Mytho-Historical Narratives and Identity-Discourse in Hungarian

CEU eTD Collection

Social Constructions of the Native Faith: Faith: Native the of Constructions Social Identity Mytho In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requiremen - discourse in Hungarian Neo Hungarian in discourse - historical Narratives and and Narratives historical Advisor: Professor Nationalism Studies Program Central European University paganism Budapest, Hungary by Ádám Kolozsi Master Artsof Submitted to 2012

András Ková

ts forts the degree of

- CEU eTD Collection 2 memories, ideologiesandsymbolic boundary national national ideologies, nationalnational sentiments ideas. „groupist‟ and This thesis provides thesis adetailed examinationThis andnational roots oftheideologies historical of

boundary of native faith ideas is explicableof nativeideas is faith to by theirfitting broader contemporary groupbeliefsof resources, neo theof roots for Iam looking contemporary native movements, focusin faith Hungarian that native that analysis of contemporary neoanalysis of identifications. Inway, this identifications. n - setting mechanisms. setting mechanisms. - faith mythsfaith (re)define andreinforcegroup current actual groupboundaries eo In my research, ofprimary historical based ontheanalysis - pagan discourses, - pagan ethno Abstract nationalism contributesof tothe reformulation nationalism - nationalism. - pagan concepts in Hungary. In the narrativepagan concepts In Hungary. in

I examine historical ethnicI myths, the - setting mechanisms. setting mechanisms. g specifically onthe narrative I argue thepublicsuccess that The thesis shows The thesisshows CEU eTD Collection 3 P neo international about discussions Teisenhoffer help for Trencsényi Balázs Professor and Naumescu Vlad Professor thank to like would I

rofessor András Kovács . ws t thank to wish I ( fo te aaee Garden‘ Japanese the ‗from

o M. ct Smsn rm h Jgloin nvriy n Viola and University Jagellonian the from Simpson Scott Mr. for

for hisdirection hishelp project. andfor withthis Acknowledgment - paganism. )

for for

wud lo ie o thank to like also would I hi sugges their

tions tions and and

for the inspiring inspiring the for my supervisor, supervisor, my their

CEU eTD Collection 4 VI. National narratives of native faith movements V. Co IV. Cultural III. II. Theoretical frames I.

VI.3. Táltos faith:the Yotengrit movement VI.2. VI. V.2. ‘Publicpaganism’ V.1. New religious movements IV.4. Development of the spiritual cultic milieu IV.3. Emigrant ‘para IV.2. Interwar Turanism IV.1. Ethnological visions: academicreconstructions ofancient the belief III.4. Paganism: a guise for extremenationalism? III.3. Imagined dichotomies: ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’, ‘ethnic’ and ‘civic’ pagani III.2. Pagan movementsin Eastern Europe III.1. Neo Introduction Boundary Historical narrative Ethno Boundary Historical narrative Ethnohistory andancient the religion 1. Religious1. protochronism and the‘Sons of Heaven’: the Badinyi ntemporary pagan communitiesand social spaces inHungary Neo ‘Holy Crown’ ‘Holy and esoteric mytho - - - - history andancient the religion historical roots theof Hungarian nativefaith movements paganisma as Western new religious movement pagan ethnic movementsin aninternational context - - setting setting

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94 92 91 89 85 81 80 79 69 66 62 58 57 53 48 43 37 36 33 31 28 25 24 13

CEU eTD Collection 5 Bibliography VII. Conclusions

ideologies VI.4. Narrativeanalysis: Similarities and differencesamong the native faith movements’national

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112 108

CEU eTD Collection 6 2 1 neo ‗ethnic or movement‘ faith ‗native as to refer will In ‗West‘, and ‗East‘ ‗Paganism‘, and spiritualityand religion politics, ‗Christianity‘ of redefinitions and constructions symbolic the while discourse, this of heart the in are symbols sacred and authenticity culture, c national Hungarian a in practice shamanistic Siberian South a of role political and cultural right the of question the to directed were obviously arguments the in particularly contentions, public forth called It also. public Youtube on uploads video the after but, audience, small the and guards the or Mary acc ritual other and drums with performed was which no ceremony, the was During act. the there to obstacle Assembly, National the of Office the from permission got he As country‘. man new assembly national the left shaman the before, days few a crown Hungarian the to visit first his after accounts, media national to According performer. music shamanic and folklorist Hun to invited was shamans, Parliament. Hungarian the in Crown Holy the at ceremony cleansing and ritual veneration a performed shaman Tuva On

neo ’ethnic Here terms use the I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqpMPdXGxdo&feature=related my thesis my essories around the crown, Kanalas was singing was Kanalas crown, the around essories I. the 15 the

Introduction Boldogasszony ‘ th , and ,

of of , I address the cultural and social background of this symbolic domain, which I which domain, symbolic this of background social and cultural the address I , March,

decided to make a shamanic ritual ‗for the prosperity and well and prosperity the ‗for ritual shamanic a make to decided

2012,

jn dgi See Adigzi Ojun

(‗Blessed Lady‘). The performance attracted attention not just among just not attention attracted performance The Lady‘). (‗Blessed -

paganism’ and and paganism’ at the at

ay by gary and nation signals thediscursiveand stake. nation

natio nal remembrance day remembrance nal v Kanalas, Éva - ’native faith movements’ assynonyms. movements’ ’native faith Oglu , who‘s Csángó

- paganism‘ all patrilinear descendants have been been have descendants patrilinear all ontext. The contested issues of ethnic ethnic of issues contested The ontext. Hnain ok igr self singer, folk Hungarian a

folk religious songs to the Virgin Virgin the to songs religious folk

of the Hungarian Revolution, a a Revolution, Hungarian the of 2 . Va rious

- wing media. The The media. wing

cultural practices cultural 1 ,

- in the wider wider the in being of the the of being - made made ‗ as a as CEU eTD Collection 7 movements. religious self religious or spiritual a have they other, the On group ethnic to correlated strongly are beliefs th and character ethnic an have they that sense the in ethnic / native are they hand, one post the across appeared which phenomenon, this The modernity. late of networks social the and spiritualityalternative nationalism, cultural of mixture unique myth socia reshaping in role substantial a play they memory; and remembering building of frames social reshaping in role substantial a plays It canons. oppo characteristically narratives historical the paganistic emerging are ideas non core a of articulation interconnected the and ethnie two the of spiritualization Its memory. cultural and mysticism national non and older on based phenomenon, countercultural a predominantly have movements faith ancestors. pagan legitimacy movement‘s The faith‘. ‗native to ascribed is quality‘ ‗spiritual unique a mythologies, national contemporary ethnic reviva past national ‗new‘ a of constructions and movements reconstructionist‘ ground: this on emerge

terms - building. . h iaeis f h Pgn at ae osdrbe fet o ntoa cultural national on effects considerable have past Pagan the of imageries The

‗native f ‗native l: not only remembering the glorious past, but also rebuilding it, hereit, now. past,glorious alsorebuilding and rememberingbut notonly the l: Their

As aith movements‘ and ‗ethnic neo ‗ethnic and movements‘ aith detailed historical continuity is broken for almost a millennium a almost for broken is continuity historical detailed suggested remedy for the perceived crisis of post of crisis perceived the for remedy suggested hy l They h g the to is based is i ink vn ter w traditions. own their nvent oig ouaiy of popularity rowing

between

. ‗ on para Participants of this heterogeneous this of Participants a - pres scientific religiosity - umed continuity with the cultural the with continuity umed eif, ainl doois n mythologies. and ideologies national beliefs, - socialist region in the last twenty years. On On years. twenty last the in region socialist - definition and usually categorized as new as categorized usually and definition - ‘ paganism‘

neo with aspirations l frames of social remembrance and and remembrance social of frames l - aa ehi rlgos ‗historical religions, ethnic pagan -

aoia clua memory. cultural canonical natio ugra neo Hungarian reflect reflect nalism

e antem historical mainstream se provide to - - socialist society is a is society socialist trad

n non a in milieu the double the toa frs of forms itional non social ongoing -

aaim is paganism are

- heritage of heritage traditional

fostering - faces of faces , native myth The The

eir eir In - -

CEU eTD Collection 8 2007). 7 Programme Exchange Researchers Young REVACERN 6 Studies Pagan of Journal 5 “Neo Wiench, to identity, tribal or ethnic to return to need 4 the 21stcentury of brink the at Paganism earth immanent, typically are concerns Their pre the of continuation legitimate 3 usual (which Szilágyi and neo Hungarian of interpretations First Hungar the on researches Previous of subject regular neo European Eastern are studies, nationalism traditions of invention the and mythologies national of functions While cultureconcept and ofthenation a spiritual proto ethnic of interpretation countercultural well as commitments beliefs religious the of character simi the for definitions two in emphases spirituality. way

T.Szil Nation:‘ the of Characteristics “Sacred T.Szilágyi, Gods “Ancient Réka Szilárdi, Contemporary Eastern European paganism is “a movement inspired by nature by inspired movement “a is paganism European Eastern Contemporary “In Central and Eastern Europe Neo Europe Eastern and Central “In : it is the (alternative) spiritualization of ethnicity and nationalization of contemporary contemporary of nationalization and ethnicity of spiritualization (alternative) the is it :

ágyi and Szilárdi, R., R., Szilárdi, and ágyi h various the - Pagan Groups in Groups Pagan Their Their 7 ly describe the movement as an ethnic revival and neo and revival ethnic an as movement the describe ly

rm eiiu s religious a from rev dual ivalist ivalist connections

11, no. 1 (2009): 44 no.1 (2009): 11, 4 A fr wrig eiiin I pcf te oeet‘ hrce as character movements‘ the specify I definition, working a for As . Istenek ébredése: az újpogányság vallástudományi vizsgálata újpogányság vallástudományi az ébredése: Istenek — -

Central New Ages: Lessons from Hungarian Paganism,” Paganism,” Hungarian from Lessons New Ages: nationalist and religious religious and nationalist national - -

Christian religious beliefs of their ancestors and/or geographical territory. territory. geographical and/or ancestors their of beliefs religious Christian itr, n lentv vso o non of vision alternative an history, - Paganism is a movement made up of groups that see themselves as the the as themselves see that groups of up made movement a is Paganism - cience Eastern Europe,” Europe,” Eastern 3 between wie inh underlines Wiench while ,

s mvmns woe i whose movements, ist (Zakład Wydawniczy“ Nomos,” 2000), 26 2000), Nomos,” Wydawniczy“ (Zakład ian native faith movements are rare and fragmented and rare are movements faith native ian – - 57. paganism are published by Szilárdi by published are paganism re

approach, and a few short ethnographic publications publications ethnographic short few a and approach, lar movements in the region: Simpson accentuates the accentuatesthe Simpson region: the in movements lar - -

etrd ad local.” and centered, Christian roots, to the old customs and indigenous values”. values”. indigenous and customs old the to roots, Christian Hungarianism’ as Political Religion?,” Religion?,” asPolitical Hungarianism’ . - religios

pagan movements still less analyzed in the field. the in analyzed less still movements pagan

(2008). GRUP

t ad nationalism and ity ĖS IR APLINKOS IR ĖS -

character is expressed with different different with expressed is character

maginary S. Simpson, Simpson, S.

hi taiinls ad national and traditionalist their , no. 2 (2010): 1. 2 (2010): no. , Pomegranate: T Pomegranate: - - based spirituality, stressing the the stressing spirituality, based - shamanistic phenomenon) shamanistic Christian roots of ethnic ethnic of roots Christian – 27. s ae o a unique a on based is hsoia rls and roles historical , aie fait Native

5 Contribution to the to Contribution

, Szilágyi , (Szeged: JATEPress, JATEPress, (Szeged:

he International International he : oih Neo Polish h: 6 , Szilárdi Szilárdi

also P. P. . - CEU eTD Collection 9 9 ezredfordulón,” az Magyarországon http://www.napkut.hu/naput_2003/2003_05/061.htm. 8 Myc nation. the about memory of context broader the into flirtation spiritual this e while religions, and nationalism of relationship contested the about discourse the ideas. ‗groupist‘ and sentiments n way, this In identifications. group current reinforce and boundaries group actual (re)define boundary narrative the on and contem of ideologies roots national historical the of examination detailed a provide to is thesis this of purpose The variation along neo thedifferent s are movements faith identity provided the and ideology national the of aspects further scene, rhetoric.‖ political t and space, sacral a as territory national the sacraliz the are concept the around emerged religion,which Neo Hungarian nationalism are studies lessinvolved inthe narrow still research field Hungary. in and studies memory sociology, anthropology, social like sciences social other since either, ideologi national and narratives availableare

10. Nation,” the of Characteristics “Sacred Szilágyi, eo Szathmári, - p gn nat agan

B., “Táltosok a XXI. század hajnalán,” hajnalán,” század XXI. a “Táltosok B., 8 . There are no detailed descriptions of the historical development and the current the and development historical the of descriptions detailed no are There. ionalism contributes to the reformulation of national ideologies, national national ideologies, national of reformulation the to contributes ionalism ation of the Hungarian nation, the idea of a chosen people, the designation of designation the people, chosen a of idea the nation, Hungarian the of ation - aa movements pagan 9

Though

ore question ore il unknown. till -

etn mechanisms setting the ‗sacrality of the nation‘ can be a fundamental belief on the on belief fundamental a be can nation‘ the of ‗sacrality the porary Hungarian native faith movements, focusing specifically focusing movements, faith native Hungarian porary

Rubicon es of the pagan streams. streams. pagan the of es

- By the results of my thesis my of results the By pagan streams are described yet.are described streamspagan s are the following ones following arethe s ‘

16, no. 7 (2005): no. 62 16, nationalism ete te itrcl omto, o te ideological the nor formation, historical the Neither

of Napkút Kiadó Kiadó Napkút

he inclusion of religious moral elements into into elements moral religious of inclusion he ‗sacred nation‘ ‗sacred I wl b son ht native that shown be will It . a

nd is

nesod y Szil by understood - Á. Kertész and A. Takács, “Újtáltosság “Újtáltosság Takács, A. and Kertész Á. 64. Theoretical frames are n are frames Theoretical

- : Where are the cultural arethe Where :

- aú Oln kluái folyóirat kulturális Online Napút research, I intend to contribute to contribute to intend I research, - practices and identity discourse discourse identity and practices :

― the central el central the

- scheme of the native native the of scheme gi as ágyi ements of which which of ements ot elaborated elaborated ot -

at myths faith – a political political a mbedding

historical

(n.d.), (n.d.), CEU eTD Collection 10 group concepts, national myths, underlying the them, of all in detectable are features common significant while that argue, and Self the characterize and differentiate identity, boundary applied the and history, national and faith prot ‗mythical as ‗ categories and nationalism‘ these to refer I thesis, the in frames: the and concept‘ Crown ‗Holy Szántai‘s and Pap construct, mythological ethnic Sumerian (Badinyi‘s currents These I been have past the of constructionstransformed national which in process, complex the represent circ the and regime anti of legacy ethnology; and historiography academic with interplay its nationalisms; modern signifi equally are characteristics myt of mutability and stability historical the Regarding streams. cultural and historical numerous by influenced are scene location social and streams cultural movements, influential faith native contemporary of roots the for looking In Iwhich amsymbolic focusing on the boundary a and resources, primary of analysis neo of roots the of reconstruction historical a includes research faith? Hungariannative the on visions pagan contemporary by expressed are values and movements; contemporary the of roots have have

- modernist nationalism; countercultures and nationalist adversaries of the communist communist the of adversaries nationalist and countercultures nationalism; modernist analyse .

the táltos umstances of the transitions to post to transitions the of umstances

national - faith‘. Yotengrit

n spiritual and The investigated topics are the pagan imageries of the native native the of imageries pagan the are topics investigated The - beliefs are so different, that regarding the heterogeneity of of heterogeneity the regarding that different, so are beliefs cant. Cultural adaptations of early of adaptations Cultural cant. h

- oeet rpeet he rvl iin ad ideological and visions rival three represent movement) histories, histories, narrative analysis of neo of analysis narrative

artvs f he lcl aie at mo faith native local three of narratives what kind of gro of kind what - setting mechanisms.setting oge durée longue s. ainl yhlgztos n aie faith native on mythologizations National

symbolic Others for the followers. I will will I followers. the for Others symbolic - socialism are the main stages, which which stages, main the are socialism - etn mechanisms setting up beliefs, ideologies and social and ideologies beliefs, up - pagan texts and discourses, in discourses, and texts pagan features and shorter period period shorter and features - pagan groups, based on the on based groups, pagan

- modern ethnic myths by by myths ethnic modern I have found several several found have I ochronism‘, ‗esoteric ‗esoteric ochronism‘, wih r to are which ,

Mythesis vements. CEU eTD Collection 11 and ‗ethnic‘ Western, and European Eastern between differences political and ideological the examine t chapter, neo to nationalism‘ ‗religious of concept the of applicability nostalgia restorative and mythologies, national religions, chapter, the in nationalism neo Hungarian of connotations ideological and formation the of question the examine I native faith same the of members the among even presumptive are differences significant Though them. to provided supply, ideological the than relevant less not are processes identification and their world, social their of conceptualization participant‘s The either. concepts re and significations identification, of ways individual comp well on However, significant. less not are experiences spiritual and practice religious movem faith Native ties. community new of formulation the and meanings shared of articulations the in involvement, apparentlyItan narrow is dimension. primary my phenomenon, faith native contemporary has work present the of Scope considereda and national religious, the

e wy o sca patc. utemr, dnt nlz proa life personal analyze don‘t I Furthermore, practice. social of ways lex - rudd rvos eerhs I ocnrt o te eta lvl n nt h more the not and level textual the on concentrate I researches, previous grounded besides besides poie wdr cp fr t for scope wider a provide o - circle, their analysiscircle, their isb unified international I disciplinary oae h peoeo t te otx o in of context the to phenomenon the locate ‗movement‘ onlywithrestrictions. ‗movement‘ ns r nt ae mrl o ielge ad yhcl constructs; mythical and ideologies on merely based not are ents

eeomn o mdr pgn oeet. udrie the underline I movements. pagan modern of development oil ocps te ugra ntv fih cn cud be could scene faith native Hungarian the concepts, social frames of nationalism and memory studies. In the theoretical theoretical the In studies. memory and nationalism of frames biu limitations. obvious eyond the limits ofth eyond thelimits aspect. he appearance of the Hungarian Hungarian the of appearance he

R ituals play a significant role in the participants‘the in role significantplaya ituals

focus is on the narrative and ideological and narrative the on is focus n h dsrpin n itrrtto of interpretation and description the In

e thesis. - , I raise the question of a possible possible a of question the raise I , nepeain o te aie faith native the of interpretations - pagan movements. pagan

etd rdtos political traditions, vented neo as I as value -

paganism cannot lean lean cannot In the In - - courses, courses, choices - pagan pagan third third , - I CEU eTD Collection 12 ‗ identified: I circles, main three the a an provide I scene, faith native streams. cultural these of amalgamation an late of ‗para emigrant Turanism of streams h the identifying Fourth unproblematic. t argue will I though paganism, ‗civic‘ táltos

ethnolog - - , faith‘. socialism. I understand the current the understand I socialism.

