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Surface and Groundwater Interaction of the Bela Stream and Vipava Springs in Southwestern Slovenia Medsebojni Vpliv Povr©Inske

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Surface and Groundwater Interaction of the Bela Stream and Vipava Springs in Southwestern Slovenia Medsebojni Vpliv Povr©Inske ACTA CARSOLOGICA 30/2 16 217-238 LJUBLJANA 2001 COBISS: 1.01 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER INTERACTION OF THE BELA STREAM AND VIPAVA SPRINGS IN SOUTHWESTERN SLOVENIA MEDSEBOJNI VPLIV POVR©INSKE IN PODZEMNE VODE POTOKA BELE IN IZVIROV VIPAVE V JUGOZAHODNI SLOVENIJI GERRY BAKER1 & METKA PETRI»2 & GEOFF PARKIN3 & JANJA KOGOV©EK2 1 MSc student at the WRSRL, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Cassie Building, Claremont Road, GB - NE1 7RU NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, GREAT BRITAIN, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 POSTOJNA, SLOVENIA, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3 WRSRL, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Cassie Building, Claremont Road, GB - NE1 7RU NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, GREAT BRITAIN, e-mail: [email protected] Prejeto / received: 10. 10. 2001 217 Acta carsologica, 30/2 (2001) IzvleËek UDK: 556.33(497.4) Gerry Baker & Metka PetriË & Geoff Parkin & Janja Kogov{ek: Medsebojni vpliv povr{inske in podzemne vode potoka Bele in izvirov Vipave v jugozahodni Sloveniji Æe starej{e raziskave nakazujejo hidrogeolo{ko zvezo med izviri Vipave in sosednjim potokom Belo. Izviri Vipave drenirajo kra{ki vodonosnik Nanosa. Potok Bela zbira vodo na zelo slabo prepustnem fli{u na severozahodnem obrobju Nanosa, nato pa po prehodu na apnenec vzdolæ toka postopno ponika. Sledilo uranin je bilo injicirano v Belo nad vasjo Vrhpolje in dokazana je bila hidravliËna povezava z vsemi izviri Vipave. Sledilna krivulja za izvir z najvi{jo izmerjeno koncentracijo uranina je bila analizirana z disperzijskim modelom. Z merjenjem pretoka na 8 razliËnih profilih in primerjavo razlik v pretokih posameznih odsekov smo prouËevali hidrolo{ke znaËilnosti Bele. Pokazalo se je, da se hidrolo{ki odziv spreminja glede na deleæ napajanja iz kra{kega ali fli{nega zaledja. Z loËevanjem komponent toka na osnovi hidrokemiËnih meritev je bilo ugotovljeno, da so tudi hidrolo{ke znaËilnosti izvirov Vipave odvisne od obmoËja napajanja. Dokazana povezava lahko vpliva tudi na kvaliteto vode v izvirih Vipave, ki so glavni vir vodooskrbe {ir{ega obmoËja, saj se v Belo stekajo nepreËi{Ëene komunalne odplake. KljuËne besede: kra{ka hidrologija, ponikalnica, pretoki, sledilni poizkus, Bela, Vipava, Slovenija. Abstract UDC: 556.33(497.4) Gerry Baker & Metka PetriË & Geoff Parkin & Janja Kogov{ek: Surface and Groundwater Interac- tion of the Bela Stream and Vipava Springs in Southwestern Slovenia Previous studies suggest a hydrogeologic link between the Vipava springs and the neighbouring Bela surface stream. The Vipava springs drain the Nanos karst plateau. The Bela stream drains the very low permeable flysch to the north west of the Nanos plateau before flowing onto limestone where it gradually sinks along its course. A tracer, uranine, was injected into the Bela upstream of the village Vrhpolje and hydraulic connec- tion with all the Vipava springs was proved. A dispersion model was used to characterise the tracer break- through curve of one of the springs where the highest concentrations were found. The hydrology of the Bela was analysed by measuring the discharge of the stream at 8 different sections and analysing the difference in flow between each section. The conclusion drawn from the analysis was that the Bela stream has a different hydrological response related to whether the majority of recharge comes from the karstic or flysch area of the catchment. A flow separation analysis based on hydrochemical measurements indicated that the hydrological response of the Vipava springs also depends on the recharge source area. Proved connection leads to environ- mental concern for the water quality of the Vipava springs, which are the main water supply of the area, because untreated wastewater is discharged into the Bela stream. Key words: karst hydrology, sinking stream, discharges, tracing test, Bela, Vipava, Slovenia. 218 G. Baker & M. PetriË & G. Parkin & J. Kogov{ek: Surface and Groundwater Interaction of the Bela Stream and Vipava ... INTRODUCTION The permanent and intermittent Vipava springs are distributed along the western foot of the Nanos Karst plateau in the zone of High Karst of NW Dinarids at the contact of very low perme- able Eocene flysch of the Vipava valley (Fig. 1). The Bela surface stream initially gathers water as it flows over the flysch on the northwestern border of the Nanos plateau. It then flows over the geological contact, on to the limestone, at Sanabor village. The stream flows along the foot of the Nanos close to the geological contact until it reaches the town Vipava where it flows back onto the flysch and joins the Vipava River downstream of the town Vipava. The low to medium waters Fig. 1: Hydrogeological map of the area (1. Visible or covered thrust line, 2. Visible or covered fault, 3. Surface stream, 4. Spring, 5. Ponor, 6. Precipitation station, 7. Village, 8. Tracer injec- tion point, 9. Proved underground connection, 10. Point of discharge measurement, 11. Karst aquifer, 12. Fissured aquifer, 13. Very low permeable beds, 14. Porous aquifer). Sl. 1: Hidrogeolo{ka karta obmoËja (1. vidna in pokrita narivnica, 2. viden ali pokrit prelom, 3. povr{inski vodotok, 4. izvir, 5. ponor, 6. padavinska postaja, 7. naselje, 8. toËka injiciranja sledila, 9. dokazana podzemna vodna zveza, 10. toËka merjenja pretoka, 11. kra{ki vodonosnik, 12. razpoklinski vodonosnik, 13. zelo slabo prepustne plasti, 14. medzrnski vodonosnik). 