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_________________________________________________________________________ The Last Erechtheion Building Accounts S. D. Lambert with a contribution by John D. Morgan AIO Papers no. 7 January 2016 Links added: May 2016 AIO Papers Published by Attic Inscriptions Online, 97 Elm Road, Evesham, Worcestershire, WR11 3DR, United Kingdom. Editor: Dr. S. D. Lambert AIO Advisory Board: Professor P. J. Rhodes (Durham) Professor J. Blok (Utrecht) Dr. A. P. Matthaiou (Athens) Mr. S. G. Byrne (Melbourne) Dr. P. Liddel (Manchester) © Attic Inscriptions Online 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Attic Inscriptions Online, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Dr. S. D. Lambert at the above address or via the contact given at www.atticinscriptions.com. ISSN 2054-6769 (Print) ISSN 2054-6777 (Online) THE LAST ERECHTHEION BUILDING ACCOUNTS1 S. D. Lambert with a contribution by John D. Morgan The main body of the building accounts of the Erechtheion are in Attic script: IG I3 474-475, of 409/8 BC, and IG I3 476, of 408/7 (and possibly 407/62). There are also two sets of accounts in Ionic script:3 1. The most substantial comprises the two joining fragments, Caskey XXVII (= fr. a below) – XXVIII (= fr. b below) (pp. 418-420, a better text than IG II2 1654). Lambert 2000 (SEG 50.69) showed that these fragments belong with IG I3 478 (= fr. c below), as E. Schweigert had argued (Hesp. 7, 1938, 268-269), and that, correctly read, several of the workers named on the fragments can be identified with workers named on the accounts in Attic script. This undermines the idea, espoused in IG I3, that these accounts date to some time in the early fourth century, and suggests rather that they belong in a group with the other surviving accounts. In XXVIII (fr. b), l. 28, there is reference to work on parts of the temple damaged by fire. This is most naturally taken as repair work following the acropolis fire of 406 BC (Xen. Hell. 1.6.1). Since, as we shall see, no. 2 below (IG I3 477) dates most comfortably to the third and fourth prytanies of 405/4, 406/5 is a good candidate for the year of fr. b, with fr. a belonging either to the same year or to 407/6. In 2000 I did not supply a continuous text and my revisions, and 1 I am very grateful to John Morgan for his advice on the date of IG I3 477 and for his permission to include in this paper his discussion of its broader calendrical implications. Caskey: L. D. Caskey, “The Inscriptions”, ch. 4 of J. M. Paton ed., The Erechtheum (Cambridge, Mass., 1927); Dinsmoor 1932: W. B. Dinsmoor, “The Burning of the Opisthodomos at Athens”, AJA 36, 143-172 (cf. SEG 10.299); Lambert 2000: S. D. Lambert, “The Erechtheum Workers of IG II2 1654”, ZPE 132, 157-160 (SEG 50.69). 2 Cf. Lambert 2000, 160 n. 16. 3 I exclude IG I3 479 (= SEG 10.301), which is too fragmentary for confident identification as an Erechtheion account. 1 the subsequent discussion of the name in l. 2, have yet to be incorporated in the PHI database. For the ease of reference of users of AIO I supply a fresh text below. It is not based on any new primary work, but merely represents the textual status quo following my 2000 article and reactions to it. col. 1 col. 2 8 ․ ․ . ․ ․ ․ ․ ․ Ε̣ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – stoich. fr. a [.]