, w , fifth a anti an , hich influenced the contemporary view on the field. These are These field. the on view contemporary the influenced hich , atclry its particularly y,

and sixth sixth and -

historians‘; and the growing interest toward esotericism from the last decade decade last the from esotericism toward interest growing the and historians‘; istorical - oen meta modern roots of the Hungarian native faith movements faith native Hungarian the of roots hpes r bsd n y itrcl n eprcl eerh In research. empirical and historical my on based are chapters

ocps bu Hnain folk Hungarians about concepts nalysis of the of nalysis - political movement with pagan sympathies; sympathies; pagan with movement political ‗mythical protochronism‘, ‗esoteric nationalism‘ and the and nationalism‘ ‗esoteric protochronism‘, ‗mythical worldview of the native faith scene as the result of result the as scene faith native the of worldview hat these regularly applied dichotomies are not not are dichotomies applied regularly these hat

s naoitc curr antagonistic As ir

national narratives by focusing separately on on separately focusing by narratives national - eif; eay f interwar of legacy beliefs; ns mre o te local the on emerged ents ,

I differentiated four four differentiated I the populariz the h crl o circle the ations f

CEU eTD Collection 13 158. 1998), Press, (Psychology 13 12 6. 11 10 the Though substantial. is group ideologies b might groups national and identities affiliations, ethnic modern of vs continuity historical popularization of question the While nationalisms. and existence the in crucial are memories national canonized invariant‖ and unchanging as life social of parts attem tradition of ―invention traditions: of invention the on based is imaginary crucial is imagined are nations how style, of question the productive, a nations institution; anthropologic an more is nation of concept the Anderson, For community. political imagined an as nation, the entity: central the of construction political and cultural the interdisci an to transformed was contributes tothelegitimacy(post of fundamentally nation the of character enduring and life eternal existence, very the in beliefs ‗nat of construction The ‗nationalization‘. of processes social bond‖ social basic the is culture of similarity that of understanding gellnerian The II. e mgnd omnte. hl te iem aot t ‗ast‘ ‗els‘ a b less be may ‗realism‘ / ‗falsity‘ its about dilemma the While communities. imagined re

A.D. Smith, Smith, A.D. and Hobsbawm E.J. B. Gellner, E.

Theoretical frame

Anderson, Anderson, ,

On Nations and Nationalism and On Nations National h sne f itrcl otdes r priiat‘ primordialism‘ ‗participants‘ or rootedness historical of sense the Imagined communities: Re communities: Imagined T.O. Ranger, T.O.Ranger, ism and modernism: a critical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism and nations of theories recent surveyof critical a modernism: ism and

The invention of tradition of invention The

plinary research paradigm, in which one of the main topics is topics main the of one which in paradigm, research plinary nationalism as a modern ―political principle which maintains which principle ―political modern a as nationalism casual connotations of ‗tradition‘ animate notions of cultural of notions animate ‗tradition‘ of connotations casual , 1995, 3. 1995, , flections on the origin and spread of nationalism of spread originand the on flections - ) industrial ‗nation ) industrial

12 10

(Cambridge Univ Pr, 1992), 2. Univ 1992), Pr, (Cambridge and mythologies historical of Inventions .

calls for detailed analyzes of the complex the of analyzes detailed for calls - states. Gellner‘s concept of invention states. Gellner‘s concept ofinvention futu, n h fed f national of field the on fruitful, e . the modern constructed nature of of nature constructed modern the . ional cultures‘ and intensive intensive and cultures‘ ional 11 Mdr national Modern .

(Verso Books, 2006), (Verso2006), Books, pts to structure to pts 13

f h own the of

CEU eTD Collection 14 15 173 14 histories. virtual of Though constructions inventive and remembrance social contested politics, the in force the to came past the of significance explanati situative / historical of validity the to Regardless state repressed‘ T nationalism. durée to attention call arguments history‖ of ―return The presupposed. widely is language etc.) vacuum, ideological current (identity processes political and social current of influence fundamental the of Apart explanations. academic various for called 1989, discour predominant growing the of (one and nationalism cultural rise of visibility rapid The circumstances. changing the in supply ideological provided regimes new the of beneficiaries the among are nationalisms local Hobsbawm, 1989 of transitions European Eastern past the after the question with central a Continuity became past. fictious a creating by even invented, historic be and to had weakened continuity of distressingly are periods patterns troubled social the previous when in transformations, functional particularly become traditions Invented modern societies. changing rapidly of toolkit ideological ‗stabilizing‘ a as understandable rather is it stability,

R. Brubaker, “Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism” (1998): 15 (1998): Nationalism” of Study the in Misconceptions and “Myths Brubaker, R. Hobsbawm, E.J.

– 177. - socialism to post socialism to atr. One factors.

memory studies and a critical u critical a and studies memory 15 sseaial udrly te pcfc icmtne o the of circumstances specific the underplays systematically , Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality myth, 1780: Programme, since nationalism and Nations i hsoigahc yh dpce b Buae a te rtr o the of ‗return the as Brubaker by depicted myth, historiographic his

- sided historical explanations hinted a picture of of picture a hinted explanations historical sided

- socialism.

, a reappearance of interwar social concepts and political political and concepts social interwar of reappearance a , - claims, projects and interests of various social actors, a actors, social various of interests and projects claims, nderstanding of memory politics became fashionable became politics memory of nderstanding

general forms of history of forms general ons of post of ons ses in post in ses

(Cambridge Univ Pr, 1992), Pr, (Cambridge Univ – 18. - rsretd interwar resurrected a socialist nationalisms, socialist

- -

oriented identity oriented 0 Acrig to According 90. - rniin from transitions socialism) after socialism) 14 a they as ,

longue rapid - CEU eTD Collection 15 1995). Demand, on Pr California (Univ of 19 18 17 Quarterly 16 regimes totalitarian in even latitude, certain have well as elements independent have receptions e and popular on influence powerful have representations institutionalized of forms other and academic Though stage. the on always is power‖ making in position central history canonized has historiography academic power, institutional its to Due Pakistan are toheroin „ roles: significant particularly have intellectuals of contribution form a as Nationalism projects. nationalist on disseminators; and producers knowledge actors, social networks, culturalactivities of thenumerous andpolitical process,whichincludes institutions, scientific ideologies: and the Though claims. interests domains, several language cultural argumentations, by influenced are heritage publ imaginaries, Historical practicesand historical isaconstitutive rhetoric part of undeniably. cultural nationalism sphere academic the in overused even or

K. Verdery, Connerton, P. Smith, A.D. anthropology,” in boom memory the on Reflections memory: of abuses “The D.C. Berliner,

78, no. 1 (2005): 197 1 (2005): no. 78, . However, in the production of history and social remembrance, a limited diversity limited a remembrance, social and history of production the in However, .

National ideology under socialism: identity and cultural politics in Ceau in politics cultural and identity socialism: under ideology National National identity National How Societies Remember Societies How - myths. ―Control of a society‘s memory larg memory society‘s a of ―Control myths.

aig f ainl itr ad ainl mgr i a ope social, complex a is imagery national and history national of making - addicts: we raw supplyaddicts: essential market. materialfor the the

– (University of Nevada Press, 1991), 95. Press, 1991), Nevada of (University 211. 17 c itr ad memory and history ic

Rpeettvs f cdmc itrorpy n archaeology and historiography academic of Representatives .

- games, political projects, identity projects, political games,

(Cambridge Univ Pr, 1989), 1. 1989), Univ Pr, (Cambridge For historians are to nationalism to are historians For eya concepts veryday 16 ntoa memory national , ;

esnl n ucnrle meaning uncontrolled and personal 19 f itrcs clue ead te crucial the demands culture historicist of . Both within official historiography and in in and historiography official within Both . - discourses about national and cultural cultural and national about discourses ‗scribblers‘

n srcua fae, cultural frames, structural and ely conditions the hierarchy of of hierarchy the conditions ely - oiis commemorational politics,

- have a seminal influe seminal a have politics and professional and politics

what poppy what şescu’s Romania şescu’s Anthropological Anthropological ‟ - growers in growers

, vol. 7 , - systems

nce CEU eTD Collection 16 23 Books New of History: Reviews 22 21 20 post alternativememoryandofficial both significancenewfor aprovided myths Post mythologies spatial interconnect tobroaderpublic and historiography discourses identity and electivity divine religion, (national) of concepts the restoration, national of constructions symbolic the with Together characterology. and identity destiny, national for frame discursive a provide nations modern proto origin. ethnic ethnogenesis, of myths the be could ones powerful most the historiography, in memories. among select and forms representational historiography within both history) „universalist‟ and memory collective „particular‟ between demarcation Scientific ones. ‗alternative‘ ‗proto the as just memories, everyday the from saved and armed discerned, sanctificated academically historiography, of late in especially differ, fundamentally could vivid, homogenizati are frames memory present. and narratives contesting often various, place, take pasts unofficial locati alternative the

M. De Certeau and T. Conley, T.Conley, and DeM. Certeau nineteenth in imagination The historical “Metahistory: Deininger, W.T. and White H. Halbwachs, M. Gellner, E.

- - socialist society‘s relation to their own past is regularly seen as highly problematic. problematic. highly as seen regularly is past own their to relation society‘s socialist socialist identity socialist

n pclaiy f ainls i that is nationalism of peculiarity One Nations and Nationalism and Nations n process on Halbwachs/Coser: On Collective Memory Collective On Halbwachs/Coser:

- n o rmmrne wee h cntuto ad rnmsin of transmissions and construction the where remembrance, of ons politics‘ demand for reform for demand politics‘ 20

2, no. 5 (1974): 122 5 (1974): no. 2, - The Writing of History of Writing The history, concepts of medieval roots13 and historical continuity of of continuity historical and roots13 medieval of concepts history, -

oil cns wee ainl ybl ad mtos become emotions and symbols national where scenes, social

(Blackwell, 1983). (Blackwell, and hlspy f history of philosophy – 12 strategies

2. (Columbia Univ 1988). Pr, (Columbia ,

lgtmt‘ eois n history and memories ‗legitimate‘

– (University of Chicago Press, 1992). Press, Chicago of (University

ulated historical narratives and underlying and narratives historical ulated - cultural a as theorized be could it while

Among the national self national the Among modernity.

(for example the Halbwachsian one one Halbwachsian the example (for odn g, ainl eln and decline national age, golden

Due to the institutional power institutional the to Due 23 simtz ‗unofficial‘ stigmatize ,

- 21 politics. ,

though - century Europe,” Europe,” century - frames. However, However, frames. -

validating myths validating yhlge of Mythologies

problematized - scientific‘ or or scientific‘ - yh a myths re re CEU eTD Collection 17 26 25 24 human. everything affects that decay the suffered yet not order edenic an fundamental age. the golden a of construction nationalist is the behind sentiment nostalgia‘ ‗Structural people. ordinary among nationalisms cultural of drive further and experience authentic appearance, fundamental the is intimacy of feeling intimacy‘. ‗cultural for desires to connected are fantasies national and individual both roots: psychological common certain have may they However, longing. su other, the on nostalgia aggressive paranoid, cramped, a and hand, one on nostalgia harmless melancholic, ‗restorative nostal ‗reflexive While evil. and good of battle Manichaean of concept a cosmology, transcendental a constructs and myths; nostos plots main two knows It revivals. latter The nostalgia‘. ‗restorative and nostalgia‘ forms idealtypical two differentiates Boym rejection selective a as seen be can it past, imagined an to gravitates memories. the and past recent communities‘ incapabili the toward apprehension critical a of lack The past‘. the through‗working servefor not doesclimate public the memories; traumaticaround taboos historicist of Predominance

M. Herzfeld, M. 455. Ibid., 453. (2007): ItsDiscontents” and “Nostalgia S. Boym,

hm) n atmt a trans a attempts and (home) ty for a deeper his deeper a for ty

Nostalgia does not really help the advent of a morally judgmental climate; while it while climate; judgmental morally a of advent the help really not does Nostalgia Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation in poetics Social intimacy: Cultural otli‘ tks tef ed seriously‖ dead itself „takes nostalgia‘ – ggests a distinction between an ‗artistic‘ and a rather ‗political‘ temporal temporal ‗political‘ rather a and ‗artistic‘ an between distinction a ggests

a time before time time before time a

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of nostalgia: the more personal ‗reflexive ‗reflexive personal more the nostalgia: of is „at the core of recent national and religious and national recent of core the „at is - state rigins and the conspiracy‖ the and rigins

25 (Routledge New York, 1997), 148. 1997), York, New (Routledge Dcooy f mr creative, more a of Dichotomy . ‖ 26

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f memories. of of the glorious past, glorious the of 24 . It .

- ironical, stresses Susan

the the

CEU eTD Collection 18 31 commu 30 29 28 Nationalism 27 aspects positive some underlining is he and circumstances, social diverse the emphasizes mythologies, national to approach functionalist his in Schöpflin, antagonisms. intergroup toward directly connected hatred ethnic m ethnic different numerous; are functions actual These them. by fa fulfilled role political current the and patterns, identification historical to commitment basic their ideological as just alike, structure, often are means rhetoric other knowledge and tropes narratives, applied argumentations, Their functions. and features common fundamental share they divergent, obviously are equally memories national rival and While Secondly, movements. nationalist articulated.‘nation is of appeal throug is it importantly, emotional and the strengthen past the of legitimacy images mythic noted, have subject the of students many as First, applies ofgolden a historicalage, narration declineand restoration. future structure‖ temporal ―triadic The emerge. can utopias future and to fits past the of manipulation strategic The essencepresentrecover degradation and itsoriginalharmonious to is goal primer nation‘s the present degraded ― ‗(…) The construction of a glorious p glorious a of construction The ‗(…) the original nation once existed as a pure a as existed once nation original the

G.Schöpflin, late in massacres war of redefinition and The Dead: rediscovery the “Recounting Hayden, R. 181. Ibid., mobilisation.” and “Myth Lytle, and Levinger rhetoric,” nationalist of structure triadic the mobilisation: and “Myth Lytle, P.F. and Levinger M.

nist Yugoslavia,” Yugoslavia,” nist

7, no. 2 (2001): no. 178. 7,

“The functions of myth and a taxonomy of myths,” of taxonomy a and myth of “The functions 30 i ohr otxs hi rl i mc mr hrls ad o necessarily not and harmless more much is role their contexts other in ; Memory and opposition under state socialism under state opposition and Memory

h these images of the glorious past that the initial definition of the of definition initial the that past glorious the of images these h

ast serves two critical functions in nationalist rhetoric. nationalist in functions critical two serves ast

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a broader timeline, whereat critical discourses discourses critical whereat timeline, broader a functions national myths can bear in different different in bear can myths national functions ― reverse the conditions that have caused its its caused have that conditions the reverse Myths and nationhood and Myths

(1993): 79 (1993): ‖ emories can contribute to the the to contribute can emories 27 . 31

– . While he points out the out points he While . 28 99.

f ainls rhetoric nationalist of

(1997): 25. - ‖ and post and ; while in the in while ; Nations and and Nations

- vored vored

CEU eTD Collection 19 35 34 1 (1988): 33 identities’ cultural collective own their of nature primordial the of sense vivid participants’ the 32 s a as see to ablewas nationalism context, the this In past. historical the of to religions locates speaking, generally which, thesis, secularization adoption tacit or explicit an second, and projects; modernists characteristically as na theinterrelated interpretation of first, concepts: two consequencebe of a could religions of effect the of underplay systematic The ones. investigated most the among several underline to tended have nationalisms modern of studies paradigmatic the of most While inversely‗evident‘ proportional differences. intergroup to boundary mythical these of importance and strength The (re it past, imagined an with present the connects remembering collective While underscored. be natio modern nations of moralities mobilizing past glorious a of Images processes. social prevailing of frames social (national) primordialism‘ ‗Participants‘ frame. interpretational national modern, m national of constructions Narrative to take considerati into have we particular, in myths national and general in myths between parallels anthropological

D. Bar D. Brubaker, R. nations,” of myths the Nation’and ‘Modern the of myth “The Smith, A.D. Sm A.D.

- )defines and stabilizes actual group boundaries and reinforce current group ident group current reinforce and boundaries group actual stabilizes and )defines - – Tal, factors in understanding the emergence and salience of their object, religion was not not was religion object, their of salience and emergence the understanding in factors ith, ith, 26. Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis psychological Social society: a in beliefs Shared

Nationalism: theory, ideology, history ideology, theory, Nationalism: Ethnicity without groups without Ethnicity nal myths, their contribution to ‗groupist‘ to contribution their myths, nal

on thecharacteri on modernity onto the onto modernity

‖

(Harvard University Press, 2004). Press, University (Harvard 33 js hr ad o. mn te infcn fntos of functions significant the Among now. and here just , stics of the latterstics ofthe indetails. yths ubstitutive factor, a cultural and political alternative political and cultural a factor, ubstitutive , 2nd ed. (Cambridge; Malden MA: Polity, 2010), 58. 2010), MA: Polity, Malden (Cambridge; ed. 2nd ,

reshape the visions on the past according to a a to according past the on visions the reshape past, and thus a historical lineage is given to given is lineage historical a thus and past, 34

(Sage Publications, Inc, 2000). Inc, Publications, (Sage -

concepts and group beliefs group and concepts setting mechanisms are sometimes are mechanisms setting ― uns te ontv mp and maps cognitive the furnish

Ethnic and Racial Studies and Ethnic

tionalist ideologies tionalist is projecting the the projecting is .

ifications.

11, no. 1 no. 11, 35

‘ (…) could CEU eTD Collection 20 40 39 38 37 36 Communism and Nazism as ideologies, modern of nature gnostic the out pointed Voegelin interpreta post of understanding religion. truism sociological a to According purity of intimacy compromising the explain Both narrative. religious secular morality. ‗Structural nostalgia‘ of longing onreligious concepts national isbuilt also: national on connotations remembrance for call standard nationalism. understanding in analogies religious of use religious extensive the of allow as elements seen be can mind nationalist the of character commemorative r the as just features; parallel are commitment psychological signification cultural symbolic and provided frameworks the nationalisms, and religions in forces separating and unifying The an id than end this to suited better (are) were things few (...) meaning. into contingency continuity, religions. traditional for ―

Nostalgia for originary perfec originary for Nostalgia E. Voegelin, E. Approaches,” Four Nationalism: and “Religion Brubaker, R. Herzfeld, Yerushalmi, Y.H. Anderson,

ea ofthe nation. – tions, in some of their features b features their of some in tions, Cultural intimacy Cultural The concept of political religions emerged in the interwar period, for an an for period, interwar the in emerged religions political of concept The

Imagined communities Imagined in terms of the corrosionin terms of the of time. Science, politics, and gnosticism: two essays two gnosticism: politics, and Science, 37 ; the imperatives to remember are transformed into national obligations of of obligations national into transformed are remember to imperatives the ; Zakhor: Jewish histor Jewish Zakhor:

‖ 36 -

hita sclr oaiain doois whi ideologies, totalitarian secular Christian , 150. , ― What then was required was a secular transformation of fatality into fatality of transformation secular a was required was then What

, 11. , tion is common to much nationalist historiography, as it is to is it as historiography, nationalist much to common is tion y and Jewish memory Jewish y and

39 , ethno , - ytm, h gon fr niiul mtoa and emotional individual for ground the systems, ecame ‘pseudo ecame - ‖ nationalism i nationalism 38

(H. Regnery Co., 1968). Regnery Co., (H.

grounds has religious precursors and and precursors religious has grounds Nations and Nationalism and Nations (Univ of Washington Pr, 1982). Pr, (Univ Washington of s essentially a post a essentially s - religions‘ or ‘substitute or religions‘ itual, mythological, linguistic and linguistic mythological, itual, –

the very core of cultural cultural of core very the

h acrig o the to according ch,

(2012). -

secular political political secular

- based. These These based. - religions‘.

