BRONZE AGE the Next Few Centuries in the Biggest Part of the Middle East
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The Akkadian Empire
RESTRICTED https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-akkadian-empire/ The Akkadian Empire LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Describe the key political characteristics of the Akkadian Empire KEY POINTS • The Akkadian Empire was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule within a multilingual empire. • King Sargon, the founder of the empire, conquered several regions in Mesopotamia and consolidated his power by instating Akaddian officials in new territories. He extended trade across Mesopotamia and strengthened the economy through rain-fed agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. • The Akkadian Empire experienced a period of successful conquest under Naram-Sin due to benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses, and the confiscation of wealth. • The empire collapsed after the invasion of the Gutians. Changing climatic conditions also contributed to internal rivalries and fragmentation, and the empire eventually split into the Assyrian Empire in the north and the Babylonian empire in the south. TERMS Gutians A group of barbarians from the Zagros Mountains who invaded the Akkadian Empire and contributed to its collapse. Sargon The first king of the Akkadians. He conquered many of the surrounding regions to establish the massive multilingual empire. Akkadian Empire An ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform One of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, and made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. Semites RESTRICTED Today, the word “Semite” may be used to refer to any member of any of a number of peoples of ancient Southwest Asian descent, including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews (Jews), Arabs, and their descendants. -
The Ancient Mesopotamian Place Name “Meluḫḫa”
THE ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN PLACE NAME “meluḫḫa” Stephan Hillyer Levitt INTRODUCTION The location of the Ancient Mesopotamian place name “Meluḫḫa” has proved to be difficult to determine. Most modern scholars assume it to be the area we associate with Indus Valley Civilization, now including the so-called Kulli culture of mountainous southern Baluchistan. As far as a possible place at which Meluḫḫa might have begun with an approach from the west, Sutkagen-dor in the Dasht valley is probably as good a place as any to suggest (Possehl 1996: 136–138; for map see 134, fig. 1). Leemans argued that Meluḫḫa was an area beyond Magan, and was to be identified with the Sind and coastal regions of Western India, including probably Gujarat. Magan he identified first with southeast Arabia (Oman), but later with both the Arabian and Persian sides of the Gulf of Oman, thus including the southeast coast of Iran, the area now known as Makran (1960a: 9, 162, 164; 1960b: 29; 1968: 219, 224, 226). Hansman identifies Meluḫḫa, on the basis of references to products of Meluḫḫa being brought down from the mountains, as eastern Baluchistan in what is today Pakistan. There are no mountains in the Indus plain that in its southern extent is Sind. Eastern Baluchistan, on the other hand, is marked throughout its southern and central parts by trellised ridges that run parallel to the western edge of the Indus plain (1973: 559–560; see map [=fig. 1] facing 554). Thapar argues that it is unlikely that a single name would refer to the entire area of a civilization as varied and widespread as Indus Valley Civilization. -
Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region C
Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD D.T. Potts Introduction In a little more than 40 years the territory of the former Trucial States and modern United Arab Emirates (UAE) has gone from being a blank on the archaeological map of Western Asia to being one of the most intensively studied regions in the entire area. The present chapter seeks to synthesize the data currently available which shed light on the lifestyles, industries and foreign relations of the earliest inhabitants of the UAE. Climate and Environment Within the confines of a relatively narrow area, the UAE straddles five different topographic zones. Moving from west to east, these are (1) the sandy Gulf coast and its intermittent sabkha; (2) the desert foreland; (3) the gravel plains of the interior; (4) the Hajar mountain range; and (5) the eastern mountain piedmont and coastal plain which represents the northern extension of the Batinah of Oman. Each of these zones is characterized by a wide range of exploitable natural resources (Table 1) capable of sustaining human groups practising a variety of different subsistence strategies, such as hunting, horticulture, agriculture and pastoralism. Tables 2–6 summarize the chronological distribution of those terrestrial faunal, avifaunal, floral, marine, and molluscan species which we know to have been exploited in antiquity, based on the study of faunal and botanical remains from excavated archaeological sites in the UAE. Unfortunately, at the time of writing the number of sites from which the inventories of faunal and botanical remains have been published remains minimal. -
MOBILITY, EXCHANGE, and TOMB MEMBERSHIP in BRONZE AGE ARABIA: a BIOGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial F
MOBILITY, EXCHANGE, AND TOMB MEMBERSHIP IN BRONZE AGE ARABIA: A BIOGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lesley Ann Gregoricka, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Clark Spencer Larsen, Advisor Joy McCorriston Samuel D. Stout Paul W. Sciulli Copyright by Lesley Ann Gregoricka 2011 ABSTRACT Major transitions in subsistence, settlement organization, and funerary architecture accompanied the rise and fall of extensive trade complexes between southeastern Arabia and major centers in Mesopotamia, Dilmun, Elam, Central Asia, and the Indus Valley throughout the third and second millennia BC. I address the nature of these transformations, particularly the movements of people accompanying traded goods across this landscape, by analyzing human and faunal skeletal material using stable strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes. Stable isotope analysis is a biogeochemical technique utilized to assess patterns of residential mobility and paleodiet in archaeological populations. Individuals interred in monumental communal tombs from the Umm an-Nar (2500-2000 BC) and subsequent Wadi Suq (2000-1300 BC) periods from across the Oman Peninsula were selected, and the enamel of their respective tomb members analyzed to detect (a) how the involvement of this region in burgeoning pan- Gulf exchange networks may have influenced mobility, and (b) how its inhabitants reacted during the succeeding economic collapse of the early second millennium BC. Due to the commingled and fragmentary nature of these remains, the majority of enamel samples came from a single tooth type for each tomb (e.g., LM1) to prevent ii repetitive analysis of the same individual. -
