cross resistance existed between all as resistant to difenacoum and also later mode of action and slower onset of these early anticoagulants.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Materials List
    Hazardous Materials List Version: 1.12.2016 v 1.4 All agrochemicals, especially pesticides, can be potentially hazardous in some form or other to human and animal health as well as to the environment and therefore should be used only under caution. Fairtrade International recommends the use of other methods like proper choice of crops and varieties, suitable cultivation practices and biological material for pest, before a chemical pesticide is used for pest control. The Hazardous Materials List (HML) is divided in three lists: the Red List, the Orange List and the Yellow List. Red List: The Red List is a ‘prohibited’ list and includes materials that must not be used on Fairtrade products. Orange List: The Orange List is a ‘restricted’ List and includes materials that may be used under conditions specified in this document thus restricting their use. The use of materials in this list will be monitored by Fairtrade International. Operators should be aware that some of these materials are to be phased out by 30 June 2020 or by 30 June 2022 as indicated in the list. The other materials in the list may eventually be prohibited and are encouraged to abandon their use. Yellow List: The Yellow List is a ‘flagged’ list and includes materials which are flagged for being hazardous and should be used under extreme caution. Fairtrade International will be monitoring the classification of these materials by international bodies like PAN, WHO and FAO, and materials may be prohibited in the future. Operators are encouraged to abandon their use. Classification of materials in the HML The Hazardous Materials List includes materials that are identified as Highly Hazardous as defined in the Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management adopted by FAO and WHO in 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Rodent Control in India
    Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4: 97–126, 1999. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Rodent control in India V.R. Parshad Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India (Tel.: 91-0161-401960, ext. 382; Fax: 91-0161-400945) Received 3 September 1996; accepted 3 November 1998 Key words: agriculture, biological control, campaign, chemosterilent, commensal, control methods, economics, environmental and cultural methods, horticulture, India, pest management, pre- and post-harvest crop losses, poultry farms, rodent, rodenticide, South Asia, trapping Abstract Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0
    Version 1.1.0 Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0 Introduction Through the implementation of our standards, Fair Trade USA aims to promote sustainable livelihoods and safe working conditions, protection of the environment, and strong, transparent supply chains.. Our standards work to limit negative impacts on communities and the environment. All pesticides can be potentially hazardous to human health and the environment, both on the farm and in the community. They can negatively affect the long-term sustainability of agricultural livelihoods. The Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS) seeks to minimize these risks from pesticides by restricting the use of highly hazardous pesticides and enhancing the implementation of risk mitigation practices for lower risk pesticides. This approach allows greater flexibility for producers, while balancing controls on impacts to human and environmental health. This document lists the pesticides that are prohibited or restricted in the production of Fair Trade CertifiedTM products, as required in Objective 4.4.2 of the APS. It also includes additional rules for the use of restricted pesticides. Purpose The purpose of this document is to outline the rules which prohibit or restrict the use of hazardous pesticides in the production of Fair Trade Certified agricultural products. Scope • The Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List (PRPL) applies to all crops certified against the Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS). • Restrictions outlined in this list apply to active ingredients in any pesticide used by parties included in the scope of the Certificate while handling Fair Trade Certified products.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
    The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Pen and Field Trials of a New Anticoagulant Rodenticide Flocoumafen* Against the House Mouse (Mus Musculus L.)
    J. Ilyg., Camb. (1985), 95, 623-627 623 Printed in Great Britain Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen* against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) BY F. P. ROWE, A BRADFIELD AND T. SWINNEY Mammals and Birds Department, Tolworth Laboratory, Agricultural Science Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Hook Rise South, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey KT6 7NF {Received 23 May 1985; accepted 25 June 1985) SUMMARY The efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodentide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice {Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days. Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87-1 and 100%. The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, broma- diolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus. INTRODUCTION Recent work on rodenticides in this laboratory has been largely focused on compounds of potential value in overcoming the problem of resistance to warfarin and other anticoagulants of longstanding use. A major outcome has been the evaluation of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum, three new anticoagul- ants now in use for the control of commensal and some other harmful rodents.