The The 40

CEU eTD Collection 21 43 42 41 cultures particular different of own connotation Christian strong out groups‘ points Smith beliefs. national ethnic Christian several into transmitted were electivity divine of concepts Judeo the in particularly cases, several in covenant divine and election ethnic of myths of significance the out points while generally, nationalism of analogies religious broader the and language of use political current the nationalism, of origins religious the interconnects Smith overlapping, as just comp factual th to attachments individual of strength the and nationalism understanding in metaphor fruitful a merely is ‗religion‘ whether clear always not is it field: the on ambiguities the in originated partly are problems interpretational The nationalisms. of character religious presupposed the understanding in difficulties theoretical of bunch a on light theyshed was this in and analytically,differentiated be can forms conceptual interpene and origins historical through analogies from range religion of roles nationalism, understanding typology his to Accordingquestions. and interests research different with connected each repre of models four discerns Brubaker the totalitarianofpolitical religions. tendencies and potential, democratic a with religions civil of formulation the are politics of sacralization p the from politics of discerns He religion. as politics for model comparative a provided Gentile

A.D. Smith, Smith, A.D. Nationalism.” and “Religion Brubaker, Gentile, E.

- Politics as religion as Politics hita tradition Christian Chosen peoples: Sacred sources of national identity national of sources Sacred peoples: Chosen nn o ntoait ideologies. nationalist of onent tration toward specific forms of religious nationalisms. The four identified identified four The nationalisms. religious of forms specific toward tration

in Anthony account. D.Smith‘s

olitic

(Princeton University Press, 2006). Press, University (Princeton iz to o rlgos y udmnaim To an om o the of forms main Two fundamentalism. by religions of ation 43

. H

underlines e senting the relationship of nationalism and religions, and nationalism of relationship the senting

Practically, the types can be slurring and and slurring be can types the Practically, the

religiou

(Oxfor

d University Press, USA,2003). Press, University d ros f nationalism of roots s cnet o mr ta i: a it: than more or concept, e 41

the sacralization sacralization the Biblical .

religious religious

modern modern 42 , in , CEU eTD Collection 22 45 Nationalism 44 transform to seek that politics religious of public life thename notin of thenati forms with, intertwined are they as even from, ― possible analyticalbetwee differentiation a for argues Brubaker difficulties, practical the despite way, this In nationalism. of ideology the for embedded process modernization the in differentiation functional thesis, religion. form differentiated realms social autonomous various after grounds, secular on developed heart, its in ‗nation‘ of concept very the with nationalism, of legitimacy political and imagery ontology, social The nationalism. underpin modern of character modes various the of secular spite in it, of feature substantial aremains nationalism core a that emphasizes Brubaker outdated, and is (religion nationalism) phenomenon two the of opposition fundamental a claimed which concept, nature? their whichessentiallyof are neverthelesssecular nationalistsymbols,rich ideologies,in resource a transf been has religion of role the Whether origins. religious very their revealing by games language and symbols connotations, religious nationalisms‘ contemporary of vitality the qualifies Smith community that the self Afrikaans to Germany in Pietism and England and Netherland from periods, historical different in (...) nationalist politics politics nationalist (...)

Brubaker, “Religion and Natio and “Religion Brubaker, i nationalist of origins somedestiny: religious national election and “Ethnic Smith, A.D.

credence in the putative sacred origin, providence and spiritual mission of the of national and mission spiritual providence sacred origin, inthe putative credence

5, no. 3 (1999): no. 331 5, 44 re ad eae rm n rai cmoet f ainls it a ol of pool a into nationalism of component organic an from became and ormed , isex

hs s rbkrs interpretation. Brubaker‘s is This tensive at the cultural ofmodern fundaments nationalisms.

based on claims made in the name of ‗the nation‘ nation‘ ‗the of name the in made claims on based nalism,” 23 – 355.

n nationalism andreligion:n nationalism

– on, but in the name of the God. on, butin the Late Ancient Armenia through Protestantism in the the in Protestantism through Armenia Ancient Late the 24.

huh h peiu smlfig secu simplifying previous the Though

codn t ti ‗oe secularism ‗core‘ this to According

‖ 45

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remain distinct distinct remain

Nations and and Nations mt shows Smith larist larist CEU eTD Collection 23 groun neo nationalism, of connotation and mythologies national nostalgia‘, ‗structural of longing (sacralizatio religion ‗ C nation and religion particularly intensely. whic concepts, such are gods own nation‘s the of adoration the The and other. people‘ ‗Chosen each to ‗Nation‘ and ‗God‘ categories, abovementioned two the interconnect ‗ streams religious fundamentalist of case the in only not and nationalism of forms several in relevant are legitimacies multiple However, latter. the for only reserved is ‗nationalism‘ movement controversial the of because partly dubious, be to seems non alleged the of existence the Brubaker, For nationalism. religious be an ways, several in people and territory state, of join programs nationalist that modern argues for Friedland nationalisms. alternative secular an type, particular a as nationalism religious conceptualizing for of kind distinctive a as ar Friedland‘s on nationalism focusing By ‗religious nationalism‘. of case the in typology: Brubaker‘s of category fourth the at emerge statement this for challenges strongest the understanding, my In interpenetrational relation interpenetrational religions Ethnic urrent development of of development urrent

ds.

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and ‗native faith movements‘ movements‘ faith ‗native and n of the nation and politics) toward religious nationalism. Based on Based nationalism. religious toward politics) and nation the of n neo ‘ d one way is using the authoritative power of religion: this would this religion: of power authoritative the using is way one d

(political use of religious language and metaphors) and political and metaphors) and language religious of use (political - pagan - aaim sie for aspires paganism

ainls cn e nepee as interpreted be can nationalism

uetto, rbkr xmns h conditions the examines Brubaker gumentation, nld toe ains wih tightly which variants, those include

xlct religion explicit eiiay claims legitimacy rvos eahrc religious metaphoric previous a - - secular nationalism nationalism secular aig n ethnic on making certain shift from from shift certain

eid t a it: behind tie h the . CEU eTD Collection 24 46 th in differentiated regularly are types ‗Western‘ and phenomenon global a as understood be can revival pagan current the Though be equally influential paganism. concepts on environmentalism colorful: are ties ideological These religions. new of imaginary the on input evident an have beliefs spiritual of independent not are paganism of precepts core The allusions. modern any almost bear can which ‗Pagan‘, category the of plasticity church toward mistrust th of age young the of independent not is Pagan‘ a ‗being of meanings the variabilityandof fluidity The pagancommunities. of stakeholders andmembers even features; fallacious. even individual or reductionist necessarily are precepts movement‘s the of evaluations and descriptions general scene, pagan international the of fragmentary and faith. Christian aspiration basic their is movements context social the in emerged have movements, religious new of type characteristic a representing movements‘, ‗Neo

M. York, York, M.

III. - paganism‘, ‗contemporary paganism‘, modern ‗ethnic religions‘ or ‗native faith faith ‗native or religions‘ ‗ethnic modern paganism‘, ‗contemporary paganism‘,

movements have emerged in. Worldly values, political ideologies and secular group secular and ideologies political values, Worldly in. emerged have movements Pagan theology: Paganism as a world religion world a as Paganism theology: Pagan Neo bricolageur

ai rlgos hsoia ad oil ocps r hgl dbtd mn the among debated highly are concepts social and historical religious, basic But the way how it is imagined, can be numerous. Due to the heterogeneity heterogeneity the to Due numerous. be can imagined, is it how way the But - pagan ethnic movements in an international context of twenties‘ centurial Europe. Europe. centurial twenties‘ of

like authority structures and central canonizing corporate; and of the the of and corporate; canonizing central and structures authority like ehius ae dfiut o icr tpcl n rep and typical discern to difficult makes techniques , radical feminism, romantic indigenism and ethnic exclusivity can can exclusivity ethnic and indigenism romantic feminism, radical ,

for the for

reconstruct

the broader society‘s processes, where these these where processes, society‘s broader the (NYU Press, 2005). Press, (NYU A general common point of different pagan different of point common general A e academic literature. literature. academic e ion

and return to an to return and is religious movement; of movement; religious is

Western paganism Western evsvns of Pervasiveness 46 imagined pre imagined , its its , resentative ‗Eastern‘ ‗Eastern‘

the - CEU eTD Collection 25 Pu Littlefield 49 48 occulture 47 esote on based impulse, religious style manifest they However, them. of concepts religious and cultural the and spirituality network popular of overlap large very a show but distinct be theoretically may revival. occult of roots Cultural of newcommunity modes and frames of spir value re genera and sacralization more with interconnected are re spiritual awakening, a toward directed are which program, Their grounds. social on secular born modern were States United the and Europe Western of movements religious new Pagan III.1. and native ofthefirst faithtwenties movements half ofthe century. identity the processesof religious new other to similarly sixties, being as considered regularly is

M. York, York, M. Western Esotericism,” and Movement Age New “The W.J.Hanegraaff, Partridge, C.H.

- systems and church and systems Neo - , vol. 2 (Tamp; t Clark Ltd, 2 Ltd, (Tamp;Clark vol. 2t , politics The emerging network: a sociology of the New Age and neo Age and New the of sociology a network: emerging The b Inc, 1995). Inc, b - pagani The re The ―New Age and Neo and Age ―New , similarly to their historical antecedents, the East and Central European pagan European Central and East the antecedents, historical their to similarly, nineties modern paganism are similar to those of the western esoteric and modern and esoteric western the of those to similar are paganism modern - sm as a Western new religious movement religious Western a new as sm enchantment of the West: alternative spiritualities, sacralization, popular culture, and and culture, popular sacralization, spiritualities, alternative West: of the enchantment -

yhlgzto i mdriy Te iapitet oh n material in both disappointment The modernity. in mythologization

in - dominated forms of ‗traditional religiosity‘ stimulated the pursuits the stimulated religiosity‘ ‗traditional of forms dominated the post the

49 006).

includes very different streams, regarding streams, includes different very mre from emerged

- - paganism are best seen as two thought complexes, which complexes, thought two as seen best are paganism socialist societies societies socialist ric, metaphysic, metaphysic, ric, movements itual experience.itual

the

and alternative spiritualities. alternative and are usually strongly connected to ethnic to connected strongly areusually countercultural dsrs o re for desires l and - pagan movements pagan

Handbook of New of New Age Handbook Eastern tenets, and the mystic the and tenets, Eastern n practice.‖ in

cultic milieu after the the after milieu cultic

enchantment the social character character social the

a (Rowman & (Rowman & similar, similar, 48

1 (2007): 37. 1 (2007): This eclectic eclectic This

T he parallel he revival 47 re ,

al - - -

CEU eTD Collection 26 theology 55 119 (1972): 54 96 2004), Pr, 53 98 1998), Pr, York Univ New of 52 Blackwell, 51 50 Most alienation. that end to tool a as ritual see They alienation. of source prime the as nature ‘a humanity‘s view to tend they and nature with in harmonyliving of goal a share They once. at things these of three or two or pantheists, or animists „ the American paganAdler hippie and feminism ecology, to counter leftist to Anglo of stream Main milieu‘ character Social movement the of roots millenarian and countercultural the on emphases lays Hanegraaff also. movement social a as understood be can phenomenon Age‘ ‗New the process individualization of thepresupposed fits to esotericgrowth‘ services in the ‗personal of goal the of centrality the Though formations. community of directions new and t ‗subjectivization revolution‘ ‗spiritual a hypothesizes religions all of streams Most neo Most

“ C “The C. Campbell, Kemp,D. W.J.Hanegraaff, Woodhead, L. HeelasP. and New Age,” the and thought “New J.G.Melton,

(…) contemporary pagan scene is generally center is scene generally pagan contemporary - eiiu Mvmn (SM‘ em cetae te lentv quasi alternative the accentuates term (NSRM)‘ Movement Religious 54 , 163. ,

2005). 53 underlined strong its underground thecultural to links also. – New age: a guid a age: New - , Colin Campbell‘s early concept about the spiritual and anti and spiritual the about concept early Campbell‘s Colin , 136. – Pagans sense an aliveness and ‘presence‘ in nature. They are usually polytheists or or polytheists usually are They nature. in ‘presence‘ and aliveness an sense Pagans 97. –

York’s general observation is based on American experiences. American on based is observation York’s general

New age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror the in Esotericism Culture: Western and Religion age New - cultural movements cultural rend‘ of the Western societies; it is characterized by individual self projects projects self individual by characterized is it societies; Western the of rend‘ ult, the Cultic Milieu and Secularization,” Secularization,” Milieu and Cultic the ult,

- Saxon neo Saxon e: alternative spiritualities from Aquarian conspiracy to Next Age Next to conspiracy Aquarian from alternativespiritualities e: 50 – The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality to way isgiving religion Why revolution: spiritual The

. Heelas attributes great significance on the phenomenon, and and phenomenon, the on significance great attributes Heelas . 102. shows the influence of this value this shows theinfluence of

- style youth cultures. A cultures. youth style - paganism, spread from the sixties, sixties, the from spread paganism, 51

, which he considers as the religious aspect of a general general a of aspect religious the as considers he which , as well as Perspectives on the new age new the on Perspectives - left rather than right than rather left 55 ; its central social values have been connected connected been have values social central its ; A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain in of Religion Yearbook A Sociological classical definition of paganism of definition classical - dvancement‘ and separation from separation and dvancement‘ or ientation: - wing conservative.

(1992

was generally con generally was ): 18. of Secular Thought of Secular

- authoritarian ‗cultic ‗cultic authoritarian

52 . Kemp‘s ‗New ‗New Kemp‘s .

(Edinburgh Univ (Edinburgh ”

(Wiley ‘ York, York,

- modernity, m ovement ovement Pagan Pagan -

(State nected nected

from from

5 CEU eTD Collection 27 58 1999). Pr, Carolina of South 57 4. 2006), (Penguin, 56 regularly rightamong appearextreme sy ethnicity; and purity cultural blood, on accents more anti emphatically has it Though Scandinavia. and Germany in popular most the is tradition‘ ‗Nordic the or Heathenism, face. international recentl though movements; revival Celtic of context the in emerged is Druidry Heathanism. and Druidry are movements pagan relevant most internationally other The across Europealso. Anglo ‘ God dual and elements natural venerationof European historical the secret in a of beliefs the existence on practices: ritual and concepts cultural similar on based occultism. of traditions different by influenced was alike influence international movement pagan Western contemporary significant most The the mystery asa so traditions neo magick

P. Jones and N. Pennick, Pennick, N. JonesP. and Berger, H.A. Adler, M.

- Pagans look to the old pre old the to look Pagans - ao socie Saxon ad ‘energy and ‘ Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Druids, Witches, Moon: the Down Drawing

Distinct Wicca Distinct A community of witches: Contemporary neo of Contemporary witches: A community

is i sra itrainly fe te ihis n hs oa branches local has and eighties the after internationally spread it ties,

- A History of Pagan Europe Pagan A Historyof sending‘.

streams urce of inspiration and nourishment.‖urce inspiration and of -

- is Wicca Church Wicca is Christian nature religions of Europe, the ecstatic religions, and and religions, ecstatic the Europe, of religions nature Christian

hl Wca s rgntd n n sil h ms pplr in popular most the still and in originated is Wicca While , as the ‘Gardnerian Wicca‘ and ‘Alexandrian Wicca‘, are are Wicca‘, ‘Alexandrian and Wicca‘ ‘Gardnerian the as , magical tradition, which survived until modernity; the the modernity; until survived which tradition, magical - wing and neo -

(Psychology Press, 1995). Press, (Psychology pair with a feminine goddess; and the practice of practice the and goddess; feminine a with pair etr eoeiim and esotericism western - nationalist streams as well, generally it has has it generally well, as streams nationalist 57 - paganism and witchcraft in the United States the United in witchcraft and paganism . It was launched by Gerard Gardner, who who Gardner, Gerard by launched was It . - Nazi subcultures. - Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America in Pagans Other and Worshippers, mbolic references to Heathenism Heathenism to references mbolic -

in numbers, reputation and and reputation numbers, in

Aleister Crowley‘s Crowley‘s Aleister y it has a more a has it y

(Univ

CEU eTD Collection 28 Studies fromEaste Nationalism: AView Ethnic and 61 391 2 (2000): no. 59, 60 59 an into fits it is while nationalism, romantic revivalists of offspring pagan of language defensive The required. is fundaments cultural its to disappear and vanishing the avoid To influences. corruptive non from culture national their of purification cultural the aim which movements, revival are movements pagan the sense, this In faith‘. ‗native the on based influence, external less with re spiritual) (and national a for pursued movements Polska culture folk on poetics mythical and of rediscovery the pave People, given the of ‗folksoul‘ the for search zealous a mythology, and folklore native of appreciation and exploration The movements. revival cultural and romantic intellectual, ethnic early group national the determine Europe Eastern and Central in movements pagan ethnic of developments Historical ones. half European non a be can paganism While III.2.

The idea of ‘pure’ tradition among Russian pagan gro pagan Russian among tradition ofThe ‘pure’ idea Siecle,” de Fin Polish the in design and narrative primitivist traditions: “Invented Manouelian, E. J.L. Greenway,

way for religious revivalist movements in various countries. The early Scandinavian Scandinavian early The countries. various in movements revivalist religious for way

Pagan movements in Eastern Europe Eastern in Pagan movements 9, no. 1 (2007): no. 46. 9, ‘ 60

are two movements of the many with very similar cultural programs. These These programs. cultural similar very with many the of movements two are aa mvmns n h rgo eegd rm h nntet centuries‘ nineteenth the from emerged region the in movements pagan The Golden Horns: Mythic Imagination and the Nordic Past the and Nordic Imagination Mythic Horns: Golden The - eihr s periphery – - 405. aie elements native

o a ls ln bten eiiu dsrs n ethno and desires religious between link close a how -

beliefs and contemporary identity contemporary and beliefs - tnc n nt xlsvs rlgo, h eape fo the from examples the religion, exclusivist not and ethnic 61 rn Europe,” Europe,” rn . In their viewpoint, ethnic culture is threatened by by threatened is culture ethnic viewpoint, their In . Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Journal Pagan of International The Pomegranate: ups is analyzed by by analyzed is ups

a general nationalist feeling and rhetoric and feeling nationalist general a 59 - awakening, for a pure national culture culture national pure a for awakening, te oih ritcmvmn ‗ movement artistic Polish the , ance of it, a categorical returning returning categorical a it, of ance V. Shnirelman, “Ancestral Wisdom “AncestralShnirelman, Wisdom V. -

(Univ of Georgia Pr, 2008). Pr, (Univ Georgia of discourses. The paradigmatic The discourses.

region‘s ethnic ethnic region‘s Slavic Review Slavic - nationalist

Młoda Młoda

CEU eTD Collection 29 71. 67 Paperbac (Tauris Parke 66 65 Hungarica Ethnographica 64 63 62 represent was though form, mysticism, distorted Nazi membership. influential an had Rosenberg which Society Thule the of ideas occult racist the incorporated NSDAP the Even the superiority. to contributed paganism German justification toward sympathy strong Hitler‘s) presumably religiosity political and mythology socialist national Wot occultism, German movements T also. were mores old when age, the substi and before exterminated nation, the of corruption spiritual and political (national a in Beliefs aim. fundamental p cultural vocabularies, national these of elements core are ‗revival‘ and ‗return‘ ‗authenticity‘, As development. Polish the or sub social of

e aiid eso o Gra pgns hs at sao oe te contemporary the over shadow a cast has paganism German of version Nazified he J.A. Goldstein, “On Racism and Anti and Racism “On J.A.Goldstein, Goodrick N. Simpson, Misane, “Inter A. in Past ofthe Music “The Strmiska, M. a as Blumer, prejudice “Race H.