Rethinking Some Aspects of Trade in the Arabian Gulf Author(S): D
Rethinking Some Aspects of Trade in the Arabian Gulf Author(s): D. T. Potts Source: World Archaeology, Vol. 24, No. 3, Ancient Trade: New Perspectives (Feb., 1993), pp. 423-440 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/124717 Accessed: 30-10-2018 13:58 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to World Archaeology This content downloaded from 128.148.231.34 on Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:58:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Rethinking some aspects of trade in the Arabian Gulf D. T. Potts Introduction Ever since the publication of A. L. Oppenheim's seminal review of UET V (Oppenheim 1954) the dynamics of Bronze Age trade in the Arabian Gulf have been a subject of endless fascination for both archaeologists and Assyriologists. The literature on this subject has become enormous, and I am only presuming to add yet another paper to an already swelling corpus because the ongoing excavations at Tell Abraq have brought to light what is in some cases unique material which, as my title suggests, calls for a reconsideration of certain ideas, both new and old, in this field. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY FULLERTON OSHER LIFELONG LEARNING INSTITUTE “The World, its Resources, and the Humankind” Edgar M. Moran, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Emeritus University of California, Irvine 1 WHY THIS NEW COURSE? • A life-time preoccupation about world resources and their impact on human development • Human settlements and life depend on resources economy of life social life politics civilization culture • The world is a complex physical-chemical and biological phenomenon in continuous evolution E. MORAN - 2017 2 WHAT DO WE NEED FOR THIS COURSE? 1. Some knowledge of geography 2. Some knowledge of history 3. Some knowledge of how things work and human relationships 4. Abandon any bias. Keep an open mind 5. Willingness to acquire new knowledge Bibliography is provided E. MORAN - 2017 3 WHAT I WILL AND WHAT I WILL NOT DO I will answer questions I will avoid giving medical consultations I will regret absences I advice not to miss lectures because of their interconnection and Lecture topics may extend on more than one session I will avoid talking about religion I will avoid talking about politics My aim is to stimulate wonder, thought, and knowledge E. MORAN - 2017 4 “KNOWLEDGE IS POWER” SOCRATES (469–399 BCE) 5 DISCLAIMER Nothing to declare Source of data: • Personal files, notes, and photos • Textbooks, journals • Internet E. MORAN - 2017 6 The World, its Resources, and Humankind. Topics of Study The World Place, History, Economy, Politics Resources Humankind 7 PLAN OF STUDY Eight sessions Resources to be reviewed: • Air • Water • Food • Metals and Minerals • Construction materials • Energy: Renewable: Solar, water, wind, and nuclear • Energy: Coal, oil, and natural gas Comments on: • Geography • History • Economy • Politics E. -
United Arab Emirates Country Handbook This
United Arab Emirates Country Handbook This handbook provides basic reference information on the United Arab Emirates, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and transportation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military per sonnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to the United Arab Emirates. The Marine Corps Intel ligence Activity is the community coordinator for the Country Hand book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on the United Arab Emirates. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and government personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other countries as required and designated for support of coalition operations. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for training. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this docu ment, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS .................................................................... 1 U.S. MISSION ................................................................. 2 U.S. Embassy .............................................................. 2 U.S. Consulate ........................................................... -
The Most Ancient Trace on the Commercial and Civilizational Relations Between
The most ancient trace on the commercial and civilizational relations between Mesopotamia and China By Dr. Bahnam Abu Al-Souf: The ancient Iraqis needed about eight thousand years, a number of raw materials to make their tools and weapons and those materials were not available or they were rare in Mesopotamia. The children and women's needs for the make-up required bringing all kinds of valuable pearls and shells, most of which were not found in various Iraqi areas. With the progress growth of the first agricultural villages in Northern and central Iraq and with their increase in number during the 6th and 5th millennium B.C., and due to the development of the social life in those first villages and the spread of many beliefs and religious practices related to the fertility, land, birth and magic powers of certain symbols and things the Iraqis who inhabited those villages brought kinds of shells from the coast of the Mediterranean sea and the Persian gulf carnelian from the Southern parts of the Arabian peninsula and from the eastern parts of Iran. They also got lapis-lazuli from its mining areas in Badkashan in the Northern Afghanistan. They also brought copper from Oman in the Persian Gulf and gold, silver and copper from Anatolia (1) and cedar woods from the mounta1ns of Lebanon. (2) There were two main roads to bring the materials from Anatolia. The first one came from the center and Southern parts of Asia minor, passing through town in Northern Syria, where it divided into two branches, one of them going southwards towards Palestine and then went westwards to Sinai and Egypt. -