    [Show full text]
  • For Possum Control
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference 1992 collection March 1992 THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL Charles T. Eason Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc15 Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Eason, Charles T., "THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL" (1992). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992. 24. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc15/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TOXINS TO SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080) FOR POSSUM CONTROL CHARLES T. EASON, Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Possum control in New Zealand is dependent on the use of sodium monofluroacetate (1080) and cyanide. Although 1080 is highly effective, its use is restricted to government staff. Cyanide is available for a wider group of licensed operators, but cyanide "shyness" reduces its effectiveness. An acute toxicity programme has been set up to identify non- anticoagulant toxins that could be used safely by farmers. Dose-ranging studies showed that possums are susceptible to cholecalciferol, calciferol, gliftor, alpha-chloralose, and nicotine, but not to bromethalin.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Rodent Populations by Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Toward Third-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides
    DMD Fast Forward. Published on December 1, 2016 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073791 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD # 73791 Management of rodent populations by anticoagulant rodenticides: Toward third-generation anticoagulant rodenticides MARLÈNE DAMIN-PERNIK, BERNADETTE ESPANA, SEBASTIEN LEFEBVRE, ISABELLE FOUREL, HERVÉ CARUEL, ETIENNE BENOIT, VIRGINIE LATTARD Downloaded from USC 1233 RS2GP, Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, INRA, F-69280, MARCY L’ETOILE, France dmd.aspetjournals.org (M.D.P, B.E, S.L, I.F, E.B, V.L) Liphatech, Bonnel, 47480 Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P, H.C) at ASPET Journals on October 2, 2021 1 DMD Fast Forward. Published on December 1, 2016 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073791 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD # 73791 Running Title : Toward third-generation anticoagulant rodenticides *Corresponding author: Virginie Lattard USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France Email: [email protected]; Phone: +33(0)4 78 87 27 27; Fax: +33(0)4 78 87 05 16 Downloaded from The number of text pages: 26 dmd.aspetjournals.org Number of tables: 3 Number of figures: 6 at ASPET Journals on October 2, 2021 Number of references: 40 Number of words in the - Abstract: 200 - Introduction: 740 - Discussion: 1163 List of nonstandard abbreviations: AR, anticoagulant rodenticides FGAR, first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides SGAR, second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides 2 DMD Fast Forward. Published on December 1, 2016 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073791 This article has not been copyedited and formatted.
    [Show full text]
  • Rodenticides - Kramer R.E
    ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH – Vol. I - Rodenticides - Kramer R.E. and Baker R.C. RODENTICIDES Kramer R.E. and Baker R.C. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, U.S.A. Keywords: Fluoroacetate, sodium monofluoroacetate, compound 1080, fluorocitrate, fluoroacetamide, compound 1081, 1,3-difluoro-2-propanol, DFP, thiourea, α- naphthylthiourea, ANTU, pyriminil, PNU, Vacor, bromethalin, vitamin D, cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, norbormide, scillirosides, scillirosidin, glycosides, α- chlorohydrin, thallium, phosphorus, zinc phosphide, aluminum phosphide, phosphine, strychnine, anticoagulants, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumachlor, difenacoum, diphencoumarin, difethialone, diphacinone, flocoumafen, pindone, warfarin, vitamin K, mechanisms of action, toxicity, treatment; antidotes Contents 1. Introduction 2. Fluoroacetate derivatives 2.1. Sodium Monofluoroacetate 2.2. Fluoroacetamide 2.3. 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3. Thiourea Rodenticides 3.1. α-Naphthylthiourea (ANTU) 3.2. Pyriminil 4. Bromethalin 5. Vitamin D-based rodenticides 6. Norbormide 7. Scilliroside 8. Alpha (α)-chlorohydrin 9. Thallium 10. Yellow phosphorus 11. Zinc phosphide 12. Strychnine 13. Anticoagulant rodenticides Glossary BibliographyUNESCO – EOLSS Biographical Sketches SAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary A rodenticide is defined as any compound used to kill rodents or other small animals. They are widely used, and as a class encompass a disparate group of compounds with differing structures and mechanisms of action.
    [Show full text]