Native faith Native . - Clarke, - f h Ger the of h lgc o Asra ad emn rooh, ud vn it te early the List, von Guido Ariosophy, German and Austrian of legacy The dominance and vulne and dominance - Zadruga War Right War The Occult Roots of Nazism: secret Aryan cults and their influence on Nazi ideology Nazi on their influence and cults Aryan secret Nazism: of Roots Occult The ks, 2004). ks, .

46, no. 1 (2001): 75 1 (2001):46, no. o fly n rirr aporain f oen cuts: Madame occultism: modern of appropriation arbitrary an fully not anism and the Edda Society was not an insignificant element in the in element insignificant an not was Society Edda the and anism tuted for ‗alien‘ ones, are salient among pagan sympathizers today today sympathizers pagan among salient are ones, ‗alien‘ for tuted manized version of Aryan mythology and the precepts of racial racial of precepts the and mythology Aryan of version manized 65 - Wing Movements in the Baltic St Baltic the in Movements Wing rt (n oe ae wt rlgos onttos bcm a became connotations) religious with cases some (in urity

already represents a more nationalistic and more paganistic paganistic more and nationalistic more a represents already

sense of group position,” position,” sense group of

- Semitism in Occultism and Nazism,” Nazism,” and Occultism in Semitism Modern Baltic Paganism,” Paganism,” Baltic Modern rability – 84.

62 and . The Lithuanian The

aa) odn g, hc eitd eoe the before existed which age, golden pagan) The Pacific Sociological Review Sociological Pacific The ates and Their Religious Affiliation,” Affiliation,” TheirReligious ates and 66 Nova Religio Nova . Rosenberg and Himmler‘s (and (and Himmler‘s and Rosenberg . Romuva Yad V Yad

ashem Studies ashem 8, no. 3 (2005): no. 39 8, 63 , the Latvian the ,

1, no. 1 (1958): no. 3 1,

13 (1979): 65 13 (1979): – Dievturi Acta Acta 58.

67 s , in in , – –

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, CEU eTD Collection 30 74 Religio 73 Russia,” 72 71 70 69 68 overviewmovements, anthro region‘s of intensive the countries. Slavic South and Romania to Slovakia, states Baltic the from Post the adherents; the of identification movements‘ inalarger inclusiveness memory national strong the features: fundamental certain so each in connections political andcharacter cultural significance, different territory. a or group ethnic an of system ‗ nationalism. cultural of conceptions the with interconnected is revival spiritual post of case the In even if Ariosophy of predecessor Theosophy popular Blavatsky‘s pre

Simpson, Simpson, Ukraine,” Contemporary in NativeFaith’ and‘ Neopaganism Identities Deeper of Search Ivakhiv, “In A. alternati identity, “Alternative Laruelle, M. Paganism.” Baltic Modern in Past the of Music Strmiska, “The “Neo Wiench, Theosophy,” Race in of Notion “The J.A.Santucci, Anti and Racism Goldstein, “On

- - Christi socialist neo

8, no. 3 (2005): no. 7 8,

Nations and Nationalism and Nations its univer its Native faith Native an native faith native an - Pagan Groups in Central in Groups Pagan salist stand wasinintent‘ definitely not ‗racist salist stand - - paganor nativerevival have faith phenomenon socialist Central and Eastern European native faith movements, the movements, faith native European Eastern and Central socialist .

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38. 71

Russia , ‘, which is to be reconstructed, be to is which ‘, ) aray rvdd siiul ainlzto fr anti for rationalization spiritual a provided already ,

- 14, no. 2 (2008): 283 2 (2008): no. 14, Semitism in Occultism and Nazism.” and Occultism in Semitism

72 - ( Eastern Europe.” Eastern Ukraine , one of the cardinal modern occult movements and a a and movements occult modern cardinal the of one ve Neo religion? Tough post Tough Nova Religio Nova 73 - – discourse and national group anddiscourse national 301. Poland Belorussia, ,

- In so far, we don‘t have a comprehensive a have don‘t we far, so In paganism and the Aryan myth in contemporary contemporary in myth Aryan the and paganism - socialist pagan movements have slightly have movements pagan socialist

pologicfieldwork

11, no. 3 (2008): no. 37 11,

is primarily understood as a belief a as understood primarily is

69 .

emerged across regionemerged the 74 , the Check Republic, Republic, Check the , – s 63.

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Nova Nova 70 68 - ; , CEU eTD Collection 31 Press, 2003). 76 2 (2007): no. 255. 6, 75 Italo generational third among cults Wicca identity paradigmati the re and Druidry), and shamanism‘ ‗core de of processes dynamic are wher regions, that in popular increasingly Non view. closer a from incoherent more be to seems picture the However, paganism. Slavic and Baltic the to and Germany to Scandinavia from pagans e is It form. ethnic an representing rather are Britain) of exception partial the (with movements pagan European the of most stand, other the On all exclusivity. Anglo contemporary of majority the and Great in and US the in strong especially Wicc positions. territorial their non and ethnic between differentiate to appropriate more be could it either, world Western the in absent not is paganism nationalist as However, anti for challenge real a make communities pagan European Eastern of commitments Nationalist paganism III.3.

R.J. Wallis, R.J.Wallis, Neo of Aspects Religion “CivilYork, M.

— - ainls pgn ad eeal fr h An the for generally and pagans nationalist Western liberals Pagans are Imagined dichotomies: ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’, ‘ethnic’ and ‘civic’ and ‘civic’ ‘ethnic’ ‘Western’, and ‘Eastern’ dichotomies: Imagined - processes and new religious cults could be indicated by the exemplar of exemplar the by indicated be could cults religious new and processes

Shamans/neo

Accord al non cally

ing to York, ― York, to ing

- shamans: ecstas shamans: - ethnic Wicca context). The complex interrelations between ethnic between interrelations complex The context). Wicca ethnic -

ethnicization floes te ags pgn ru wrdie wih is which worldwide, group pagan largest (the followers a ‖ both politically and religiously,most politicallyand both - 75 Paganism .

y, alternative archaeologies, and contemporary pagans and contemporary archaeologies, alternative y, - ethnicization of ethnically neutral traditions (even in in (even traditions neutral ethnically of ethnicization - Britain) are regularly far from ethnicized discourses ethnicized from far regularly are Britain) e ethnic paganism is also a local supply, while there while supply, local a also is paganism ethnic e ,” 76 - - ao pgn ae osiul aes t ethnic to averse consciously are pagans Saxon Americans; a case which can be interpreted as interpreted be can which case a Americans; Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies Journal Pagan of International The Pomegranate: of ethnic religions ( for instance in the case of of case the in instance for ( religions ethnic of glo - - tnc aa mvmns rgrls to regardless movements, pagan ethnic Saxon sympathizers of the movement. movement. the of sympathizers Saxon qually valid for the majority of local local of majority the for valid qually - tnc aa taiin are traditions pagan ethnic

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though certainly not certainlythough Stregheria

(Psychology (Psychology

a - CEU eTD Collection 32 79 perspectives comparative cultures: world in Paganism Modern 78 Studies 77 self individual multifarious others, in while actualization, syncretism andself tenets, contemporary of heart the in are i of emphases diverse mythologiesnational and exclusivism ethnic paganmovements, certain in claims: authenticity the in be may difference factual a others, ancient each with as incompatible not seen are styles ‗eclectic‘ are and ‗reconstructionist‘ which Though archetypes. communities, and values to returning ‗returning‘; of tropes exp are revival spiritual a for hopes futuristic while utopia, alternative an imply applied. is restoration future and decline age, golden of rhetoric temp ‗triadic typical A possibilities. future in faith positive a and present the on criticism the with past the about vision a interconnect types both as also, questionable be could paganism of type oriented) ideo an between distinction this However, ― ideo two differentiates Strmiska types. discernable of existence pagan different the of articulation historical the However, ‗Anglo (‗Eastern‘ dichotomies mentioned the of validity empirical the manner, this In and a resistance symbolic towardclosedman theand Anglo with mixed and ethnicity‘ ‗symbolic of result reconstructionist pagans romanticize the past, whereas eclectic pagans idealize the future the idealize pagans eclectic whereas past, the romanticize pagans reconstructionist

M. Strmiska, Strmiska, M. Amer “Italian S. Magliocco, The Futur Ethnicity: Gans, “Symbolic H.J.

2, no. 1 (1979): no. 1 2, - Saxon‘ Saxon‘ Modern Paganism in world cultures: comparative perspectives comparative cultures: world in Paganism Modern –

‗European‘, ‗ethnic‘ ‗ethnic‘ ‗European‘, – which in cases, both in narrative master a is structure‘ oral

20. - Saxon feminist paganism to represent both ethnic minority ethnic both represent to paganism feminist Saxon

ican Stregheria and Wicca: ethnic ambivalence in American Neopaganism,” Neopaganism,” American in ambivalence Wicca: ethnic and Stregheria ican 77

processes. Here, a medieval Italian witch Italian medieval a Here, processes. - irony areirony more e of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America,” America,” Culturesin and Groups e Ethnic of –

‗non oia (past logical - ethnic‘) are becoming more becoming are ethnic‘) - or -

less legitimate processes. (2005): 55 - centered ethniccentered ne - retd ad n tpa (future utopian an and oriented) – 86. oeet cn nepn the underpin can movements

‗Reconstructionist‘ narratives ‗Reconstructionist‘

- (Abc yia sye o paganism: of styles typical - clio, 2005), 20. 2005), clio, dentity ighborhood - Ethnic and Racial Racial and Ethnic cult is appropriated is cult - and

- icuss and discourses - more relative. relative. more ressed by the by ressed -

a historical historical a 78 - ‗Western‘, belonging .

‖ 79 - - . CEU eTD Collection 33 Univ 1997). Pr, (Syracuse 81 80 religions P neo American Hitlerism, esoteric Serrano‘s post several into O formsand ofanti explicit implicit to linked often are they and contest, interracial hierarchy, and purity racial racism, self cultural Other pagan pagansymbolism politicaland anexplicit referenceswithout radicals use Russia. to and Germany to Scandinavia, to America from others by such as defined and/or conte and historical certain in reasonable certainly is movements political extreme to paganism from association The heterogene narrowreductionist interpretation. a too such for important be too communities faith may native the scene of most in faith values religious/spiritual native and pagan the cases, certain right extreme for guise f group ethnic on concepts religious their ground neo certain seen, have we As III.4. eatures raise the question, whether paganism is not only an ideological frame and religious and frame ideological an only not is paganism whether question, the raise eatures

gnsi far aganistic ccult J. Kaplan, J.Kaplan, Goodrick N.

- definit Pag - pagan Nazi mythologies survived the survived mythologies Nazi pagan ‘

Radical religion in America: millenarian movements from the far right to the children of Noah of children the to far right from the movements America: millenarian in religion Radical use Nordic and Germanic mythological symbolism mythological Germanic and Nordic use a o. xrm rgt oiia pgn eif uuly oti eeet o spiritual of elements contain usually beliefs pagan political right Extreme ion. - nism: a guise for extreme nationalism? extreme forguise a nism: Clarke, - ih eteim s pre is extremism right - Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the PoliticsIdentity of the and Nazism, Esoteric Sun: AryanCults, Black ol wr xrms subcultures extremist war world

- wing political actors. Though this interpretation can be legitimate in legitimate be can interpretation this Though actors. political wing - Semitism. prr css Rdcl rus dniy hmevs s pagans as themselves identify groups Radical cases. mporary

- aa mvmns priual i Eastern in particularly movements, pagan

sent in various countries. American racist racist American countries. various in sent

collapse of the Third Reich, and they and Reich, Third the of collapse - Nazism and Satanist black metal scene. scene. metal black Satanist and Nazism - beliefs and nationalist ideologies. These These ideologies. nationalist and beliefs 80 :

from Julius Evola‘s metaphysic to to metaphysic Evola‘s Julius from

81 . Certain paganistic figures of of figures paganistic Certain .

(NYU 2003). Press, - eta Europe, Central u ad the and ous infiltrated infiltrated ‗ radical

CEU eTD Collection 34 Religion 84 Religions Emergent and Alternative 83 1998). 82 anti extreme include Shnirelman, to according th woul to play folkloric from scale tendency. racist implicit an bear may affiliations ethnic of concepts Biologized blood spec into differentiated inherently as more and unified a single, as less are seen Humans thenaturalethnically world. within ―rooted‖ ― and natural are communities ethnic biological entities. that belief a ethnicity‘, ‗territorialized of concept group ethnic and aspects religion nature environmentalist s pagan European Eastern the on salient is terms biological superiority. ethnic of declaration the to lead necessarily) not (but e Their nationalism. represented seen, have we as movements, pagan early European Eastern symbolism neo fuses Scandinavia) and Germany in ex with affiliated closely the like scene, metal‘ ‗black Norwegian the at uoen aas perc Pagans European East

A. Ivakhiv, “Nature and ethnicity in East European paganism: an environmental ethic of the religious right?,” religiousthe right?,” of ethic paganism: environmental an European East in ethnicity and Ivakhiv, “Nature A. Separatism,” White and Revival The Pagan Blood: the “Gods of Gardell, M. Moynihan, M. e

national sociali national ific histories of interactionwiththe natural environment. d be a fault. a be d

32 (2002): 195. 32 (2002): 83 .

Lords of chaos: the bloody rise of the satanic metal underground satanic metal rise the of bloody chaos:the Lords of T

he most extremist extremist most he st type of spiritual racism spiritual of type st

ssentialist claims about the dignified and idiosyncratic ethnic culture can can culture ethnic idiosyncratic and dignified the about claims ssentialist

- eiim s h Rsin ieain oeet bt vn t program its even but Movement, Liberation Russian the is Semitism treme right movements right treme the racist tenets and to national extremism is gradual is extremism national to and tenets racist eive humans not as a distinct from nature, but as culturally or or culturally as but nature, from distinct a as not humans eive

9, no. 1 (2005): no. 130 9, ― only Neo only Eastern EuropeanEastern - - Nazi, Satanist and Odinist (a Nordic Pagan religion) religion) Pagan Nordic (a Odinist and Satanist Nazi, pagan political movement whose prog whose movement political pagan . They m They . - 131. notorious 82 . ‗White Power‘ youth culture (most popular popular (most culture youthPower‘ ‗White .

- eae cletvte ta eeg ot of out emerge that collectivities related ay be most prevalent in Russia. Russia. in prevalent most be ay pagan groups are closely connected to to connected closely are groups pagan

church - beliefs are interconnected by the the by interconnected are beliefs ‖ 84

ee Acrig o Ivakhiv, to According cene. - Nova Religio: The Journal of of Journal The Religio: Nova unn Vr Vkre, are Vikernes, Varg burning Thinking about ethnicity in in ethnicity about Thinking

(Feral House Los Angeles, CA, (Feral Angeles, Los House

fo lkloristic cultu lkloristic , their confusion their , ram does not does ram Though the the Though

species, There, ral

CEU eTD Collection 35 88 Jour International The Pomegranate: 87 86 Internat 85 faith. native the of streams Hungarian analyzed the of concepts religious and close a by faults characteristic these avoid to like would I thesis, my In movement. the in variegation the of knowledge imperfect an and features; nationalist extreme movemen the of underplay systematic a from derive often literature the in misrepresentations These representing as Paganism all of condemnation the in fundamentally or even chauvinistic urges. psychopathological emblem an as almost functioning ― interpretations paganism, ofRussian religiosity. do pagan in elements founding ‗chauvinist‘ or xenophobic whose organization, umbrella Pagan a of analysis sophisticated a gives Aitamurto while religion, Pagan actual the from rhetoric Pagan utilizing movements political the differentiates Gaidukov overviews. general such provide movement‘ dangerous ‗a as paganism anti implicit ‗contains h tr ‗ainls‘ a otn en sd n t ms ngtv sne occ sense, negative most its in used been often has ‗nationalism‘ term the

Ibid., 197. Ibid., Tradition,” of Pagan Circle the of Study A Case Nationalism: of Issue the and Paganism “Russian K. Aitamurto, 11. Ibid., Shnirelman, V.

ional Center for the Study of Antisemitism, 1998), 9. Antisemitism, of 1998), Study Centerthe for ional

ts‘

religious Russian Neo Russian

- (and not particularly political) political) particularly not (and eih articles Jewish - pagan Myths and Antisemitism and Myths pagan

nal of Pagan Studies Pagan of nal she ‖ 86 85 . However, other authors are m are authors other However, .

. critically notes critically

As a conclusion, Shnirelman depicts Russian neo Russian depicts Shnirelman conclusion, a As

8, no. 2 (2007): 184 2 (2007):8, no.

(Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Vidal Sassoon Sassoon Vidal Jerusalem, of University (Hebrew tenets; the exclusive accentuation of the of accentuation exclusive the tenets; :

uet xlcty eue any refuses explicitly cument ‖ bu te eutoit political reductionist the About 88

– 210.

r look to the variances variances the to look r uch more cautious to to cautious more uch asionally -

CEU eTD Collection 36 89 scene the of activities and figure the on particularly have interpretations academic Though growingthe (4) towardinthe interest esoteric topics and mystical extreme of constructions mythical (3) movement; neo first the of birthplace the and sympathies pagan with movement political folk and religion ancient Hungarians‘ the about concepts academic popularized (1) the include They period. socialist four differentiated I beliefs, faith native contemporary of roots the of exploration historical a for attempt my In fantasies conceptsfaith thenative on together constitutepopular medicinal myths, ideas political symbolisms, traditions, esoteric and religious beliefs, folk interpretations, Academic origins. various with substances different including are life, spiritual forefathers‘ mat raw The changed. continuously are memories. among made simply is selection a created; is Nothing past. the by out marked line the along always is it past, the affects present relevantissue. a is material buildingapplied tradition(s), of invention the upon centred is which process, a as activity their comprehend we If ethnicity. and spirituality history, about constructions uni their on based are movements faith native Hungarian the of mythologies National IV

R. Bastide, “Problems of the collective memory,” memory,” collective the of Bastide, “Problems R.

. Cultural

have wider and multi and wider have - historical roots of

of indigenous romanticism, modern romanticism, indigenous of streams, which significantly contribute to their social success in the post the in success social their to contribute significantly which streams,

- beliefs; the (2) legacy of interwar of legacy (2) the beliefs; - centre

d cultural d their the ras ray t ad o osrc a iin about vision a construct to hand at ready erials, The African Religions of Brazil of Religions African The

background. background. ‘New‘ memories are memories ‘New‘ in ‖ Hungarian native faithmovements 89 táltos put

However, the constructive units and methods methods and units constructive the However,

- on nationalist emigrant ‗para emigrant nationalist , contemporary notions notions contemporary , the - day conspiracy theories and individual individual and theories conspiracy day ― public imagery of ancient religion, ancient of imagery public Besides an explanation of retaining of explanation an Besides Turanism the types and resources of the the of resources and types the .

not created ex nihilo: ex created not late

(1960): 253. (1960): - socialist ‗cultic milieu‘. socialist , an anti an , of - - historians‘; and historians‘; pagan religious pagan

the native faith native the - modern m modern ― If the eta que que

- -

CEU eTD Collection 37 90 academic regular fulfill didn‘t reconstructions hypothetical early whole, the On ethnogenesis. re ancient the of Studies are a into unifiedand notbuilt frame consensual far. so reconstructions scientific rare, relatively are resources linguistic) and ethnographic historical, the Contem system IV.1. and increasingly new a for grounds the are these understanding, my In mythologies. national and worldviews non of legacy theor conspiracy toward receptivity anti of articulation the for demand ‗Westernization‘, country‘s the in Disillusionment conglomerated. elements heterogeneous models, explanation and frames patte identification new for search the In ‗traditions‘. post elements the about concepts Cultural metamorphosis ofcollective memories. forgetting and

