DOCSLIB.ORG

The Roman Market Economy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Roman Market Economy The Roman Market Economy PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd i Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM The Princeton Economic History of the Western World Joel Mokyr, Series Editor A list of titles in this series appears at the back of the book. PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd ii Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM The Roman Market Economy Peter Temin Princeton University Press Princeton & Oxford PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd iii Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM Copyright © 2013 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-­0-­691-­14768-­0 <~?~FULL CIP TO COME> British Library Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data is available This book has been composed in <~?~DES: Please add typeface(s)> Printed on acid-­free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd iv Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM 1 2 3 4 5 Contents 6 7 8 9 10 Preface and Acknowledgments vii 11 12 1. Economics and Ancient History 1 13 14 Part I: Prices 15 Introduction: Data and Hypothesis Tests 27 16 2. Wheat Prices and Trade in the Early Roman Empire 29 17 3. Price Behavior in Hellenistic Babylon 53 18 Appendix to Chapter 3 66 19 4. Price Behavior in the Roman Empire 70 20 21 Part II: Markets in the Roman Empire 22 Introduction: Roman Microeconomics 95 23 5. The Grain Trade 97 24 6. The Labor Market 114 25 7. Land Ownership 139 26 8. Financial Intermediation 157 27 28 Part III: The Roman Economy 29 Introduction: Roman Macroeconomics 193 30 9. Growth Theory for Ancient Economies 195 31 10. Economic Growth in a Malthusian Empire 220 32 Appendix to Chapter 10 240 33 11. Per Capita GDP in the Early Roman Empire 243 34 35 References 263 36 Index 287 37 38 39 40 41 v PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd v Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd vi Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM 1 2 3 4 5 Preface and Acknowledgments 6 7 8 9 10 11 his book presents a progress report in the process of understanding the 12 nature of ancient economies. I am an economic historian who spent most 13 ofT his academic career writing about modern and early-­modern economies 14 and teaching modern economics. Sometime before the end of the twentieth 15 century, I became interested in ancient economies. If the Romans wrote all 16 those letters and speeches and built all those roads and buildings, how did they 17 get the resources to do so? Writing takes time and an education that enables a 18 writer to express thoughts in historical perspective. Construction uses materi- 19 als and labor that have to be organized and gathered for this purpose. How 20 were people able to organize these activities and—to­ broaden our focus—­build 21 something as large and complex as the Roman Empire? 22 I read Finley’s book, The Ancient Economy, when it came out over a quarter-­ 23 century ago (Finley 1973), and more recent books over the years. I found they 24 did not provide convincing answers to the questions I had raised, and I resolved 25 to investigate further the economics of the ancient world. I published and 26 presented papers to ancient-history­ conferences over the past decade that re- 27 sulted from my curiosity. I offer the insights I gained from writing these papers 28 and rethinking them now in light of subsequent research as a progress report 29 that provides a view of the Roman economy that has become more popular—­ 30 although not without controversy—­than when I started on this quest. 31 I tried to learn a few of the languages needed by ancient historians, but I 32 speedily realized that I would never be good enough to improve on the trans- 33 lations of experts. My comparative advantage—­a term I explain more fully 34 in the first chapter of this volume—is­ in economic analysis, not archaeology 35 or text analysis. All scholars stand on the shoulders of those who have gone 36 before, and I freely acknowledge my debt to the generations of ancient histori- 37 ans whose works I utilize. Even if I disagree with their analyses, I respect and 38 envy their scholarship. I struggle also with modern languages, and my citations 39 reflect my preference for English sources. If one has to choose one language 40 for modern scholarship, it would be English, and I am fortunate to be a native 41 vii PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd vii Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM viii Preface 1 speaker. If I repeat analyses published in other languages, I hope that readers 2 will inform me. 3 I hope also that this book will be received better than my initial foray into 4 ancient history. I wrote a research proposal for myself before I thought seriously 5 about implementing it. I went to Oxford for a conference in 1999 and sent my 6 proposal to a few Oxford people I knew or had arranged to meet. Economists 7 laughed at my proposal at breakfast, and ancient historians laughed at it at 8 lunch. They all assured me—­for different reasons—­that my proposal was un- 9 workable. With that stimulus, I had to forge ahead! The proposal grew into 10 my most well-­known contribution to ancient economic