Α̣ ΔΜΟΝΑΝΑ[– – – – – – – – – ἐμ Με]– [λ]ίτ(ηι) οἰκο͂ν(τα) Δ– – – – – – – – – – – – [.]σι οἰκο͂ν(τα) Δ– – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 [.]Δ· Ἀρίστωνα Ἀλω[πε(κῆσι) οἰκ( ντα) –] [.] ἐμ Μελί(τηι) οἰκ( ντα) Ńł – – – – – – – – [Μ]υννίωνα ἐμ Μελ̣[ί(τηι) οἰκ( ντα) – – – –] [Σ]ῶ̣κλον Ἀλωπε(κῆσι) ο[ἰκ( ντα) – – –] [.] ἐτιμήθη ΔΔŃ[– – – – – – – – – – – τ]– 10 [ῆ]ι βολῆι ἐς [– – – – – – – – – – τῶι δή]– [μ]ωι δoξαν – – – – – – – – – – – – – – [Ἀ]γγελῆθ[εν – – – – – – – – – – – – – [.]ΔŃł· Φ⟨υ⟩[ρόμαχ- Kηφισι- – – – – –] [.]ιτον. [– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –] 15 [.]γραφο[– – – – – – – – – – – ἐν Κολ?]– λυ(τῶι?) οἰκῶ[ν – – – – – – – – – – – –] ἐς τὸ β[– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Β]– ατῆθ̣[εν – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – [.]της – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20 [.]ον – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 [.]πρ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – [․]Ι – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 25 . ․11․ ․ ․ ․ ․ Ι – – – – – – – – – – fr. b [. .]I[. .6. .]ΑΡΧΟΝ[– – – – – – – –] [τρ]ί[τηι τ]ῆς πρυτα[νέας – – – – – –] [․ τ]ο͂ τ̣ε ν̣εὼ τὰ κεκα[υμένα – – – –] [ψη]φισαμένης τῆς β[ολῆς – – – – – –] 30 [․ ․ ․] ἐγ Κολλ(υτῶι) οἰκῶ(ν) ΔΔ[– – – τῆς πρυ]– [τα]νέας τo ἐργαστη[ριο– – – – – – – – –] [Δ]ρωπίδης ἐν Μελί(τηι) οἰκ̣[ῶν – – – – – τ]– ῆς πρυτανέας μισθώμ[ατα – – – – – Θ]– ρασωνίδηι Κικυννεῖ – – – – – – – – – 35 [.]να̣ίος τὸς ἐπὶ τῶν τοί[χων – – – – –] [.]ς κατὰ τὸ Πανδρόσειο[ν – – – – δρ]– [α]χμῶν ἕκαστον μισθω[.]Ο/[ – – – – –] [․]ńΔłłłΙΙΙΙΙ· ἑβδόμηι τῆ[ς πρυτανέας – – τὸς ὀ] [χετ?]ὸς τὸς καινὸς ἐξεργ[ά]ζ[ομένωι – –] 40 [δραχμ]ῶν τὴν εἰκοσίπο[δ]ί[αν – – – – – –] ․ ․ . 6․ ․ ․ Δ̣ŃΙΙΙ ἐς τὴν ἄλει[ψιν – – – – –] [․ ․ .5․ ․ π]α̣ρὰ Σατύρας ἐ Σκ̣[αμβω(νίδαις) οἰκ(όσης) – –] [․ ․ ․ ․7․ ․ . χά?]λ̣ιξ ̣ ἐς τὸς ὀχε[τός – – – –] ․ ․ ․ ․ .10․ ․ ․ ․ . ł παλιμ– – – – – – – – – 45 ․ ․ ․ ․ . ․12․ ․ ․ ․ . ․ ΣΤΩ̣ – – – – – – – – – 3 lacuna – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ΙΙΙ, Πρέ̣ποντ– fr. c 50 οἰ[κ ντι – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ο]- [ι – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –]ΙΙΙ, Σισύφωι ἰκ [ντι – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –] [– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –] τῆς πρυτανε– Παρμ[ένοντι Λαόσσο – – – – – – – –] [ίας – – – – – – – – – – – – – ]στωι ΔΔ Ἱ̣ερ– κι– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – The position of fr. c in relation to fragments a and b is uncertain. The readings of a + b are those recorded by Caskey, revised by Lambert 2000, the readings of fr. c are those of Schweigert, confirmed, or in the case of l. 49, revised by Lambert 2000. Supplements are by Koehler, 5, 38-39, 39 fin., 40, 42 Caskey, 8, 13, 17-18, 43 Lambert, 15-16, 32 in. Wilamowitz, 41 Preuner, fr. c Schweigert. 