Ibid., 250. Ibid.,

- Hungarian socialist tendencies on the native faith scene as an amalgamation of the discerned discerned the of amalgamation an as scene faith native the on tendencies socialist Ethnological visions: academic reconstructions of the ancient belief the ancient of reconstructions academic visions: Ethnological porary academic knowledge aboutknowledge poraryacademic

distortions of older memories, stored in the domains of folk culturefolk of domains the in stored ofmemories, older distortions - s ‖ antem rdtos icuig tncs ielge, folk ideologies, ethnicist including traditions, mainstream te td o cletv mmr ms include must memory collective of study the ,

popular counterculture, which came into being in recent years.counterculture, intobeing which came inrecentpopular is limited, hypothetical and contested. As the regarding (archaeological, (archaeological, regarding the As contested. and hypothetical limited, is

iin ae en agn tgte wt te cetc ocps on concepts eclectic the with together hanging been have ligion

aie faith native e pvd h wy o a re a for way the paved ies ‖ 90

the pre the ant e nesod as understood be cannot - Christian beliefs and religious practice is practice religious andbeliefs Christian

rns, spiritual experiences, ideological ideological experiences, spiritual rns, - xlrto o te cultural the of exploration - oens sca values, social modernist ― n xlnto o the of explanation an merely - eif, esotericist beliefs, . I consider the Iconsiderthe .

misinterpreted misinterpreted -

of of CEU eTD Collection 38 95 301 4 (2003): 94 93 92 91 socia and function exact its faith, native accept researchers of majority large the Though for interpretation aextensive ethnographic data more folk oftheabout Hungarian sixties endorsement psycho ethnic Hungarian of theory The Mythology‘. ‗Hungarian ethnology romantic century‘s folklore new, a religion, ancient the Turk to supposedly connected was which religion, ancient shamanistic a of conception the accepted gradually science religious the interpretations, ethnologic historical and methods research comparative on based However, wasconception orpo ifso,it godness, monotheist and of a had they whether clear not is it spirits; or no gods any are about There representations archaeological beings. supernatural their of attributes the nor names the neither concepts, belief the of features basic the today, even Still religions. Sumerian or Persian ‗Scythian‘, the about charactero etymology folk on based generally were and standards

I. Fodor, Fodor, I. Religion,” Hungarian of Questions the and Diószegi “Vilmos Voigt, V. G.Róheim, Kósa, L. Voigt, V.

- 94 ytm r uietfe. e o‘ ko eaty h ery Hungarian early the exactly know don‘t We unidentified. are system - . His seminal work was based on Siberian field Siberian on based was work seminal His . nltcl rm b Gz Rhi i te 1920‘s the in Róheim Géza by frame analytical A magyar néprajz tudománytörténete néprajz A magyar A magyarok ősi vallásáról ősi A magyarok A magyar A magyar f the native faith with comparisons with classical mythologies or with current ideas currentideas with or mythologiesclassicalwithcomparisons with faith native the f – Magyar néphit és népszokások néphit Magyar 311. - process was Vilmos Diószegi‘s ethnological contribution in the fifties and and fifties the in contribution ethnological Diószegi‘s Vilmos was process

ősvalláskutatás kérdései ősvalláskutatás

, hallmarked by Arnold Ipolyi‘s impressive and controversial controversial and impressive Ipolyi‘s Arnold by hallmarked , (Budapest: Magyar Vallástudományi Társaság, 2004), 5. 2004), Társaság, Vallástudományi Magyar (Budapest:

- (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1928). Athenaeum, (Budapest:

ae, eerh aaim a bgn n h mid the in begun was paradigm research based, (Budapest: Magyar Vallástudományi Társaság, 2003). Társaság, Vallástudományi Magyar (Budapest:

(Osiris, 2001). l location is contested. As the general definition of definition general the As contested. is location l - Altai and Siberian. Among Siberian. and Altai 95

the shamanist character of the Hungarian Hungarian the of character shamanist the

- rese lytheist. 91 Acta ethnographica Hungarica ethnographica Acta . They strove to reconstruct the the reconstruct to strove They . arches; he employed his findings findings his employed he arches; hmns ws lbrtd n a in elaborated was shamanism 93

bt h mlsoe n the in milestone the but ,

the reconstructions of of reconstructions the

‘ cosmological s‘ - beliefs.

48, no. 3 no. 48, -

19th - CEU eTD Collection 39 77 n.d.), Árpád és honfoglaláskor 99 carpathica 98 97 42. 96 f the depicts Diószegi shamanism, Siberian with comparisons and interpretations linguistic elements, survival of analysis the From only. táltos táltos 13 documented, is it uncertain, is activity called were who men, spiritual had still they basin, known Itis shamanic its features: theHungarian concerns knowledge academic current elaborated most the faith, native the interpre the of uncertainties significant the of spite In exist. to ( Creator a conceptionof the level‘, shamanic ‗overthe argues that László Gyula archaeological complex‘; ‗shamanic the to reduced be not should religion ethnic Christian Voigt to According it. of fragment a only represent they or them, by described fully is faith native the whether context: religious larger a in elements shamanic the of place religion ‗complex proto the of interpretation appropriate the regarding also, ethnology international in debates academic induce ‗religion‘ a as shamanism

Pócs, É., “A magyar samanizmus a kora újkori forrásokban,” in in forrásokban,” újkori kora a samanizmus magyar “A Pócs, É., Hungarians,” Ancient the of Belief System the and “Shamanism Hoppál, M. Ethnology,” of Scope as a Eurasia North in “Shamanism Voigt, V. Identity,” Ethnic Hungaian in RoleShamanism “The of Hoppál, M.

by their local community in certain rural areas; that time they practiced weather practiced they time that areas; rural certain in community local their by persons - 120.

11 (1999): 58. 98

that at the time, when the conquering Hungarian tribes arrived to the Carpathianthe to arrived Hungariantribes conquering the whentime, the at that 99 Ee bfr te eod ol Wr cran perso certain War, World Second the before Even . ‘ or an ‗ordinary belief ‗ordinary an or ‘ -

kor folklórjából. Ed. by Pócs É. and V. É.Voigt and Pócs by Ed. folklórjából. kor

táltos -

beliefs.

- system‘ th -

ugra fih te usin wehr t a a was it whether question, the faith, Hungarian centurial chronicles still refer to ‗magicians‘ as as ‗magicians‘ to refer still chronicles centurial loig itr aot h ‗rgnl belief ‗original the about picture ollowing 96 , is raised. Another dilemma concerns the the concerns dilemma Another raised. is , táltos Ősök, táltosok, szentek : tanulmányok a a tanulmányok szentek : táltosok, Ősök, Shamanism in Siberia in Shamanism

Danubian Historical Studies. Historical Danubian (Budapest: MTA Néprajzi Kutatóintézete, Kutatóintézete, Néprajzi MTA (Budapest: . Though their social function and function social their Though . tation, it is clear that, regarding regarding that, clear is it tation, Ethnographica et folkloristica folkloristica et Ethnographica s ee tl considered still were ns

1 (1978): 59. 1 (1978): ‗ , no. 3 (1987): no. , Tengri 97 the ,

- magic ‘)

pre had had - - - CEU eTD Collection 40 Slavica 103 102 Göttingen 101 100 cultu Asia of Central and Siberian elaboration further the aimed shamanism about researches Hungarian Diószegi, After in Central Europe. complex idiosyncratic an as considered regularly is case Hungarian the in elements shamanic res comparative by cultures ethnic neighbouring with detected are connections and similarities cultural relevant Though bulls. red and black of forms the specificity ethnic Hungarian tradition. ethnologicalHungarian of elements numerous ‗ tale bones extra long days three sometimes knowledge shamanic candidate. the by acceptance the by followed is what emerge, symptoms stages: predetermination is ( ecstasy controlled a get to able is who person, shamanic system‘

L. Kürti, “The way of the Táltos: A critical re Acritical Táltos: the of way “The Kürti, L. Religion.” Hungarian of Questions the and Diószegi “Vilmos Voigt, ed,” Eurasia, in Shamanism in Beliefs’ Folk Hungarian in “Traces Shamanism of Hoppál, M. Diószegi, V. ece b hrdt o vcto; body vocation; or heredity by reached , no. 3 (2000): 89 no. , ggr fa‟ égigérő a 100

fter fter (1984). the : and A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben népi magyar a emlékei A sámánhit an initial an

rejoined táltos and exceptional and

(‗ – sky

114.

resistance to the vocation the to resistance – -

h above the

ih tree high by shaman ancestors byshaman eie ohr pcait, like specialists, other besides young a young

dream

in the region. the in

ral parallels and deeper understanding of the symbol the of understanding deeper and parallels ral

In Diószegi‘s opinion, the passive process of vocation of process passive the Inopinion, Diószegi‘s . spiritual abilities. The abilities. spiritual ‘)

ge In dreamtime, he was he dreamtime, In belief 101 , usually at seven. at usually , . Despite the Siberian and Central Asian parallels, parallels, Asian Central and Siberian the Despite . assessment of a religious of a assessment -

ytm r itrrtd s tnc marks ethnic as interpreted are system Additional ethnic peculiarity is the shaman the is peculiarity ethnic Additional - in (on ih et o extra or teeth with (born signs . The main initiation main The ,

of of the epileptic ‗ epileptic the

(Akadémiai Kiadó, 1958). Kiadó, (Akadémiai

He made a made He process of of process tudó

transported, disjointed, check disjointed, transported, rejtezés - magical specialist,” specialist,” magical , garabonciás earch shamanic disease shamanic

). The ). trial was was trial becoming includes becoming trance journey trance 103 , the significance of of significance the , position position

climbing the climbing - The and bone Studia mythologica mythologica Studia M Hopp M táltos regős s of the of )

‘s‘ 102 in a in designate \ -

aal, aal, -

various various fight in fight

system by the the by typical typical gained

– ed was was t long

folk áltos is a a is

for a - ,

CEU eTD Collection 41 107 106 105 statues. 66. Ethnology,” of Scope as a Eurasia North in “Shamanism Voigt, and law morals, ethics, into customs of transformation the towards contribution personal no makes god sacral 104 neo of question the to turns Hoppál, particularly ethnology, reconstructions, historical the Besides self – shamanic a applies regularly (past temporal in both intermediator, contemporary a researcher: anda as representation allegories shamanic in ethnology Hungarian traditio of future the anchors and present, the with past the of traditions the interconnects it because symbol, and bridge ― ideologies. and concepts sentiments, contemporary various express the in shaman the of forms literature anthropologic representational romantic salient the to Similarly values. post perhaps on, grounded is representation qui is It supernatural. the and beings living nature, community, and the humans and individual the present, the and past the connects who intermediator, complex a traditions; cultural the saves and prophesies cures, who person the is he accounts: eth current in enriched are functions social His community. his of leader spiritual person unstable and neurotic ‗hysteric‘, a as represented was about picture studies. shamanic international in role significant a has Hoppál, Mihály of worldview. and

future) and spa

M. Hoppál, M. D.C. Noel, Among others, this characterization is accepted by Voigt. „The shaman is a psychopath (in contrast with the the with contrast (in psychopath a is shaman „The Voigt. by accepted is characterization this others, Among - shamanism and its ‗ethnic revival‘. He attributes a positive function to this phenomenon, this to function positive a attributes He revival‘. ‗ethnic its and shamanism Hoppál, Hoppál, - ig h i oiial a oefl war powerful a originally is who king The Soul of Shamanism: Western fantasies, imaginal realities imaginal fantasies, Western Shamanism: of Soul The Tanulmányok Diószegi Vilmosról Tanulmányok Eurázsiában Sámánok

the Currently, the Hungarian ethnology of religion, primarily the academic circle academic the primarily religion, of ethnology Hungarian the Currently, tial (east táltos

105 –

shaman‘s character has been slightly modified. While previously he previously While modified. slightly been has character shaman‘s – te yblc figure symbolic the ,

West) dimensions West) ns.

(Akadémiai Kiadó, 2005), 50. 2005), Kiadó, (Akadémiai ‖ 106

Hoppál regularly refers to the contemporary ‗mission‘ of of ‗mission‘ contemporary the to refers regularly Hoppál

(Budapest: Magyar Vallástudományi Társaság, 2003),8. Társaság, Vallástudományi Magyar (Budapest: lord at the same time), incapable of political action (…) he he (…) action political of incapable time), same the at lord - material and moderately modernity moderately and material 107 .

f the of

táltos

104

is employed metaphorically to to metaphorically employed is (Continuum New York, 1997). York, New (Continuum , now he is seen a legitimate legitimate a seen is he now , e la, ht hs positive this that clear, te Shamanism serves as a as serves Shamanism The suggested suggested The - critical social critical nological –

present

- CEU eTD Collection 42 Consciousness 113 112 111 2000) Williams.(Philadelphia, and Wilkins Alternative Medicine, and Complementary 110 1989),183. T.Borsányi,Grynaeus. L. Babulka, P. by Ed. körében. népek kívüli Európán az 109 108 of program a toward elucidated was and contexts cultural particular any from independently trans a provided revivalism shamanist academic dissimilariti significant have stories two these However, shamanism. urban of contribution case the in anthropology‘s Goodman) Felicita and Castaneda American Harner, by (hallmarked the to similarly movements, revival spiritual ‗midwifeHungariana sense,ethnology had In this scene.faith native neo local the of development the to contributed significantly he popularization, shaman urban Hungarian contemporary several with connections personal good has events; faith ‗neo Hungarian the of workshop shamanism‘ ‗core American of figure leading identity. ethnic of reproduction the of technique and neo revival. ethnic shamanistic a for potential the about reflections includes shamanism ‗techno to critical alte valuable a as it depicts and

R.J. Wallis, “Altered States, Conflicting Cultures: Shamans, Neo Shamans, Cultures: Conflicting States, “Altered R.J.Wallis, ezredfordulón.” az Magyarországon “Újtáltosság Takács, and Kertész hajnalán.” század XXI. a “Táltosok B., Szathmári, in Harner, S. and Harner M. Eg sámánok. “Városi Hoppál, M. a in “Shamanism Hoppál, M. - shamanism mak shamanism

s from 1986 from s

10, no. 2 no. 10, táltos - society‘. - 3 (1999): 41 3 (1999):

es vanishing practices socially more prestigious, it can be a fine symbol fine a be can it prestigious, more socially practices vanishing es

esn. y i poesoa atvt ad naeet n ethnological in engagement and activity professional his By persons. 111 - táltos . According to Kertész and Takács, this is the symbolic starting point point starting symbolic the is this Takács, and Kertész to According . Core Practices in the Shamanic Treatment of Illness Treatment Shamanic the in Core Practices postmodern age,” age,” postmodern ‘ subculture. ‘ H y

– ősi gyógyítási módszer új arca.,” in in arca.,” új módszer ősi gyógyítási is 49.

rnative social movement in a ‗postmodern age‘ ‗postmodern a in movement social rnative cdmc nepeain f h sca rl o goa neo global of role social the of interpretation academic

112 Folklore. An Electronic Journal Electronic An Folklore.

Hoppál‘s books are regularly distributed in native native in distributed regularly are books Hoppál‘s 110 -

technique, which was designed as adaptable adaptable as designed was which technique, to Hungary, where he organized shamanic shamanic organized he where Hungary, to ” - shamans and Academics,” Academics,” and shamans 109

Hoppál invited Michael Harner, a a Harner, Michael invited Hoppál es as well. The American urban urban American The well. as es

Síppal, dobbal… Hagyományos orvoslás orvoslás Hagyományos dobbal… Síppal,

(Budapest: Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Kiadó, Mezőgazdasági (Budapest:

2 (1996). , vol. Textbook of Textbook vol. , role‘ at the birth of localbirth the at role‘ .

Anthropology of of Anthropology - 108 shaman and and shaman , which is is which , “ When or s 113 -

CEU eTD Collection 43 értelmezések 114 Asia. and Europe to the from apart Turan tore who Ancient ethnies, the of connection real a build to is aim Its (…) family. connections. terms. linguistic, race in and cultures cultural ‗Eastern‘ different with relationship ethnic about ideas contested This theymark and political primarilycultural opinions served to ide ‗ of associations Previous meaning. structureof resonant historically a in significances particular their gained Turanism andTuran character national about discourses Turanist the map mental of interpretation idiosyncratic renew a offered represents Turanism Hungarian IV.2. possibility ofa life the and worldview‘ ‗shamanistic complex more a frame; interpretational ethnic an offered self

Sassi Nagy Lajos‘s Sassi Nagy - moemn ad hrp apiain T application. therapy and empowerment

cultural, political and economical movement movement economical and political cultural, Interwar Interwar

of symbolic geography symbolic of ― da wr hgl contested highly were ideas Turanism is a natural expression of the national idea of the Ural the of idea national the of expression natural a is Turanism - ed cultural scheme and scheme cultural ed től II a Turanism

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mergent Turkology and comparative folklore studies studies folklore comparative and Turkology mergent presupposed large language group language large presupposed

According to frequent interpretations, the idea of modern P of modern idea the interpretations, frequent to According 149. Ibid., Winternitz analyses the interplay of nationalism and the Turanist linguistic theory: theory: linguistic Turanist the and nationalism of interplay the analyses Winternitz en ainls pan nationalist pean anism during it during anism

‖ - century Eastern Europe Eastern century –

ely Hungarian nation‘ among presupposed among nation‘ Hungarian ely writes Szépvizi Baláswrites in1925 Szépvizi . A . s a linguistic umbrella term, umbrella linguistic a s - Turkism and to the Finno the to and Turkism Bulgaria, J. Landau, J.Landau, -

Ugric and Turk peoples lived in the present or historically: Finland, Finland, historically: or present the in lived peoples Turk and Ugric - s full history. full s aa sekr Central speaker Tatar - t ie budre. n h Hnain iin, oe ertre were territories core visions, Hungarian the In boundaries. fixed ot Ugric and Turkic and Ugric - movements, Pan , vol. ed. by Roland Sussex, J. C. Eade. (Columbus: Slavica Publ. Slavica (Columbus: Eade. C. J. Sussex, Roland by ed. vol. ,

uky n Central and Turkey - Turkism Hungarian Turanist Hungarian

( re

: from irredentism to cooperation to irredentism : from lab - 115 - - etr sniet. „ sentiments. Western rmrl b primarily 158. speaker peoples. It was both inspired and scar and inspired both was It peoples. speaker eled as ‗Ural as eled .

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Altai‘ w - century,” in in century,” ere Max Friedrich Müller Friedrich Max - lvs ad pan and Slavism

looking for relatives and allies and relatives for looking al and generally refused later refused generally and

it for a social a for it Europe means dark land in in land dark means Europe

- entity, the steppe territories steppe the entity, speaker ethnic groups and and groups ethnic speaker , 2nd ed. (London: Hurst, Hurst, ed.(London: 2nd , utr ad ainls in nationalism and Culture

- h iaie cultural imagined The Turanism J. Winternitz, “The “The Winternitz, J. - cultural space: cultural - - ethnie 116 Germanism ,

: Humanities Humanities : it signified it

and s: first s: ed by ed was was ) 117 in . .