history. It appeared as 11 Temin (2001) in the Journal of Roman Studies, then under the editorship of an 12 ancient historian who had laughed at me earlier. It set out a research agenda 13 that was fulfilled in the chapters of the middle section of this book. 14 It may be wishful thinking, but I detect a movement toward an acceptance 15 of modern economic concepts in the study of the ancient world in the past 16 few years. When I started in this field, theoretical discussions of ancient his- 17 tory all started from Karl Polanyi and M. I. Finley. This is apparent in the 18 extensive introduction to the reissue of Finley’s book on its silver anniversary 19 in 1999 (Morris 1999). Yet less than a decade later, The Cambridge Economic 20 History of the Greco-­Roman World was based more on Douglass North than 21 Moses Finley. North, a Nobel laureate in economic history, emphasized the 22 importance of economic institutions in determining economic performance. 23 His work, together with other like-­minded economists, has given rise to what 24 is now called the New Institutional Economics (NIE). Almost all the essays in 25 The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-­Roman World take their cue from 26 the NIE, and the volume itself is organized by consideration of institutions. 27 The essays on the regional development of the Roman Empire start from the 28 premise that preexisting institutions affected how Roman expansion affected 29 their economic activities (Scheidel, Morris, and Saller 2007). 30 From everything we know, prosperity in Greece and Rome extended be- 31 yond a royal family or clan into a larger group of people. I have tried to ex- 32 plore how the Roman economy functioned. I chose to focus primarily on the 33 early Roman Empire because the scale of the Roman Empire was vast and the 34 economy seemed to run amazingly well for a long time. It is one thing to run 35 a small economy drawing small amounts of resources from a broad hinterland; 36 it is much harder to involve millions of people into an integrated economic 37 system. As Wickham (2005, 10) described it, “The Roman Empire was a coher- 38 ent political and economic system, operating on a scale that has seldom since 39 been matched in Europe and the Mediterranean, and never for so long.” In 40 addition, we have a lot of information about the economy of the early Roman 41 PUP_Temin_The Roman Market Economy_FM_v1.indd viii Achorn International 06/05/2012 07:22AM Preface ix Empire when peace was more prevalent than war. The Roman information 1 was generated by indirection, and we have to tease out economic information 2 from sources designed for other concerns. This, of course, is the intellectual 3 adventure: how to make sense of the fragments we have to understand the 4 Roman economy. 5 It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the generous help I received from many 6 ancient historians as I made this intellectual journey. Far from the haughtiness 7 and clannish attitudes that I was assured typified ancient historians, I found 8 them to be marvelously welcoming to an outside adventurer who took the ef- 9 fort to talk with them. Of course, not everyone agrees with me, and I regret 10 that I have not been able to talk more widely with other ancient historians. 11 The first group is the small set of ancient historians who helped me get 12 started: Alan Bowman, Rebecca Flemming, Martin Goodman, Joshua Sosin, 13 and Dominic Rathbone. They were all happy to answer uninformed questions 14 and correct elementary mistakes. Through it all, they were supportive of my 15 quest, and Dominic coauthored a paper with me that gives chapter 8 its special 16 texture. They remain friends today; Keith Hopkins, who also welcomed me 17 and helped me, unfortunately died before I was prepared to write this book.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Roman Market Economy the Princeton Economic History of the Western World Joel Mokyr, Series Editor
    The Roman Market Economy The Princeton Economic History of the Western World Joel Mokyr, Series Editor A list of titles in this series appears at the back of the book. The Roman Market Economy Peter Temin Princeton University Press Princeton & Oxford Copyright © 2013 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu Jacket art: Detail of cargo ship from road to market with trade symbols in mosaic. Roman, Ostia Antica near Rome Italy. Photo © Gianni Dagli Orti. Courtesy of Art Resource, NY. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Temin, Peter. The Roman market economy / Peter Temin. p. cm. — (The Princeton economic history of the Western world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-14768-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Rome—Economic conditions. 2. Rome—Economic policy. 3. Rome—Commerce. I. Title. HC39.T46 2013 330.937—dc23 2012012347 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Adobe Caslon Pro Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Charlotte This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ix 1. Economics and Ancient History 1 Part I: Prices Introduction: Data and Hypothesis Tests 27 2. Wheat Prices and Trade in the Early Roman Empire 29 3. Price Behavior in Hellenistic Babylon 53 Appendix to Chapter 3 66 4. Price Behavior in the Roman Empire 70 Part II: Markets in the Roman Empire Introduction: Roman Microeconomics 95 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 1016" House of Representatives