1-2 [Εὔ|κ]α̣δμον Ἀνα[καιέα], paternal grandfather of the Eukadmos of Anakaia who was anagrapheus under the oligarchy in 319/8 BC (Agora XVI 101) and the sculptor whose student Androsthenes carved the figures in the temple of Apollo at Delphi (Paus. 10.19.4), probably in 327 BC (J. Bousquet, BCH 108 [1984], 695-698), J. D. Morgan, AJA 106 (2002), 296 (SEG 50.69). [Φ|ρά]δμονα previous eds. A. Corso, NAC 30 (2001), 53-71 (SEG 51.2355) suggests that he is the Phradmon of Argos, sculptor in bronze ca. 420 BC (Pliny, NH 34.49 and 53; Paus. 6.8.1), but one would expect an Argive to be identified in this inscription as a metic, by Attic deme of residence, and Να- are not the initial letters of any Attic deme. Also possible: Phradmon (slave) of Na-. 5 Perhaps identifiable with Ἀριστ-, named in the company of sculptors/stone-workers at IG I3 476, 402. 7 Identifiable with the sculptor, Mynnion of Agryle, IG I3 476, 169-70, listed there, as here, immediately before Soklos, supposing that, in the meantime, he had changed deme of residence. 8 Identifiable with the sculptor Soklos resident in Alopeke, IG I3 476, 173. 11-12 Lambert 2000, 158 tentatively suggested that this may have been a reference to Καλλίας Ἀγγελῆθεν, eponymous archon in 406/5. 13 ΦΨ- stone. Identifiable as Phyromachos of Kephisia, sculptor at IG I3 476, 144, 159, 175, 419. 14 Lambert 2000 suggested [Θευγ|ε]ίτονο̣[ς or [Θευγ|ε]ίτονι, ̣ ? = the stone worker Theugeiton of Piraeus at IG I3 476, 99, 217, 325. 15-16 Φ]|λυ οἰ 4 17 β[ολευτήριον dub. Koe. 26 [ἐπ|ὶ Δ]ι[οφάντο] ἄρχοντος (395/4) Koe., [ἐπ]ὶ [Καλλίο] ἄρχον[τος (406/5) or [ἐπ]ὶ [Ἀλεξίο] ἄρχον[τος (405/4) or -θε]ν̣ [καὶ συν]αρχόν[των] Caskey and Dinsmoor pp. 152-60. 30-33 Structural work on a workshop is recorded at IG I3 475, 263, but Caskey/Dinsmoor’s τὸ ἐργαστή[ριον οἰκοδομήσαντι] is uncertain, as are their restorations of the days in prytany as τετάρτηι (30), πέμπτηι (32). 39 fin. τριῶν Dinsmoor. 43 For χάλιξ cf. Thuc. 1.93.5, IG I3 387, 44. On the ὀχετοί in the Erechtheum, Caskey p. 356 (inconclusive). 46-47 Identifiable as the metic Prepon resident in Agryle, listed as a stone-cutter at IG I3 476, 14, 24 etc. 47 Identifiable as the metic goldsmith Sisyphos resident in Melite, IG I3 476, 57-58. 52 Identifiable as the Parmenon slave of Laossos, IG I3 476, 77, 225, 308. 2. IG I3 477 (= IG II2 1655 = Caskey XXIX). – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – εσ. εσ łΙΙΙ v χάρτης [εἰς ἐγγραφὴν ἀντιγράφ]- stoich. 35 ων łłłΙΙΙ vvv λήμματο[ς καὶ σύμπαντος ἀναλώ]- ματος κεφάλαιον ŅΗΗΗ – – – – – – – – – – ἐπὶ τῆς Πανδιονίδος τετ[άρτης πρυτανευόσ]- 5 ης λῆμμα παρὰ ταμιῶν τῆς [θεο͂ ․ . ․ ․ . ․11․ ․ ․ ․ ․ Π]- ροβαλισίο καὶ συναρχόν[των ἕκτηι(?) καὶ δεκά]- τηι τῆς πρυτανείας∶ Χ v [v εἰς θυσίαν τοῖς Χα]- λ̣κείοις τῆι Ἀθηναίαι [․ ․ ․ ․ ․ ․ . ․17․ ․ ․ ․ ․ ․ ․ ․] [. ․ ․ ․8․ ․ ․ ․]ΛΤΛΛ․ ․Σ – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 Readings and restorations, which mostly follow the first edition of Lolling, Δελτ. Ἀρχ. 1888, 118 no. 2, are as recorded in IG I3, except ll. 7- 8. 1 ς Bannier ap. IG II2 1655, cf. IG I3 476, 188-190. 6 Dinsmoor 1932. 7-8 R. Parker, Polytheism and Society at Athens (2005), 464; Ἀν]|ακείοις eds. If Parker’s attractive suggestion is correct, it enables some progress to be made on the determination of the year (407-405 in IG I3), as the
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  • Aristophanes, Frogs