CEU eTD Collection 45 231. 2007), Gyurgyá way: sarcastic a in dilemma racist 121 gyűjtőhelye kutatások abuse similar know we as conceivable it’s it, about reference academic any found haven’t I Though Ukraine. in service labour 120 3. (1913): nation Turanic the in kin Hungarians Turanic the of study the is purpose 119 störténe Kutatócsoport 118 et about modernization; of type Western the of renunciation the and individualism‘ Turanist its Turán Magyarországi r Most status andthe toward Germansentiments; race on lean increasing its cause‘; ‗Hungarian allies postwar policy‘s foreign interest; war and economic direct through the of stages subsequent movement The remarkable. were Turanism of transformations historical ideology. unified and stabile movement social homogeneous a not wasTuranism and sometimes Becau Japan.

É Present Hungarian Hungarian “ . Kincses Nagy, Kincses. Nagy, Let us turn to the East, Hungarians! To the East, on national, scientific and economical fields! (...) Our Our (...) fields! economical and scientific national, on East, the To Hungarians! East, the to turn us Let k, adical adical )

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day sympathizers of Turanism suggest that adherents of the Turanist Church were drafted to drafted were Church Turanist the of adherents that suggest Turanism of sympathizers day Ezzé lett magyar hazátok hazátok magyar lett Ezzé 118 s on other ‘sects’ during the war the during ‘sects’ other on s version of scientific racism became increasingly important. As Gyurgyák epitomizes the Turanist Turanist the epitomizes Gyurgyák As important. increasingly became racism scientific of version

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, 1991). , Szövetség

http://ostortenetunk.blogspot.com/2009/03/pogany . 121 - Turanism the formation of a pagan religious communi religious pagan a of formation the

history, Bulgarians were also considered to be a Turanic nation, Turanic a be to considered also were Bulgarians history, “

How can we fall back on the fundaments of race of fundaments the on back fall we can How aiy n cetfc n eooi fields. economic and scientific on family Though its institutional existence lasted only three decades, decades, three only lasted existence institutional its Though Besides its its Besides

( mga nmeeze s ainlzu története nacionalizmus és nemzeteszme magyar a ‗Hungarian Turan Associa Turan ‗Hungarian - ain, t nations,

, 19 , - was represented represented was years. See years. to the Mongolian, and Manchu 19 - e connection he 1931 120 salient cultural criticism toward ‗Western ‗Western toward criticism cultural salient t mad it

–

- D Agoston, “A Pogány torony,” Pogány “A Agoston, D

( suggests hoy n te same the and theory Szeged ; rather an unfixed network of ideas th ideasof network unfixed ratheran pae o a new a for place e : - József ATudományegyetem la Magyar buildings with them, a ruling role for the the for role ruling a them, with buildings

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T ( - . eei “Bevezet Teleki, P. his stream his torony.html. - - t ty, ty, ie rwh f anti of growth time Chinese peoples also.Chinese heory, as non as heory, - on te revived the born: a persecuted a the A magyar őstörténeti őstörténeti magyar A - searches for the the for searches

(Budapest: Osiris, Osiris, (Budapest:

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‗sect‘ ‗sect‘ forced forced Turán an a an 119 ” J. . - ;

CEU eTD Collection 46 124 t igazszólás of initiation ’spiritual the of themes general 123 122 Roman the on tied which movements Italian with also and Germanness, ancient heroized pan of movements German similar characteristically the Movem Turanist Hungarian the nature, ‘modern‘ its myth national a for examples Turanism. for location public cultic of ground The equallycommonplace belief ‗betrayal‘scholarship‘s a such context, this in emerged concepts theoretical conspiracy movement. the in figure leader a by supported was Americans Native and Hungarians originated later esotericism interesting national of antecedent civilization high ones, extreme proliferated. prehistory imagined of theme the ‗Ind on and variations Etruscan cultures: Assyrian, Sumerian, the of nature Turanic the civilizations, of homeland ancient the as Turan, ancestry:ethnic about weredrawup assumptions lineage.Colorful historical originandethnic paganism. nationalist

Baráthosi Farkas, I. The topos of Atlantis in the fantasies fantasies the in Atlantis of topos The : mondák

A Turanizmus. Doctoral Dissertation Doctoral A Turanizmus. - rm Hnain mirn i te tts aot tnc isi bten proto between kinship ethnic about States) the in immigrant Hungarian a from Balogh, B., B., Balogh, we , regék a blee t be to believed was can mention th mention can A magyar nemzet igazi története igazi nemzet A magyar -

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of all human culture and the origin of each momentous momentous each of origin the and culture human all r vgd y hi acet enemies, ancient their by avaged radical - e ain ad h ’ot iiiain. See civilization’. ’lost the and nation’ he (Budapest, 2003), 138. 2003), (Budapest, socialism and inpost socialism 124 -

kézművesekvilágából Christian foundations. Christian

and Turanism (Budapest, 19 (Budapest, 123 - genesis is is genesis . A not less surprising finding (which was was finding(which surprising . Anotless the false indoctrinationfalsethe ent was associated from the thirties with thirties the from associated was ent - Germanism and Wotan cults, which cults, Wotan and Germanism , cniuu dsore a about ran discourse continuous a re

37). - emerging; it represents an even more more even an represents it emerging; - socialist Hungary.

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aitc eia; h reports the revival; ganistic Goodrick 183. note Ibid., Cs.Fazekas, Farkas, symbolized by Koppány; by symbolized - It stood for stood It horse sacrifice and paganism in it. in paganism and sacrifice horse ‖ A Turanizmus. Doctoral Dissertation Doctoral A Turanizmus. 125 ‖ - 128 Clarke, Clarke,

The . Kisegyházak és szektakérdés a Horthy a és szektakérdés Kisegyházak ― h euae mdl cas iiue te uait da bcue t es only sees it because idea, Turanist the ridicules class middle educated The h mvmn‘ pbi rpeetto ad o te belief the not and representation public movement‘s the P

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Christian sentiments; sentiments; Christian broader political and intellectual perception was strongly negative and and negative strongly was perception intellectual and political broader .

c y omn st common by ic of . s m As e.

its commitment to ancient, taintless ethnic purity; the context of purity; context ethnic the taintlessancient, tocommitment its Turáni Egyisten Turáni

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133. - Typical characterizations Typical claimed korszakban

n neet tendency inherent an - the the ainls, oe deet rdsoee the rediscovered adherents some nationalism, hívők

proto .

Regarding the Regarding

( a historical continuity with pre with continuity historical a ‗ ny rget ae nw aot the about known are fragments Only Ibid. Turanist Monotheists Turanist

(Budapest: TEDISZ, Szt. Pál Akad., 1996). Akad., Pál Szt. TEDISZ, (Budapest: - Hungarians‘ religion as religion Hungarians‘ bu saas s prta leaders, spiritual as shamans about

129

, this option is quiet plausible. plausible. quiet is option this , Among other social, cultural, cultural, social, other Among

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CEU eTD Collection 48 kin and homes ancient of world fantasy a into turns homesick deep the as described are symptoms its it; calls sarcastically description literary Németh‘s László following national discourse. aidentity to led means, available by cause‘ ‗Hungarian the serve to aspirations personal of networks the in emerged has science‘ ‗alternat An ethnie. Hungarian the of lineage historical a but more, any family geographical a not was kinship Turanic of meaning primer The interpretations. givean ‗authentic‘ national Hungarians, and to emigrant of concern Main a to development religious discourse. further a and adherents its of activities ‗scientific‘ the were Turanism in reduced was decades. these in ‗development‘ and articulations different it. of sympathizers just were or Turanism, interwar to Diasporas Hungarian American) Latin especially a cease to had concepts, more a as or movement a as Turanism, While IV.3. paganimportant resource for aftertheofstate revival nationalist fall spiritual and political ny

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CEU eTD Collection 49 131 a not 130 was parentage Eastern of concept Turanist original the of acceptance the network, w grandness, national desired the justify to believed was it‖ for necessary is history world of reformulation complete the though if history, of stream main the of events ‗big‘ to it put and particularity, that is theories these of feature ‗kin localization the ethnogenesis, Hungarian the were concepts heterogeneous emerged the of concerns Main some were there later, in worked they whereexceptions. fields those in not or all at background ‗para the of most While emigration. the in only it to closer get may others Hungary; in Turanism interwar to link a or participation documented a had already authors few A science. national s ‗religious and ‗folklore‘ ‗linguistic‘, research‘, Hungarians. the of identity and pride past, national the steal to is purpose whose traitors), the Communists, the Russians, the Aryans, the t Habsburgs, the Vatican, the Jews, enemies(the and nationalby historystrangers anti sharp gener The dilettantism. mother the of version

Szilágyi and Szilárdi, R., R., Szilárdi, and Szilágyi G.Komoróczy, - participants tnc rus. hl te nwr fr hs qetos aid infcnl, common significantly, varied questions these for answers the While groups‘. ethnic - ally considered weak pseudo weak considered ally eerhr‘ ee self were researchers‘ - academic attitudes and conspiracy theories about the purposive adulteration of of adulteration purposive the about theories conspiracy and attitudes academic

of the ‗ancient homeland‘ and the identification of historical or contemporary contemporary or historical of identification the and homeland‘ ‗ancient the of Sumer és magyar és Sumer

usually

Istenek ébredése Istenek - tongue. claimed - ed

(Budapest: Magvető, 1976). Magvető, (Budapest: 130 ―they take out the Hungarian nation from its Central E Central its from nation Hungarian the out take ―they ctd n h sne ht hy ant o a sa academic usual a got hadn‘t they that sense the in ucated

to use scientific justification methods, while their activity their while methods, justification scientific use to Its preferred genre is the rich repertoire of etymological etymological of repertoire rich the is genre preferred Its - scientism by academic standards. The discourse included discourse The standards. academic by scientism , 57. ,

Para - scientific forms of ‗archaeology‘, ‗historical ‗archaeology‘, of forms scientific 131 uis wr rpeetd n hs heretic this in represented were tudies‘ . As any historical reconsideration, which which reconsideration, historical any As .

s ecm i ti nationalist this in welcome as he Germans, he Germans, uropean is

CEU eTD Collection 50 137 136 135 134 133 1975). 132 emigration. Canadian his in regime Cross Arro right extreme Hungarian the in functionary a became who war, the before historian ethno alternative the in hegemonic became regularly they though and also, origins Sumerian of concept the positively received authors emigrant Other and Hungarian English in either seventies, and fifties the between publications several in popularized were betwe similarities cultural and historical linguistic, PrimerHerIda theory inventorabout lineage ofthe claims ofdirect Bobula. Sumerian was Társaság Magyar a in beliefs Hungarian emigration; the in only concern primer a became it also, period interwar the in spread was it and antecedents historical had concepts these While group. ethnic Hungarian anc Sumerian of supposition the on built was theory alternative popular Most Carpathian Hungarian, ‗ethnically an about ideas protochronist to ancestry ethnic oriental of concept of movement pagan the to connected was who Magyar, Adorján discourse. the in participation legitimate a for condition necessary

T. Baráth, T.Baráth, Borbándi, Gy. Bobula, I. Bo I. A., Magyar, Magyar, A.

bula, bula, A sumér for affiliations:reconsideration Aplea Sumerian - A magyar népek őstorténete (Prehistory of the Hungarian people) Hungarian (Prehistorythe of őstorténete népek A magyar – basin primordial civilization‘ basin primordial A lelkiismeret aranytükre: adatok a magyar ősvallás erkölcstanából magyar a adatok aranytükre: A lelkiismeret Az Ősműveltség Az

136 uein isi sprtd rm h lre Turan larger the from separated kinship Sumerian Nyugati magyar irodalmi lexikon és bibliográfia és lexikon magyar irodalmi Nyugati contested certain details and methodological question of Bobula, the main idea main the Bobula, of question methodological and details certain contested 135 , turned to the question of Hungarian Hungarian of question the to turned , .

- magyar rokonság kérdése rokonság magyar (‗Sumer

(Magyar Adorján Baráti Kör, 1995). Kör, Baráti Adorján (Magyar –

ugra Scey) a fre i Beo Ais n 1951. in Aries Buenos in formed was Society‘) Hungarian itr aáy, n anti an Padányi, Viktor Turáni Eg Turáni

(Ed. Esda, 1961).Esda, (Ed. 133 . -

science. science. yistenhívők

(Selbstverl., 1951). (Selbstverl., en the Sumerian and Hungarian culture culture Hungarian and Sumerian the en Tibor –

(Budapest: Hitel, 1992). Hitel, (Budapest:

Egyptian

- omns eirn i Australia in emigrant communist Baráth,

before the war the before -

(Vol, 1968).(Vol, Sumerian ancient history ancient Sumerian s cnet. The concepts. ist

a well a

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132

, substituted the the substituted , sr o the of estry Sumír 137 134 w –

CEU eTD Collection 51 1969). Akadémia, Turáni 140 139 138 the that argued He further. lineage ethnic of concept alternative the developed and 1946 in Argentina to arrival his after history and language Sumerian the study to begun officer, army ‗ the of representative known most The the by Mayas andinconsecutive theSumerians steps. colonized was America Latin imagination, historical his to According languages. became Amhara and Kechua Maya, of languages American the and Basque the Greek, ancient the the emigration: Argentinean his in expanded – theory his articulated war, the during and before Association had additionally who Pogrányi Félix Sumerian ‗roots‘ Vogul {Finno andintheother are inthe similar ‗roots‘, Sumerian old years 6000 the are entities core language‘s Our (…) nations. Caspian the home ancient Its elements. Onogur some with Sabirs the of descendant Western the is Finno of idea the with it combines but origin, Sumerian of theory ba inferior, associates because term, ‗nomadic‘ the of application the refuses He civilization. peaceful more settlers‘ Western the to contrast in cultures, horseman mobile and noble free, of representatives werethe Hungarians the view, of Hungarianprehistor of interpretationpersonal his about severalbooks published

S. Csőke, maietruszk?,” a lenne magyar “A Gheno, D. Padányi, V. ugra lin Hungarian

descendants of descendants Perui aymará és quechua nyelvek uralaltáji nyelvi rokonsága: bevezető tanulmány bevezető rokonsága: nyelvi uralaltáji nyelvek quechua és aymará Perui - Sumír ein suh o t to south region, - Nagy, a governm a Nagy, guistic kinship from the thirties. This hypothetical language family was was family language hypothetical This thirties. the from kinship guistic - magyar nyelv lélekazonossága nyelv magyar

taught the Sumerian and close relatives of Hungarian and other ‘Ural other and Hungarian of relatives close and Sumerian

language e acss te i rsror f h Sumerian the of reservoir big the Caucasus, he ent officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the forties, forties, the in Affairs Foreign of Ministry the in officer ent Magyar Nyelv Magyar Sumerian paradigm‘ is paradigm‘ Sumerian courses

(W. Coburg, Vic.: Turáni Tört. Tört. Vic.:Coburg, Turáni (W. constructed group of group constructed

of Sumerian and Etruscan in the Turanic Turanic the in Etruscan and Sumerian of

100, no. 4 (2004): 490. 4 (2004): 100, no. brc eoacs o t H spot the supports He it. to resonances rbaric - Ugric languages}. 139

about the Etruscan the about Ferenc Badinyi Ferenc - Ugric kinship: kinship: Ugric ‘Asianus‘ languages (i.e. languages ‘Asianus‘ Társ., 1961), 24. 1961), Társ.,

‖ 138

(Buenos Aires: (Buenos Aires: y. In his point y.Inhis - Jós ―

- Our nation Our

- Sumerian Sumerian .

Turanic Turanic This ex This - land is land - Altai‘ Altai‘ 140 ) CEU eTD Collection 52 142 141 da serious caused and heresies and faith Hungarian ancient the repress to stroke they tradition. ethnic sacred representative revival that annihilate to policy, centuries a of picture a depict records The Kosice. in 1944 in him re court of number great a includes which the about Dominicana books Collectio several published he 1967, From sixties. the in Argentina in settled and church a as was who Fehér, ‗alternativists‘. the post medieval, the on view seminal ex and historian emigrant an Fehér, Jenő Mátyás Hungarians and proto the of faith genuine The authors. several by discussed regularly were powers political and eth implicit. remained usually and ‗scientism‘ the from of the Besides well. as interest in registers cultural and epistemological alternative were there legitimacy, and recognition roughed the to addition In anc samevery the theyare languages,but kin simply not are Hungarian the and Sumerian the it, to according stronger: even statement Sumeria and Etruscan

F. Badinyi Jós, F. Badinyi Jós, F. Badiny national imaginary national nic religion, character of the native faith, its historical position and relation to other beliefs other to relation and position historical its faith, native the of character religion, nic ient h omeland in the Carpathianomeland inthe Base. Káldeától Ister Káldeától A sumir

- - s of the pre the of s

n scribes can be read in and only in Hungarian in only and in read be can scribes n Hungarians was in the heart ofHungarians Badinyi‘s was intheheart hist o ‗ or , also revived. The processes of spiritualization did not separate sharply sharply separate not did spiritualization of processes The revived. also magyar nyelvazonosság bizonyítékai nyelvazonosság magyar ―The inquisition was directed by aliens, out of the body of the nation; the of body the of out aliens, by directed was inquisition ―The - time folk healer folk time - alternative Gamig asi Kódex‟ Kassai

aforementioned ‗scientific‘ aspirations, the religious tendencies religious the aspirations, ‗scientific‘ aforementioned

(Budapest: si Örökségünk Alapítvány, 2002). Alapítvány, si Örökségünk (Budapest: - Christian native faith, whose function was secretly save the save secretly was function whose faith, native Christian - Christianization destiny of the Hungarian native faith for for faith native Hungarian the of destiny Christianization 142 concept . H

cords from medieval inquisition sues, was found by found was sues, inquisition medieval from cords e underlined the possibility of a Hungarian apossibility of the underlined e táltos H camd ta a rvosy nnw codex, unknown previously a that claimed, He . s

of ethnogenesis, which claimed for a scientific scientific a for claimed which ethnogenesis, of -

hist persons. According to Fehér, they were the the were they Fehér, to According persons. - ra o te oiia Odr rvdd a provided Order Dominican the of friar orian in Hungary, emigrated to the West West the to emigrated Hungary, in orian

(Budapest: Orient Press, 1996). Orient (Budapest: Concepts on the origins of the ancient ancient the of origins the on Concepts orical imaginations. - 141 og ecls church merciless long

, and made the basic basic the made and ,

mages to mages -

Sumer Sumer - CEU eTD Collection 53 146 145 144 143 lifes and scenes social meanings soci nationalism of forms new transitions, post a exclusively not was spiritualities‘ ‗ethnic for Demand IV.4. nationalist counterculture and Pagan scene ofpost to Church‘ ‗Hungarian the of establishment the proposed he nineties, (and national a of idea ap the to led religion Hungarians‘ early the about concepts his and pre it exemplifies actual of heart the in generally was mysticism national Though church.Christian high and men spiritual co their to verification as historians‘‗alternative the regularlyby historians, academic of majority Hungarians.‖ the

aety non parently F. Badiny Jós, “Magyar egyház”, n.d. egyház”, Jós, “Magyar F. Badiny Jós, F. Badiny “ J.M. Fehér, other figures of the Turanist emigration, became icons and regular reference regular and icons became emigration, Turanist the of figures other 26. A „Kassai kódex” hitelességéről”, n.d., http://mek.oszk.hu/03300/03301/html/bgkvti_4/bgki0426.htm. n.d., hitelességéről”, „Kassaikódex” 26. A l ewrs te w phenomenon two the networks; al Development eiiu que religious and Középkori Magyar Inkvizició Magyar Középkori

A k new forms of national identities) interconnected in certain cases. Some of these of Some cases. certain in interconnected identities) national of forms new - eih Christianity Jewish) áld