219 Acta carsologica, 30/2 (2001) of the Bela sink gradually along the course of the river downstream of Sanabor, only high water waves run- ning on the surface to Vipava. The sinking waters of the Bela are thought to discharge at the Vipava springs. This could have se- rious environmental implications be- cause untreated sewage is discharged into the Bela in the towns of Sanabor and Vrhpolje and one of the springs in Vipava is captured for the water supply of the surrounding area. The primary aim of this research was to prove the connection between the Bela stream and Vipava springs. A secondary aim was to describe the hydrology of the Bela itself. PREVIOUS STUDIES Nanos and the springs of the Vipava River have been the objects of geological, geographic, geomor- phologic, speleologic and hydrologic investigation for over one hundred years. Hydrogeologic investigations of Nanos started more than forty years ago. Later, HabiË (1982) inves- tigated the Vipava springs. He de- scribes precisely the situation of the springs, their hydrologic regime, physical, chemical, and bacteriologi- cal properties of the water, the water catchment area, and the threat to karst groundwater and necessary pro- Fig. 2: Location of the Vipava springs (1. The Vipava river, tection measures. 2. Temporary surface stream, 3. Permanent Vipava springs Placer (1981) explains the loca- 1-7, 4. Intermittent spring, 5. Point of discharge measure- tion of the Vipava springs with re- ment, 6. Karst aquifer, 7. Alluvial deposits, 8. Flysch). spect to the geology of the area. A Sl. 2: Poloæaj izvirov Vipave (1. reka Vipava, 2. obËasni recumbent fold of the Cretaceous povr{inski vodotok, 3. stalni izviri Vipave 1-7, 4. obËasni limestone is thrusted over the Eocene izvir, 5. toËka merjenja pretoka, 6. kra{ki vodonosnik, flysch layers, and in the lowest gap 7. aluvij, 8. fli{). 220 G. Baker & M. PetriË & G. Parkin & J. Kogov{ek: Surface and Groundwater Interaction of the Bela Stream and Vipava ... with eroded flysch the Vipava springs are situated. Cretaceous limestones are eroded between the towns of Vipava and Vrhpolje and are partly covered by Quaternary clayey rubble sediments. In this region the flood overflow (intermittent) springs are distributed (Fig. 2). The permanent springs are situated at an altitude of 98 m, while the intermittent ones are at 100 to 125 m, showing the karst retention of high waters. During dry periods the permanent springs have a combined discharge of only 700 l/s, but after heavy rain they reach discharges of more than 70 m3/s. Low, medium and high discharges are in the ratio of 1:10:100, which is characteristic for simple outflow high karst. The catchment area of the Bela is approximately 2 km2. The Vipava gauging station is located about 500 m downstream of all the permanent springs of the Vipava, and probably also the me- dium and low waters of the Bela. Only the high waters of the Bela and the discharges of intermit- tent springs between Vipava (town) and Vrhpolje (which are only active at high waters and join the Vipava river downstream from the town) are not included in the gauging profile. In 1992-1996 the Association of Tracer Hydrology conducted a major research project in the area (Kranjc1997). Evidence from this research suggested a link between the Bela stream and the Vipava springs, in particular the most northern permanent spring, Pod Farovæem (otherwise known as Spring 7 or Vipava 7). This evidence is outlined below. During the analysis of electrical conductivity of the springs it was noted that Spring 7 “differs fundamentally” from the other springs, especially during the flood events. The dilution at Spring 7 showed a shorter retardation indicating the quicker outflow of low mineralised event water at the spring (Harum et al. 1997). Also, two of the tracing experiments showed different results for Spring 7 than the others. In the second tracing experiment in Spring 1994, uranine was injected at the sinking stream Lokva (Fig. 1). When presenting the result of this experiment for each of the Vipava springs “the time concentration graph for station Vipava 7 had to be drawn with a concentration scale different from all the other stations, because of rather low values” (Behrens et al. 1997). In the fourth tracing experiment in autumn 1995 uranine was injected also in the pothole Slapenski Ledenik on the Nanos plateau (Fig.
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