    1016" CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 21 To be lieutenant colonels mind, with the healing love of a big heart; and with the William W. Buckley. Philip H. Torrey. bracing energy of a courageous spirit. May we live for men William D. Smith. Robert ·L. Denig. for whom he died and pledge ourselves to labor for a justice­ Harold B. Pratt. Charles F. B. Price. loving, a freedom-loving, and a warless world. Through Randolph Coyle. Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. To be majors The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday, December 19, Thad T. Taylor. 1931, was read and approved. James M. Bain. To be captains MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Moses J. Gould. William J. Whaling. A message from the Senate by Mr. Craven, its principal George R. Rowan. Herman H. Hanneken. clerk, announced that the Senate had passed a bill of the Richard H. Schubert. Daniel R. Fox. following title, in which the concurrence of the House ·is George W. Walker. William Ulrich. requested: Theodore H. Cartwright. Ralph W. CUlpepper. S. 1357. An act for the relief of Nancy H. Rouse, Clara H. Simmons, W. H. Hays, Hallie H. Hamilton, and Bradford P. To be first lieutenants Hays . Walter I. Jordan. Andrew J. Mathiesen. The message also announced that the Senate had agreed Arthur W. Ellis. Joseph C. Burger. to the amendment of the House to the amendment of the Edwin C. Ferguson. David L. Cloud, jr. Senate to the joint resolution (H. J. Res. 142) entitled Homer L. Litzenberg, jr. Calvin R. Freeman. "Joint resolution making an additional appropriation for Wilburt S.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is an author's version which may differ from the publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74938 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-06 and may be subject to change. Power and Status Administration, appointment policies and social hierarchies in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 9 februari 2010 om 15.30 uur precies door Inge Arnolda Maria Mennen geboren op 10 maart 1979 te Tilburg Promotores Prof. dr. L. de Blois Prof. dr. O.J. Hekster Manuscriptcommissie Prof. dr. R.A.M. Aerts Prof. dr. M. Peachin (New York University, New York) Dr. J.W. Drijvers (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) ISBN 978-90-9025009-0 COVER BY Michiel Stomphorst PRINTED BY Ipskamp Drukkers B.V. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................... ii ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dimensions CP Series
    CERAMIC CAPACITORS TapingCL Series : dimensions High Power FEATURES ELECTRICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS • Low ESR/ESL, RF power capacitors • NPO capacitors, ultra stability Electrical specifi cations • RoHS compliant Parameter Value • Excellent characteristics in current, voltage and power Capacitance 1pF - 10,000pF B, C, D below 10pF with high Q factor Tolerances F, G, J, K, M above 10pF • Working voltage: 200V - 7,200V Working voltage (WVDC) See capacitance range chart • Sizes: 2225, 4040 and 7065 Temperature coeffi cient NPO: (0 ± 30) ppm/°C, –55°C to +125°C • Capacitance range: 1pF - 10,000pF 105 MΩ min at 25°C at rated WV Insulation Resistance DC 4 • Laser Marked (optional) 10 MΩ min at 125°C at rated WVDC 2 x WV for WV ≤ 500V Dielectric Withstanding DC DC 1.5 x WV for 500V < WV ≤ 2,500V (test voltage applied for 5 seconds) DC DC APPLICATIONS 1.3 x WVDC for WVDC > 2,500V • RF Power Amplifi ers Aging none • Industrial (Plasma Chamber) Piezo Effect none • Medical (MRI Coils) Environmental specifi cations Parameter Value CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 2,000 hours, +125°C • DC Blocking at 1.5 x WV (WV ≤ 500V) Life Test DC DC • Matching Networks at 1.3 x WVDC (500V < WVDC < 1,250V) • Tuning and Coupling at 1 x WVDC (1,250V ≤ WVDC) 240 hours, 85% relative humidity at 85°C Moisture Resistance Test 1 (ESA/SCC n°3009) 56 days, 93% relative humidity at 40°C PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Moisture Resistance Test 2 • Chip capacitors for surface mounting with Nickel barrier 0V, 5V, WVDC or 500V whichever is less and tinning or Copper barrier and tinning
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Levantine Agricultural Economy (1St-8Th C. AD)
    Society and economy in marginal zones: a study of the Levantine agricultural economy (1st-8th c. AD) Andrea Zerbini Department of Classics and Philosophy Royal Holloway University of London PhD in Classics 1 2 Abstract This thesis analyses the social and economic structures that characterised settlement in ecologically marginal regions in the Roman to early-Arab Levant (1st-8th c. AD). Findings show that, far from being self-sufficient, the economy of marginal zones relied heavily on surplus production aimed at marketing. The connection of these regions to large-scale commercial networks is also confirmed by ceramic findings. The thesis is structured in four main parts. The first outlines the main debates and research trends in the study of ancient agrarian society and economy. Part II comprises a survey of the available evidence for settlement patterns in two marginal regions of the