143 - eminently. Badinyi‘s anti Badinyi‘s eminently. -

pártus hagyomány és a magyarok Jézus magyarok a és hagyomány pártus tos itntycm o h fot n oe ae. Badinyi cases. some in front the to came distinctly stions

Credibility of Fehér‘s Fehér‘s of Credibility

of the spiritual cultic milieu cultic the spiritual of - tyle oaiy f h ntv fih js a t te eaie eito o the of depiction negative the to as just faith, native the of morality - groups

Kassai Kódex Kassai

– (Buenos Aires, 1967), 5. 1967), (Buenos Aires, 145

as Kürti referred to them, parts of the early ‗cultic ‗cultic early the of parts them, to referred Kürti as Atr Badinyi After . and alternative religiosity already spread in diffuse diffuse in spread already religiosity alternative and

(countercultural claims for suppressed spiritual spiritual suppressed for claims (countercultural - Semitic criticism of the Roman Catholic Church Catholic Roman the of criticism Semitic material

is a complete forgery complete a is - socialism. - vallása

- is highly dubious; according to the the to according dubious; highly is ó‘ come Jós‘

the nationalist para nationalist the

(Budapest: M. Ház, 2005). Ház, M. (Budapest:

- 1989 construction. Before the the Before construction. 1989 ncepts on the character of the the of character the on ncepts - ak o Hungar to back 146 144 . Badinyi . . This work is referred referred is work This . - historiography, historiography, - - Jós, s Jós, - Jós‘ lifework Jós‘ p

oints in the the in oints

y in the the in y imilarly

CEU eTD Collection 54 Society and State Religion, 149 Lithu Vilnius, Conference, 148 322 (2001): 147 of esoteric inthelate beliefs t liberate to is ideology Marxist andAgeNew Potrava status, int the Though decades. two last its in democratic the after region, the to transitions arrival delayed a had phenomenon Age‘ ‗New the the from intact almost were societies Eastern alternatives, cultural to access limited and boundaries closed ideology, official the of character atheist materialist monopolistic, the of because that agree scholars Most systematically. elaborated system socialist the under movements spiritual and religious new of history The activities and popular ofself ways post type Western to connected are history national and culture ethnic in interests A parapsychology. philosophy, and mysticism Eastern esoteri contemporary medicine, folk and alternative of fields the to as era, the of subcultures alternative to connected are activities the of Most forms. and types late the of cults and activities Spiritual nationalist movements. milieu‘

B. Potrata, “New age, socialism and other millenarianisms: millenarianisms: other and socialism age, “New B. Potrata, in Poland,” Theof Case Country: Catholic a in New AgeMovement the of “Peculiarity Hall, D. Hungary,” milieu in cultic the and neoshamanism, phenomena, “Psychic Kürti, L. 147

– 148 350. -

. However, alternative spiritualities were present in the Eastern bloc, particularly particularly bloc, Eastern the in present were spiritualities alternative However, . might be the social wombs and direct antecedents of contemporary pagan pagan contemporary of antecedents direct and wombs social the be might he person from ‗false consciousness‘, which can explain the growing popularity popularity growing the explain can which consciousness‘, ‗false from person he

in spite of the evident differences evident the of spite in

ania (http://www. cesnur. org/2003/vil2003_hall. htm) org/2003/vil2003_hall. cesnur. ania (http://www.

32, no. 4 (2004):32, 365 no.

- socialist period.

149 : both are millenarian movements, social utopias, whose aim aim utopias,whose social aremovements,millenarian both : - actualization. – countercultural a with cohered usually them in erest - 379. oils pro hd eeoeeu origi heterogeneous had period socialist

– affirming and struggling with (post) socialism,” socialism,” (post) with struggling and affirming

points out important similarities between similarities important out points w cn e, n oe ae the cases some in see, can we s

‗spiritual revolution‘ of the West; the of revolution‘ ‗spiritual , 2003. , ci sm, urban spiritualities, spiritualities, urban sm, Nova Religio Nova

CESNUR 2003 CESNUR

4, no. 2 no. 4, s sources, ns, s o yet not is - material - CEU eTD Collection 55 doktori.btk.elte.hu/lit/domokos/diss.pdf. 156 2000 155 154 153 152 Liget 151 szorultlélek” „Fába 150 culture. popular mainstream the to arrived and product houses commercial a publishing became spirituality alternative and bookstores esoteric of spreading the with regime, socialist the shows already Control‘ Mind ‗Silva and (re setting) bone healing, bio (radiesthesia, medicine alternative of forms understood more became alchemy magic, traditions magical and occult the toward curiosity general a with people the all for point focus a became Buddhology of Institution Sándor Csoma Kőrösi the Buddhism, in attracted previously ofspirituality.and unknown forms eclectic by the formulating a eighties and sixties the between Hamvas Béla around cult the about account detailed his In opposition. political for lifestyle optional an became spirituality unofficial fashion occult bourgeois necromancy Hungary, socialist In

Domokos, Á., “Populáris ezotéria és az olvasás piaca. piaca. olvasás és az ezotéria “Populáris Á., Domokos, vallásijelenségekben,” új magyarországi a jegyei sajátosságok és helyi a globalizáció vallási “A Kamarás, I., milieu Hungary.” in cultic the and neoshamanism, phenomena, “Psychic Kürti, Farkas, M. A. mítoszért,” egy elveszett “Rekviem K., Mund, and M. A. Farkas, szemantikája,” kulturális okkultizmus modern a avagy spiritualitás, “Technicizált K., Mund, and M. A. Farkas, “„Ez E., Szojka, , no. 9 (2002). no. , , no. 5 (2001): 9. 5 (2001): no. ,

Buddhizmus Magyarországon Buddhizmus esoteric networks of marginal intellectuals; countercultural figures, who were were who figures, countercultural intellectuals; marginal of networks esoteric

csak egy passzió” passzió” csak egy

–

a szellem történeti dokumentációja,” dokumentációja,” történeti szellem a

151 - )appeared also around 1980 around also )appeared survive ,

–

filmaz asztaltáncoltatás népi/populáris formáiról Szacsvay Éva Szacsvay formáiról népi/populáris filmaz asztaltáncoltatás - and 150

d in informal social networks. Furthermore, alternative, alternative, Furthermore, networks. social informal in d and spiritist séances, perhaps as remnants of the interwar interwar the of remnants as perhaps séances, spiritist and - oe oua from popular more

(Budapest: MTA PTI Etnoregionális Kutközp., 1998). Kutközp., Etnoregionális PTI MTA (Budapest:

the beginning of a new era. Under the last years of of years last the Under era. new a of beginning the Doctoral dissertation”, 2007, dissertation”, Doctoral Tabula 154 , no. 1 (2010): 119 no. , Valóság . The fashion of sci of fashion The . h egte. eti spiritually Certain eighties. the - energetic healing, renewed folk folk renewed healing, energetic , no. 8 (2001): 51 no. ,

By the growingBy interest the - 126.

- 152 - fi clubs, yoga clubs, fi 64. , Farkas shows shows Farkas , 153

. Astrology, Astrology, .

– Tari János: Tari 155 156 , , CEU eTD Collection 56 159 158 wa 157 re of techniques acquainted newly the associated participants Some spiritualities‘. ‗alternative to connected were hopes and beliefs colorful where scene, social a neo American an Harner, Michael When ‗ were they that proclaimed practitioners esoteric and spiritual different time, this By history. national of reinterpretations subcultur the well A secrethe Paál initiated thenation‘s to past. when Hungary, in soldier Soviet a as fought knowledge shamanic ancestors‘ his of inheritor grandson shaman‘s Mansi a of recital the after born been had work his that blood ‗Hun the and Hungarians the of prehistory esoteric long pages mill steel the low a and interest intellectual an was there limited. are possibilities research Hungary, socialist the of Because -

„

s Arvisura. the Kürti, “Psychic phenomena, neoshamanism, and the cultic milieu in Hungary,” 336. milieu Hungary,” in cultic the and neoshamanism, phenomena, “Psychic Kürti, Paál xlrto o ehi fl clue bles n mdcl practices. medical and beliefs culture, folk ethnic of exploration In the seventies, We’ve got a sercretfully circulated 50 circulated sercretfully a got We’ve seventies, the In , Arvisura - known art known l ewrs f aps upres saai patcs ee tahd o the to attached were practices shamanic supporters, Papp‘s of networks al - - ” igazszólás okr al otn rm h svnis Pá, h hd rte tosns of thousands written had who Paál, seventies. the from Zoltán Paál worker

K. Friedrich, K. Friedrich, lot opee bec o witn ore aot ainl ytcs in mysticism national about sources written of absence complete almost - historian, Gábor Papp popularized Paál‘s work in the early eighties early the in work Paál‘s popularized Papp Gábor historian,

Tászok táltos

- tetőtől a bosnyák piramisokig bosnyák a tetőtől , r t es sm blees osdrd hm to them considered believers some least at or ‘, - shaman guru came to Hungary, he already arrived to to arrived already he Hungary, to came guru shaman

- scale cult scale - 60 pages long typed text from one of our fiends… it it fiends… our of one from text typed long pages 60 It is k is It 157

around ‗ around

(Budapest: Szakács G., 2 G., Szakács (Budapest: nown from personal memories that memories personal from nown

Arvisura ‗core shamanism‘ with the with shamanism‘ ‗core -

soito‘ claimed association‘, ‘ 158

007), 104. and its scribe its and Ti alleged This . e one. be

159 . In . r, r, CEU eTD Collection 57 network fluid a compose followers faith native connec usually are participants self circles. other to compared themselves define often communities reco public for contestation while groups, rival by developed were which concepts the on reflect they others‘; of ideas the by fertilized actors and groups the divers: are relationships Their field. fluid a compose communities their stake Individual spiritual varied. ethnic and numerous alternative are the discourse of mediums and Participants direction. one into them fit church colou is Hungary sense the to contribute actors beli group attitudes, emotions, communities, practices, secular and ritual texts, activities, various their By participate. groups informal and organizations actors, locations, virtual and social a in hetero constructed internally but are distinct, legacy cultural and identity national ethnicity, of meanings Public explicit without prevalent referencesare historical pagan and symbolism religious whereat paganism‘, spirituality alternative of communities informal types. ideological religious their along scene faith native Hungarian the of institutions and communities and representative influential and significant most the characterize and describe I chapter, this In V.

Contemporary pagan communities and social spaces inHungary - f ad doois r cntutd Cuce, prta cmuiis n non and communities spiritual Churches, constructed. are ideologies and efs representations, multiple memberships in the communities are prevalent: individual individual prevalent: are communities the in memberships multiple representations, - like hierarchy, individual concepts can flourish without effective central pressures to pressures central effective without flourish can concepts individual hierarchy, like religious activities. rful or even kaleidoscopic even or rful

Below,

dfeetae 1 ntv faith native (1) differentiate I geneous cultural network. In this complex process, different different process, complex this In network. cultural geneous ted to more to ted - aig rcs alike. process making - than .

As the native faith movements lack a c a lack movements faith native the As nto i slet mn te. aie faith Native them. among salient is gnition - on group at the same time. Communities of Communities time. same the at group on

Hb‘ f this of ‗Hubs‘ (2 ad h representatives the and ) -

odr, foll holders, otmoay aie at see in scene faith native Contemporary e rlgos oeet and movements religious new In spite of the variations in variations the of spite In

ewr ae multifarious: are network wr, ypties and sympathizers owers,

f ‗public of - religious ommon ommon

s - -

CEU eTD Collection 58 160 Egyháza Tanok ‟Ezoterikus Egyház Táltos ‟Ősmagyar ‘ the are These offi an get to aspired or had which organizations, religious seven to refer I churches, pagan the Among N V.1. activity. religious explicit any without actors paganism‘: ‗public of ideologists the and communities less the include but churches, on exclusively concerned not the Church, of followers the as themselves neo ethnic time. same the at theirs than wider and narrower is which which are those, from traditions national on based groups the and elements; religious heterogeneous neo predominantly the differentiate two a applies neo Hungarian the of typology a For and overflow and esoteric‗traditional‘ ‗new‘media. houses publishing the reconstructionist‘ m anifestations and publications of new religious movements, spiritual leaders, ‗historical ‗historical leaders, spiritual movements, religious new of publications and anifestations

Szilágyi and Szilárdi, R., R., Szilárdi, and Szilágyi ew religious movements religious ew

cial Church status before the enactment of the new Hungarian Church Law in 2012. 2012. in Law Church Hungarian new the of enactment the before status Church cial based on other cultural traditions. Here, Iheur cultural alternative suggestHere, traditions. an onother based - aaim s I o‘ aaye hs pgn oeet, hc dnt id don‘t which movements, pagan those analyze don‘t I so paganism, Sodalitas Mithraica Sodalitas - d imensional model imensional rá Rnjnk oaaj Taiinls Egyház‟ Tradicionális Jogalapja Rendjének Árpád

communities, para communities,

Istenek ébredése Istenek , ‘ ‘, -

zn Krn Egyház Korona Szent

u Uiezm Egyháza‟ Univerzum Hun and the followers of ANKH or Druidry). And wider, as I am I as wider, And Druidry). or ANKH of followers the and a 160

ugra ntv fih ie te ugra Kelta Hungarian the (i.e. faith native Hungarian self groups‘ the of platform the On . . -

scientific, meta scientific, - - aa rlgos omnte, zlgi n Szilárdi and Szilágyi communities, religious pagan aa mvmns rm yceitc ns with ones syncretistic from movements pagan - political and political actors, mainstream actors, political and political ad ‘ and ‘ N , -

arrower, as my focus is only on only is focus my as arrower, Yotengrit organized i organized Mga Vlá Közössége Vallás ‟Magyar , ‘.

‘ - hl te officially the While sayr Egyház‟ Ősmagyar nformal native faith native nformal representation, they they representation,

etical

typology, typology, - Wicca Wicca entify ‘, ,

CEU eTD Collection 59 reference common Their emigrants. Hungarian ‗ interwar the of inheritor and ethno Additional the propagate to popular conceptionsonthe sacred natureof used are mythology Hun descent, Sumerian Turanism, of concepts the Western of Elements para eclectic. nationalist and Hinduism are Christianity, esotericism, church his of doctrines Religious terms. economic ‗TV a businessman, a as referred m faith native wider the in contradictory are authenticity and personality his and (‗ centre‘ healing ‗folk a established who medicine, alternative Kovács András by formulated devel are most probably the membership, the ‗ the are churches two about influential data public creditable no are there Though some of them. propagatio Commercial ideological enterprising, churches. the of pursuit main the not sometimes and only the not is practice Religious activities. main their of character the in other each from diverge they constructions, tra cultural different of influences concepts, religious varied ethno of heterogeneity The mean,did not thatthey influentialwere most religious necessarily movements. the leg new the before benefits institutional certain had churches recognized

open later an esoteric educational institution (‗ institution educational esoteric an later ayr als Közössége Vallás Magyar - oped gradually from gradually oped air ceremonies, public lectures and TV performances. While the opinion about his about opinion the While performances. TV and lectures public ceremonies, air

- pagan churches are less are churches pagan - aa cuce sos see ih cetc iw. eid the Behind views. eclectic with scene a shows churches pagan uái gitníő Közössége‟ Egyistenhívők Turáni táltos táltos

- r ete cnetd o uaim te atr s iety the directly is latter (the Turanism to connected either are ayr Kovács Magyar. Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház Táltos Ősmagyar - táltos n, publishing and healing are supplementary functions for for functions supplementary are healing and publishing n, communities ( communities ‘), his enterprise is obviously flourishing, at least in in least at flourishing, obviously is enterprise his ‘), - known for the wider audience. wider the for known Pilis Táltos Iskola‟ Táltos - points are Badinyi are points

mountains. - Magyar has been a successful healer in in healer successful a been has Magyar see below see - itr ae ige i te, while them, in mingled are history ‘ and the ‗ the and ‘ ditions and idiosyncratic mythical mythical idiosyncratic and ditions

). Thousands participate / participate Thousands ). ).

Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház Táltos Ősmagyar ad o h post the to and ) Energia Gyógyító Központ‟ Gyógyító Energia - Jós and and Jós Yotengrit ovement (he is oft is (he ovement sain hs status this islation, Ősmag Ida Bobula; main main Bobula; Ida ‘. Both of them of Both ‘.

yar Egyház yar - Turanist Turanist follow

was ) -

CEU eTD Collection 60 164 http://terembura.xoo.hu/u/startlapok/startpage.htm. 163 http://ezoterikustanokegyhaza.hu/page.php?48. 162 emerged 161 typically have faith, native the to belonging are which spiritualities, alternative ‗ro not is Berg Helen communities, groups. the spiritual of priority a alternative necessarily and movements religious new among trends religious significant ch official become to endeavor never did streams pagan Certain mythology,esoteric para Egyháza Univerzum Hun parapsychology esotericism, national of mixture Egyház Korona Szent Indo faith. native the of stream esoteric more a representchurches common a about concepts anti his to Benoist‘s sympathizes de Alain to conservative philosophy, extreme the Traditionalist to connected is stream intellectualist pagan this Furthermore, Adorján like emigrants, Turanist the to (particularly 2009. in Egyház Tradicionális Közössége Vallás Hungarians, the of religions ancient the of part legitimate a as Christianity consider while Christianity: toward attitudes their in is them between difference

H.A. Berger, “The Routinization of Spontaneity, of Routinization “The Berger, H.A. periodical “Terembura Egyhá Tanok “Ezoterikus közösségek,” neopogány magyarországi “A Szilárdi, R. utinization

It eue te hita Churches Christian the refuses ‘

has

limited applicability to neo to applicability limited s xlcty imsie oad it toward dismissive explicitly is

- (

prta ciiy h rcs fisiuaiain iial o general to similarly institutalization, of process The activity. spiritual ‗ Universum za: Spiritualitás és belső béke”, n.d., n.d., ésbéke”, belső Spiritualitás za: ( The Legal Ground of Árpád‘s Order Traditional Church Traditional Order Árpád‘s of Ground Legal The ‗ - hrh f strc Beliefs Esoteric of Church science or‗n

‗hrh f h Hn Universe‘) Hun the of (‗Church

Universitas”, n.d., n.d., Universitas”, ew science‘,and UFOreligions.

” Sociology of Religion Sociology

- pagan Debreceni Disputa Debreceni n hs eeecs o h Trns legacy Turanist the to references has and

r a age ta te eein oe of model Weberian the that argued has er n cnprc tere. h tnt o the of tenets The theories. conspiracy and – communities

161 ard rw Church Crown Sacred - Euro Magyar and Viktor Padányi) also. also. Padányi) Viktor and Magyar . Th - modernist

56, no. 1 (1995): no. 49 56, The The en paganism. pean e 163

5, no. 5 (2007): no. 114. 5,

Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Jogalapja Rendjének Árpád are a mélange of national national of mélange a are Ezoterikus Tanok Egyháza Tanok Ezoterikus 164 rhs tog hv hd a had have though urches, .