With Roots in the Abzu and Crown in the Sky: Temple Construction in Between Myth and Reality
With roots in the Abzu and crown in the sky: Temple construction in between myth and reality - A study of the Eninnu temple of the Gudea cylinders as divine house and cosmic link. Fig. 1: Statue of Gudea. Anne Rebekka Øiseth A dissertation presented to Institutt for Kulturstudier at the University of Oslo, for partial fulfilment of the degree of Master in History of Religion. August 2007 2 Preface The major background work for this dissertation consisted in reading through the entire text of the Gudea cylinders, from the original hand-copies of the cuneiform to comparing various translations. The opportunity to go through the text in this manner has been a priceless aid in the further work with this dissertation, and provided me with a familiarity with the Cylinders I would never otherwise have obtained. Hence, my sincerest thanks go to those individuals who made this a possible and, not least, entertaining and inspiring undertaking! I worked through Cylinder A together with Mr. Alexander Lange Ziesler, much of the time in his sitting room encouraged by his impressive red cat and many a strong coffee, during the best part of a year of regular reading sessions. Thank you for sharing so generously of your time and knowledge! Partly preceding and overlapping this period, we read through Cylinder B at the weekly seminar of the Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology, which is lead by Professor Jens Braarvig. It was here I was first introduced to the Gudea text and became inspired and encouraged to make its study my own project. -
Indus Musicians in Mesopotamia
1 Indus Musicians in Mesopotamia 2 Bull Lyre of Indus Valley and 90 words that Harappans 3 May Have Spoken 4 5 Shail Vyas 6 Homi Bhabha Fellow, Mumbai 7 8 [email protected] 9 10 11 12 13 Abstract 14 15 Human is a musical creature. It is seen ubiquitously through times and spaces 16 that a certain percentage of human population is always musically inclined 17 irrespective of their profession. Music is also an integral part of many social 18 activities humans generally observe like religious practices, marriages, deaths 19 and what more. Due to the possible presence of Harappan population in 20 Mesopotamia, it may be surmised that a number of Harappan musicians and 21 some of their musical instruments could also have reached there. In this 22 investigation, crucial help could also come from the fact that many a times, 23 names of musical instruments travel with them. 24 25 26 On account of a very likely possibility of such an occurrence, a study of 27 archaeological and Sumerian textual records in Mesopotamia was strongly 28 suggestive of a significant presence of Harappan musicians and musical 29 instruments in Mesopotamia. In fact, study of Sumerian text has shown that 30 about 30 musical terminologies out of a total of nearly 60, in the categories such 31 as names of instruments, singers, names of songs and even musical notations, 32 etc. in Sumerian (PSD) are found to be phonetically and semantically very similar 33 to ancient Indian terms with some “Sumerianization”. The study also 34 demonstrated certain patterns in the way words were sumerianized. -
When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 391 773 SO 026 102 TITLE When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre. INSTITUTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 35p. AVAILABLE FROMEducation Department, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 ($10 plus $4.50 shipping and handling; packet includes six color slides). PUB TYPE Audiovisual/Non-Print Materials (100) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner)(051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Ancient History; Area Studies; *Art History; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Leaders; Leadership Styles; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS Dynasties; Mesopotamia; *Mesopotamian Art; *Mesopotamian Culture ABSTRACT This teaching packet, designed for students in grades 6 through 9, explores the role of rulers in ancient Mesopotamian society and examines the depiction of those rulers in Mesopotamian art. Students are encouraged tc compare present-day political leaders with ancient Mesopotamian ruters. The guide includes:(1) background information for teachers;(2) introductory activities for students; (3) descriptions and discussions for each of six "Slides" included with the packet;(4) follow-up activities for students; (5) an annotated bibliogrti2hy; (6) a glossary; and (7) a chronology of Mesopotamian dynasties. (MM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by -
Structure, Agency and Commerce in the Ancient Near East
Structure, Agency and Commerce in the Ancient Near East The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation LAMBERG-KARLOVSKY, C.C. 2009. “Structure, Agency and Commerce in the Ancient Near East.” Iranica Antiqua 44 (0) (June 30): 47–88. doi:10.2143/ia.44.0.2034375. Published Version 10.2143/IA.44.0.2034375 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34708493 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP STRUCTURE, AGENCY AND COMMERCE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST BY C.C. LAMBERG-KARLOVSKY (Harvard University) We see therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development of a series of revolutions in the mode of production and of exchange. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 1848. The magic of property turns sand to gold. Arthur Young, 1787. How odd it is that anyone should not see that all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service. Charles Darwin, 1861. Abstract: The nature of the economy in the Bronze Age of the Near East has been long debated. Various models are reviewed, as is the role of merchants, the structure and extent of ‘international trade’, and the nature of the market-economy. The diversity of co-occuring structures are seen as characteristic of the ancient economy.