Roman Near East: the Golan Heights, the jebel al-cArab. It also includes a small- scale test study that concentrates on the long-term development of the hinterland of Sic, a hilltop village in the jebel al-cArab, which housed one of the most important regional sanctuaries in the pre-Roman and Roman period. Parts III and IV contain the core the thesis and concentrate on the Limestone Massif of northern Syria, a region located between the cities of Antioch, Aleppo (Beroia) and Apamea. Following settlement development from the 2nd c. BC to the 12 c. AD, these sections provide a comprehensive assessment of how a village society developed out of semi-nomadic groups (largely through endogenous transformations) and was able to attain great prosperity in Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • 200 Bc - Ad 400)
    ARAM, 13-14 (2001-2002), 171-191 P. ARNAUD 171 BEIRUT: COMMERCE AND TRADE (200 BC - AD 400) PASCAL ARNAUD We know little of Beirut's commerce and trade, and shall probably continue to know little about this matter, despite a lecture given by Mrs Nada Kellas in 19961. In fact, the history of Commerce and Trade relies mainly on both ar- chaeological and epigraphical evidence. As far as archaeological evidence is concerned, one must remember that only artefacts strongly linked with ceram- ics, i.e. vases themselves and any items, carried in amphoras, (predominantly, but not solely, liquids, can give information about the geographical origin, date and nature of such products. The huge quantities of materials brought to the light by recent excavations in Beirut should, one day, provide us with new evi- dence about importations of such products in Beirut, but we will await the complete study of this material, which, until today by no means provided glo- bal statistics valid at the whole town scale. The evidence already published still allows nothing more than mere subjective impressions about the origins of the material. I shall try nevertheless to rely on such impressions about that ma- terial, given that we lack statistics, and that it is impossible to infer from any isolated sherd the existence of permanent trade-routes and commercial flows. The results of such an inquiry would be, at present, worth little if not con- fronted with other evidence. On the other hand, it should be of great interest to identify specific Berytan productions among the finds from other sites in order to map the diffusion area of items produced in Beirut and the surrounding territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbolic Universe, Metaphor and Conviction
    SYMBOLIC UNIVERSE,METAPHOR AND CONVICTION: A STUDY OF THE SLAVE METAPHOR IN PAUL'S LETTER TO THE GALATIANS A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts Biblical Studies Department University of Sheffield In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Sam Tsang August 2001 Accepted on CONTENTS Abstract Introduction ChapterI ISSUESIN RESEARCHINGGRECO-ROMAN SLAVE IDENTITY AND PAUL'S RHETORIC: PRELIMINARY REMARKS 28 1.1. The State of the Scholarly Questions in Greco-Roman Slave Identity 28 1.2. Scholarship on First-Century Greco-Roman Slave Identity and Paul 35 1.3 Scholarship on the Metaphors of Paul: Symbolic Universe, Metaphors and Rhetoric 39 1.4. Conclusion 48 Chapter 2 IDENTITY SHIFTS OF THE SLAVE IN THE PROCESS OF GRECO-ROMAN SLAVERY: FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION - THE SYMBOLIC UNIVERSE OF PAUL'S SOCIETY ON SLAVERY 52 2.1. Greco-Roman Slavery 52 2.2. Greco-Roman Manumission 69 2.3 Greco-Roman Re-enslavement 85 2.4. The Identity and Power Shifts in Greco-Roman Processof Slavery 87 Chapter3 THE APOLOGETICUSAGE OF THE SERVILE METAPHOR IN GALATIANS 90 3.1. Paul's Self Descriptionin Gal. 1.1,10 90 3.2. Paul's Self Descriptionin Gal. 6.17 105 Chapter4 THE POLEMICAL USAGE OF THE SERVILE METAPHOR IN GALATIANS 113 4.1. Paul's Attack on the Agitators in Gal. 2.4 113 4.2. Paul's Attack on the Agitators in Gal. 4.30 121 Chapter5 THE DIDACTIC USAGE OF THE SERVILE METAPHOR IN GALATIANS 147 5.1. Paul's Teachingof the Galatiansin Gal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity
    The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wilkinson, Ryan Hayes. 2015. The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467211 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity A dissertation presented by Ryan Hayes Wilkinson to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2015 © 2015 Ryan Hayes Wilkinson All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Michael McCormick Ryan Hayes Wilkinson The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity Abstract In the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the Roman Empire fragmented, along with its network of political, cultural, and socio-economic connections. How did that network’s collapse reshape the social and mental horizons of communities in one part of the Roman world, now eastern France? Did new political frontiers between barbarian kingdoms redirect those communities’ external connections, and if so, how? To address these questions, this dissertation focuses on the cities of two Gallo-Roman tribal groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Texte Intégral