    Aristophanes, Frogs

    ________________________________________________________ ARISTOPHANES FROGS ________________________________________________________ TRANSLATOR’S NOTE This translation by Ian Johnston, Professor Emeritus at Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, has certain copyright restrictions. For information please use the following link: Copyright. For comments or question please contact Ian Johnston. This text is available in the form of a Word or Publisher file for those who would like to print it off as a small book. There is no charge for these files. For details, please use the following link: Publisher files. The translation is also available in the form of a published paperback book from Richer Resources Publications. For additional translations and lectures by Ian Johnston, please consult the following link: johnstonia. This text provides links to explanatory notes (indicated by asterisks), but those reading the entire play might be better served by printing out those pages separately. The translator would like to acknowledge the extremely valuable help of W. B. Stanford’s edition of The Frogs (London: Macmillan, 1963). In the following translation, the normal line numbers refer to the English text. The ones in square brackets refer to the Greek text. HISTORICAL NOTE Aristophanes (c. 456 BC to c. 386 BC) was the foremost writer of comic drama in classical Athens. His surviving plays are the only complete examples we have of Old Comedy. Frogs was first produced in Athens in 405 BC. By this time Athens had been at war with Sparta for over twenty-five
  • Chapter 2 the Historical Evidence

    Chapter 2 the Historical Evidence

    The range of historical sources for the Athenian naval installations at the Piraeus includes the Naval Inven- tories and other inscriptions, nearly contemporary his- torical accounts such as those by Herodotus, Thucy- dides and Xenophon, and the works of comic poets, orators, and geographical and topographical writers. Clearly the most valuable sources are the official Athe- nian inscriptions, but unfortunately these are often fragmentary, and derive almost entirely from the 4th century BC. Except for the inscriptions, most of the historical sources were written some time after the events they record. Orations may include exaggera- Chapter 2 tions or alterations intended to make rhetorical points, in much the same way as passages in comic plays may do the same for the sake of humour. The Historical Any attempt to trace the precise dates and historical circumstances of the initial construction of the slip- Evidence ways, shipsheds and other naval installations of the Pi- raeus, and their building phases, is confronted with three interlinked problems. First is the lack of precise archaeological dating evidence for the Phase 1 slipways and the Phase 2 shipsheds in Area 1 of Zea Harbour (see p. 7). Second is the paucity of literary sources on the subject. Despite the importance of these monu- mental building projects in the history of Athens as a naval and imperial power, few near contemporary writers mention them, and later writers seem to have had only vague notions concerning their origins and evolution. Third is the clarity of the textual evidence, which often uses terminology that does not explicitly describe slipways or shipsheds.
  • Ancient Greece

    Ancient Greece

    Index of Ancient History with approx page numbering Ancient Egypt 2 Ancient Greece 12 Ancient Rome 22 Assyria 33 Babylonia 43 Bronze Age 53 History of Greece 63 Iron Age 73 Mahabharata 84 Mesopotamia 94 PortalAncient Greece 104 PortalAncient Rome 114 Ramesses II 124 Stone Age 134 Sumer 145 Sun Tzu 155 http://cd3wd.com wikipedia-for-schools http://gutenberg.org page no: 1 of 163 Ancient Egypt zim:///A/Ancient_Egypt.html Ancient Egypt 2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: Ancient History, Classical History and Mythology Ancient Egypt was a civilization in eastern North Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern nation of Egypt. The civilization began around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable periods, known as kingdoms , separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. After the end of the last kingdom, known as the New Kingdom, the civilization of ancient Egypt entered a period of slow, steady decline, during which Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers. The rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province. The civilization of ancient Egypt thrived from its adaptation to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. Controlled The pyramids are among the most irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture.
  • Chapter 4: the Ancient Greeks

    Chapter 4: the Ancient Greeks

    108-111 UO2-875047 9/13/06 10:21 AM Page 108 TheAncient World Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important contributions to history. • The Greeks developed democratic government. • The ancient Chinese created paper. • The people of India invented the concept of zero. 2500 B..C.. 1500 1500 B..C.. 800 800 B..C.. 650 650 B..C.. Ancient c. 1600 B.C. c. 776 B.C. Greece Minoan First civilization Olympic Cha & 5 pters 4 reaches Games height take place Ancient plate Early c. 2500 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. IndiaIndia Settlements Aryans enter develop along India Hindu temple Chap r 6 te Indus River Early c. 1750 B.C. c. 1045 B.C. China Shang dynasty Zhou establish begins dynasty in China Chapter 7 Zhou dynasty bronze dragon 108 (t)National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)file photo 108-111 UO2-824133 3/28/04 9:45 AM Page 109 0 1,000 miles 0 1,000 kilometers Mercator projection Chapter 6 Chapter 7 EUROPE Caspian Sea ASIA Black Sea e H GOBI g T an i SH Hu g KU r i U E s D I up N n Mediterranean h R Persian I d r . H us Sea a R te s Gulf . N R Jiang . ang Chapters h 4 & 5 CCHINA 4 & 5 . R e l ARABIA i INDIA South PACIFIC N Arabian Bay of China OCEAN AFRICA Red Sea Sea Sea Bengal Equator Chapters 4 & 5 INDIAN Chapter0° 6 30°E 60°E OCEAN 90°E 120°E Chapter 7 500 B..C.