    Working Paper History as heresy: unlearning the lessons of economic orthodoxy O'SULLIVAN, Mary Abstract In spring 2020, in the face of the covid-19 pandemic, central bankers in rich countries made unprecedented liquidity injections to stave off an economic crisis. Such radical action by central banks gained legitimacy during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and enjoys strong support from prominent economists and economic historians. Their certainty reflects a remarkable agreement on a specific interpretation of the Great Depression of the 1930s in the United States, an interpretation developed by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in A Monetary History of the United States (1963). In this article, I explore the origins, the influence and the limits of A Monetary History’s interpretation for the insights it offers on the relationship between theory and history in the study of economic life. I show how historical research has been mobilised to show the value of heretical ideas in order to challenge economic orthodoxies. Friedman and Schwartz understood the heretical potential of historical research and exploited it in A Monetary History to question dominant interpretations of the Great Depression in their time. Now that [...] Reference O'SULLIVAN, Mary. History as heresy: unlearning the lessons of economic orthodoxy. Geneva : Paul Bairoch Institute of Economic History, 2021, 38 p. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:150852 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ Paul Bairoch Institute of Economic History Economic History Working Papers | No. 3/2021 History as Heresy: Unlearning the Lessons of Economic Orthodoxy The Tawney Memorial Lecture 2021 Mary O’Sullivan Paul Bairoch Institute of Economic History, University of Geneva, UniMail, bd du Pont-d'Arve 40, CH- 1211 Genève 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Material Corrosion Resistance Guide
    Material Corrosion Resistance Guide Hartzell fans and blowers have rings, frames, housings, and supports Extra strength is built into all Hartzell fiberglass fans by the use of fabricated from low carbon steel. All steel parts are phosphatized or heavy flanges, extra glass tape joints, and extra glass reinforcing. In sandblasted and finished with an enamel coating. addition, all fans are given a finish brush coat of resin after assembly The standard axial flow propeller material is a sand-cast aluminum for more complete protection. equivalent to Federal Spec. QQ-A-601, and chosen for its good strength, All bearing bolt and nut heads as well as bearing cover bolts and nuts durability, and casting qualities. Other high strength alloys can be exposed to the airstream are of stainless steel (or Monel, if speci- furnished at extra cost for special applications. Standard centrifugal fied) and are coated with resin after assembly. Shafts are normally of wheels are fabricated from ASTM Standard A569 carbon steel. stainless steel but can be specified Monel for special service. Hartzell standard coatings specifications are tied to ASTM standards A modification can be furnished with special flange drilling to meet used within industry. These coatings are considered to be good to chemical plant specifications. excellent for indoor/outdoor structures in an industrial environment. Hartzell can also furnish coatings to resist attack to fans made of metal. When conditions are moderate and the corrosive agent is a Corrosion-Resistant Materials common acid or mild alkali, an epoxy coating can be used on steel and and Coatings aluminum. This coating is also moisture and abrasion resistant.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery in Ancient Rome and the United States of America: Natural Rights and Their Role in the Brutality of Slavery in America and Its Abolition
    Crossings (Number 3) 197 Slavery in Ancient Rome and the United States of America: Natural Rights and their Role in the Brutality of Slavery in America and its Abolition David J. Wiebe Inception This paper was written for Dr. Jason Brown’s Roman Law and Legacy course in the winter term of the 2017-18 academic year. Students where asked to choose a topic that related to Roman law and its relation to legal history. Abstract This essay looks at the legal framework of slavery in ancient Rome and America, leading up to the Civil War and emancipation. By taking account of legal documents from these two time periods and placing them in relation to each other, the philosophic underpinnings of the law emerge more clearly. Where American perceptions of justice revolve around natural law and natural justice, Roman ones take a more practical approach to justice. This leads to three positions: American pro-slavery, American abolitionist, and Roman pro-slavery. The American pro-slavery arguments posit slavery as a positive good, some texts going so far as to say that anti-slavery arguments are against God. The abolitionist position roots in the same natural justice and natural law philosophic position as their pro-slavery opponents, only the abolitionist position views all humans regardless of race as equal under the law. The Roman position, on the other hand, views slavery as a necessary evil, and as such, has more protections, and a more humane legal position than the American legal system allows for slaves. These three legal positions and their philosophic underpinnings are discussed.
    [Show full text]