The informal circles of of circles informal The ovle Droit Nouvelle sayr Egyház Ősmagyar –

‘ 61. ) Further small small Further ‘ 162

)

was formed formed was

is a fringe fringe a is Magyar Magyar

and -

CEU eTD Collection lodge 61 sweat and rituals walking fire drumming, community visions, searched consciously the in village small a Cserkút, in trainings shamanic organizes the company, workshop shaman neo contemporary of generation first the represents Somogyi and Sólyomfi field. the on unique is church faith native a toward business esoteric of development professional a through practice medical alternative from route his above; depicted already were career Kovács András and Öskü Fehérholló well most The devel trans various strictly. divided not cures. healing self spiritual and meditation collectivity healing fertility, ( rituals different nature collective organize membership authenticity. and efficiency followe community. local their in only act others while followers their spiritual more or one around

- shamanistic practice. practice. shamanistic opment. s s ae o ter hrsa te trbtd eln ad prta pwr ritual power, spiritual and healing attributed the charisma, their on based is rs Ms o te hv rglr ahrns n wel bs; n addition in base; weekly a on gatherings regular have them of Most . or -

techniques, techniques,

Arvisura

While the performed cerem performed the While - as present as nw contemporary known

h nation) the and rituals of initiation, rites of passage, passage, of rites initiation, of rituals s

purifying rites, purifying n h eighties. the in The audience actively contributes and participates in the events. By By events. the in participates and contributes actively audience The

Theatre, and developed his personal shamanic technique. He regularly He technique. shamanic personal his developed and Theatre, - the - day oh f hm ee mn te is priiat o participants first the among were them of Both pilgrimages and healing occasions. healing and pilgrimages , Táltos

táltos - leaders. These charismatic These leaders. perform eeomn, n priiae n h rglr eeois and ceremonies regular the in participate and development, táltos

–

assists the participants in their spiritual journey and self and journey spiritual their in participants the assists

either circles hasn‘t got definite boundaries, neither permanent neither boundaries, definite got hasn‘t circles personalities

táltos Somogyi later established an alternative theatrical theatrical alternative an established later Somogyi - shamanistic ayr Mi ses f Kovács of steps Main Magyar.

onies are usually led by the the by led usually are onies for the adva the for

persons are Zoltán Sólyomfi, István Somogyi, Somogyi, István Sólyomfi, Zoltán are persons

Their recognition and legitimacy among the among legitimacy and recognition Their . Some of them have a national reputation, national a have them of Some .

drumming, practice the techniques of of techniques the practice drumming, sweat lodge and fire walk ceremonies, ceremonies, walk fire and lodge sweat nce of the nature, the participants the nature, the of nce

figures figures The participants make together together make participants The are onrsd, ih fasting, with countryside, frequently táltos - ayrs personal Magyar‘s , ritual , f considered considered Harner táltos

roles are roles

‘s ih a with

, the the , neo they by by - - CEU eTD Collection 62 1999). Tudományegyetem, (Eötvös Loránd 165 these prevalent; are references historical pagan and symbolism religious though whereat sites, various to refer I paganism‘, ‗public term the use I When locations. social further includes church Behind V.2. mixture ofHun ‗musician a Heffner, Attila less are who Yotengrit the Máté, Imre by religion ancient the to initiated was he m that claims He with emphases. esoteric elements syncretistic different fuse interpretations and rituals His generation. new a represents Gábor Szemző Budapest. in events regular with workshop popular own his evolved has he later Somogyi, by techniques meditation and shamanic the to taught originally cultura Asian Central of as religion tea his years, last the In also. workshops regular makes and adherents the for system educational stepped N certain with them mixes and religions albums, music shamanistic and rituals public mysticism. national counte underground of mixture a as characterized a to According ceremonies.

Adorján, E., “A szellem ökológiája. A városi samanizmus egy budapesti cs budapesti egy samanizmus városi A szellem“A ökológiája. E., Adorján, ‘Public paganism’ personal style. He runs runs He style. personal

leader. Over these spiritual leaders and their circles, there are further further are there circles, their and leaders spiritual these Over leader. the alleged Sc alleged the - hns o coe to closer got chings novd n less and involved - - like organizati like Scytha ethno

Sólyomfi

ythian gop, hc h cnies kin considers he which groups, l

- n earlier n táltos‘ and drum and táltos‘ - , a well a ,

mythology, yogamythology,interpretation hisHinduism. and about ons and informal spiritual communities, the native faith scene faith native the communities, spiritual informal and ons - Tengrism nw i te uaet native Budapest the in known Tűzmadár Táltos Dobkör Táltos Tűzmadár

Turanism

- detailed description detailed known

religion rh mrcn nin rdtos H hs multi a has He traditions. Indian American orth - táltos h : maker in Northern in maker

bgn o ee t te pre the to refer to began e ple te ybl o Hnain ancient Hungarian of symbols the applies , and turns for inspiration to the worldview worldview the to inspiration for turns and ,

for a wider circle due to his performances, his to due circle wider a for r - utr, udim eoeiim and esotericism Buddhism, culture, 165

, the , (‗Firebird - ethnies. oport vizsgálatának tükrében.” tükrében.” vizsgálatának oport -

circle East Hungary, who applies a applies who Hungary, East at see Oe f hm is them of One scene. faith

Táltos of his followers can be can followers his of Fehérholló Öskü was was Öskü Fehérholló

- Drum Christian ethnic ethnic Christian táltos - Circle‘), a Circle‘),

persons, táltos ore -

CEU eTD Collection 63 the of members among researches executed who Bíró, Zsolt András geneticist, population the of sympathizers contemporary regular Gyűlése are paganism public of events public largest two The towardcommitment spiritualized the is streams different the for ground common a pagans, religious/spiritual the of those than representatives. the by definition faith native clear a of lack the and practice ritual central a of absence ‗public pa by developed were which ideologies, pagan to refer regularly leaders church and a of performances spiritual n of consumption and supply the and performances, lectures, where events, pagan public of programs colorful The aim. this toward movements social initiate even or reawakening spiritual a for urge regularly i metaphors religious of The application clear. always not is paganism spiritual) (or religious and public between Distinction importantbut the formulation contributions, identity of an Here ethnicity. sacred of concepts ethno about ideologies and interpretations significations, public providing is activity main Their meta and cultural disseminators, historians, para periodicals, houses, publishingwriters, public ideologists, includecategory wider this of eleme

gan‘ writers. writers. gan‘ - nts are not connected directly to explicit explicit to directly connected not are nts history, the pre the history, Kazak tribal meeting. Nowadays, it is the is it Nowadays, meeting. tribal Kazak

(‗National Assembly of the Hungarians‘). Hungarians‘). the of Assembly (‗National However - iche products and services are among the main attractions, main the among are services and products iche Christian cultural legacy, native faith beliefs, national character and the and character national beliefs, faith native legacy, cultural Christian , the main ideal main the , táltos

ethno and/or their communities. On the other side, other the On communities. their and/or While public pagan ideologies ar ideologies pagan public While

not spiritual practice and religious services are the most most the are services religious and practice spiritual not Turanis s predominant in any of them; public pagan writers writers pagan public them; of any in predominant s - historical concepts - typical typical ideology t - oiia organizati political religious differentia specifica differentia appellation Kurultáj .

or spiritual or Kurultáj - . discourse. Kurultáj

of the largest public largest the of s traditionally is ons and their public events. events. public their and ons

was was

activities.

and

e not less heterogeneous heterogeneous less not e of public paganism public of ntae b a young a by initiated - ayrk Or Magyarok ae eiiu self religious based

Representatives h nm of name the t áltos include meeting

persons szágos szágos is

the the

of of a - - CEU eTD Collection 64 166 re are culture ancient the on views alternative where institutions, Diasporas Hungarian with connections cultural deepen to dedicated is which MVSZ municipalities certain writing of revolution contested topic this about books several published who Székács, and Friedrich years. recent in proto of edu institutionalized the about information nation of dissemination regular the to dedicated are organizations Other otherwise more and different interconnect events popular less but similar, further certain as just festivals, Kurultáj Parliament. honorar its ; right political style Orientalist an in celebrated events ritual archery, historical Hungarian the alternative. Scytha the doubts Hung contemporary the and them between connection cultural small

Friedrich, K. and Szakács, G., Szakács, and K. Friedrich, dvlpd poohoit da about idea protochronist a developed , s pre ‘s Madjar

‗ugras Wrd Association‘ World (‗Hungarians‘ -

Hungarians. Studying Hungarian runes ( runes Hungarian Studying Hungarians. for personal reasons, but the ideology and outlook is very similar to it. These These it. to similar very is outlook and ideology the but reasons, personal for Magyar - ayrk rzgs G Országos Magyarok Christian

tribe in Kazakhstan. He claims that he managed to prove a close biologic and biologic close a prove to managed he that claims He Kazakhstan. in tribe - or puszta - less separated localless separated pagan with communities sympathies. Ten thousands of visitors attend the annual summer annual the attend visitors of thousands Ten ‘ eogn to belonging s‘ cational forms and ‗folk colleges‘ concern the imagined cultural imagined the concern colleges‘ ‗folk and forms cational

166

transcript transcript where , utrl roots cultural Nw nmru cuss r poie ars te onr, while country, the across provided are courses numerous Now, . Kőbe vésték, fába r fába vésték, Kőbe patron y

‗ their settlement‘s their itrcl reconstr historical , among large yurts large among , ethno , yűlése Finno is n ehi legacy ethnic and FIDESZ a - ok ocrs n ntoait osmr utr is culture consumer nationalist and concerts folk - ognzd in organized , ótták.. a ofca, state official, an , Ugric the the

(Budapest, 2005).

- ethnogenesis and propagates a Turanian Turanian a propagates and ethnogenesis rovásírás name on signposts by signposts on name delegated Hungarians uctionism .

The f The .

eua lcue, okhp, semi workshops, lectures, Regular Bösztörpuszta estival ) became ) ‘ vice , - ‘ u meta run

efracs f ata art, martial of performances arians. peculiar role in the cultural cultural the in role peculiar -

rsdn o te Hungarian the of president has good reputation on the the on reputation good has ual presented. gularly more On these grounds, he he grounds, these On , has detached from from detached has , - Kurultáj rovásírás oiia institution, political -

and ) is one of the of one is ) - more more

festivals . C heritage enter of of enter popular popular Göncöl Göncöl

in - -

CEU eTD Collection 65 multi a of development the to contribute effectively concept faith native of transformations and interpretations diverse Proliferation, tenets. faith native of discussionand exposition regular the for giveplace szentkoronaradio.hu) and (hunhir.hu them b reached is audience large A nation‘. opinion weekly a has near the exceptions: are there ideologists, pagan for away far generally a on programs concerning transmit and materials publications. of number respective a circulate mediums and bookstores houses, publishing historical and right or private a in involved be to necessary not get For secret informanttime of thecommunist him. service, was post awayfrom taken the continuity Hungarian self anthropologist, physical Ki Attila party political right radical Molnár. József and Szántai Lajos Pap, Gábor like ideologists, pagan other of employer Hungarology, of departments theories. historicalalternative of dissemination non training. medicine alternative and spiritual Kovács education. the of heart the in Szabadegyetem

- crdtd piae university‘ ‗private accredited t s are particularly significant in the online pages of ‗new media‘. These mediums mediums These media‘. ‗new of pages online the in significant particularly are s ing a bunch of information about the native faith and its current understandings, it is it understandings, current its and faith native the about information of bunch a ing áy Népfőiskola rály

is one of the many for many the of one is Two further online TV channels (Ezo.tv and Lelek.tv) also provide various various provide also Lelek.tv) and (Ezo.tv channels TV online further Two - - theory was the leader of it. When he was identified as a previous l previous a as identified was he When it. of leader the was theory program, whereat the anchorman the whereat program,

‗ig tia ok ih col) Itá Ksey a well a Kiszely, István School‘). High Folk Attila (‗King

Jobbik -

ae hnaooit ad rpgtr f h Hun the of propagator and ‗hungarologist‘ made Art History, Ethnomusicology and History and Ethnomusicology History, Art

a as etbihd t on dctoa isiuin the institution, educational own its established also has ,

- y the radical right political online pages, and some of of some and pages, online political right radical the y - a be ddctd o ainl eia ad the and revival national to dedicated been has profit esoteric schools, whereat native faith tenets are tenets faith native whereat schools, esoteric profit Magyar‘s Magyar‘s Na unofficial gy Lajos Király Magánegyetem Király Lajos gy

Badinyi áts I Táltos

educational instit educational al bs. hl ntoa mda is media national While base. daily - Jós Jós - disseminates participant discourse, in which the the which in discourse, participant skola got a professor seat there also; the the also; there seat professor a got

supplies a 12 semester long long semester 12 a supplies

the concepts of ‗sacred ‗sacred of concepts the ution. Esoteric, radical Esoteric, ution. - - to Archaeology are the the are Archaeology - FIDESZ ,

a controversial a –

Echo TV TV Echo Sekler Sekler - known

ong The The – -

CEU eTD Collection 66 boundary and narratives identity comparativ a For Yotengrit origins ethnic Sumerian about myth the ethno the on notions distinct a provide I chapter, following (2 civilization); ones: following the By the phenomenon. m analysis their furthermore, revival. ethnic the and forces; legacy religious group national and ideologies historical visions, spiritual heterogeneous on based are narratives scene T VI. of traditional discourse spaces. o different be can claims authenticity and stakes divisions, internal leaders, opinion he

the accepted ethno accepted the National narratives of native faith movements various

- adopted, believes.

- native faith circles faith native agae f hs mvmns y nlss f the of analyses by movements these of language

movement. ideological, spiritual and new religious movements of the Hungarian native faith native Hungarian the of movements religious new and spiritual ideological,

fabricated and reformulated concepts eclectic andnat Standpoints on these issues issues these on Standpoints ) ; Most pnos n h aporae n ‗uhni‘ as f urn rlgos and religious current of ways ‗authentic‘ and appropriate the on opinions

e investigation of these narratives, narratives, these of investigation e n ifrn dpcin o nation of depictions different a inl hita eoeiim ad (3 and esotericism; Christian tional 1 rlgos rtcrns (ocp o proto of (concept protochronism religious (1) -

religious legacy. The investigated streams are Badinyi‘s network with network Badinyi‘s are streams investigated The legacy. religious - estv tpc ae the are topics sensitive religious concepts religious - making mechanisms. mechanisms. making aho hmrpeet one represents them of Each . ay provide ay n interpretation frame and frame interpretation n

;

, I discerned three heur three discerned I , a fruitful perspective for a deeper understanding of of understanding deeper a for perspective fruitful a Pap and Szántai‘s national esotericism; and Máté‘s Máté‘s and esotericism; national Szántai‘s and Pap ay cos urn sras f h ntv faith native the of streams current across vary Self usin of questions l history al - identification and characterization of the of characterization and identification I scrutinize t scrutinize I

description )

of the three types, regarding their their regarding types, three the of c and ontemporary

ir ethn

underlying eticala eain t is determining its to relations

he mythical constructs and constructs mythical he o - s - ional mythologies.ional ugra Ancie Hungarian

history of of c categories. c the narratives of of narratives the t áltos

myths, myths, n the and

faith.

f the ones ones the f These These historical t high nt ‗native‘ n the In These three three are - ;

CEU eTD Collection 67 c our in affiliations religious neo for jargon academic ‗ term The empirically. separable partially only are pagans) other self of levels The rendered as compared are adherence, national and capital‘ ‗spiritual possessed authenticity, contented their on based cont of branches other from movement faith native particular the of stream respective the differentiates acts separation of type third group relating criteria membership about Concepts discourses. faith native non and Hungarians of opposition Binary lines. national and ethnic through drawn is otherness of category second The movements. religious new and pagans current for antagonists spiritual or religious other are there but region, majority the as Christianity, generally is category latter the of representative d first The Ideal faiths movements. more are issues these on Positions narratives. th are future; next the and present the in regeneration national a from process historical a of imaginaries powers; spiritual to relation its and religion ancient ethno ethnogenesis, of Conceptions processes. political and social cultural, contemporary to reflections and accounts historical boundary narrative along others‘ ‗symbolic

- typically, symbolic demarcations of the ‗self‘ and the ‗otherhood‘ have three aspects. three have ‗otherhood‘ the and ‗self‘ the of demarcations symbolic typically, - spiritual golden age, through a subsequent crisis and decline toward a necessary necessary a toward decline and crisis subsequent a through age, golden spiritual imension is the opposition of the native faith and other worldviews. The main main The worldviews. other and faith native the of opposition the is imension - beliefs may conduce to the formulation of distinctive national ideologies. The The ideologies. national distinctive of formulation the to conduce may beliefs -

differentiation (identifications in th in (identifications differentiation to

- rival nativefaith circles. pagan movements, illuminates the inherent connection of ethnic and and ethnic of connection inherent the illuminates movements, pagan ontext. According to native faith ideals, the categories of ethnic of categories the ideals, faith native to According ontext. - itr ad tnc prtaiy characteriz spirituality; ethnic and history moay aaim Te rus legitimacy groups‘ The paganism. emporary - - or setting mechanisms is performed through through performed is mechanisms setting

- less characteristic to the particular native native particular the to characteristic less e main topics of these boundary these of topics main e e relation to non to relation e - Hungarians is a general scheme in in scheme general a is Hungarians n ainl omnte and communities national in tnc religions‘ ethnic - pagans, foreigners and and foreigners pagans, - religion in the in religion , like esoteric esoteric like , to o the of ation another , - - making claims, CEU eTD Collection 68 symbolic of strategies inclusion definitions, social of circles depending mutually and correlating boundary organizational and national, Religious, commitments. national genuine about concerns with together expressed are ‗Them‘ and ‗Us‘ of authenticity spiritual about Statements adherence. national and religious their toward criticism the along drawn als streams faith native other to relation in boundary Overlapping an ofthe imagined nation extension toinclude external forms cultural either. ofappropriate certain symbolicexclusion grou for the faitharewe Native narratives native invented them orperhaps faith, from them. even emerged the with grounds common have may they all; at alien so not as religions those characterize non as depicted be can they religions; alien of members compatriot of identity national sincere an discrepancy; basic a as understood are god(s) native) the not (i.e. alien in Believes possible. co

- members at one hand, and brethrens in the faith at the other, should overlap as much as much as overlap should other, the at faith the in brethrens and hand, one at members anomaly, which is to explain and dissolve. A possible narrative solution is to query the the query to is solution narrative possible A dissolve. and explain to is which anomaly, - Hungarians,not - enough -

making mechanisms are prevalent in the self the in prevalent are mechanisms making nuhni pgn ae fe cniee a iatetc Hungarians. inauthentic as considered often are pagans Inauthentic - Hungarians or manipulated Hungarians. Another p Another Hungarians. manipulated Hungariansor o. Negative portraits about the rival movements are movements rival the about portraits Negative o. n exclusion. and - etn mcaim cn e nesod as understood be can mechanisms setting ps from the national community, for from and the national ps - differentiation strategies differentiation

ossibility is to ossibilityis CEU eTD Collection 69 170 169 168 167 in Hungary to back non apparently (and national anti Badinyi‘s Hungarian the and Sumerian can scribes Sumerian was concept this the in further ethnic are group.‗Sons ofHeaven‘, Hungarians God. as seen the the nation chosen wi integrated is protochronism‘ ‗religious of concept proto the of religion ethnic the as Christianity consider they Furthermore, Sumerian alleged an on focus case Hungarian the in concepts mytho to referred term, Romanian the after and units cultural ‗protochronism‘, powerful called be could idea This them. and to achievements cultural seminal contribute great f of past founders splendid the a as imagines Hungarians the while characterizes idea, This scene. faith native the on concept salient a is civilizations ancient magnificent from nation Hungarian the of Derivation VI.1. The early form of this idea idea this of form early The

Badiny Jós, “Magyar egyház.” Jós, “Magyar Badiny Jós, Badiny Jós, Badinyi Jós, Badiny Religious protochronism and the ‘Sons of Heaven’: the Badinyi the Heaven’: ‘Sonsof the and protochronism Religious A káld Ister Káldeától A sumir - commu emigrational Semitic criticism toward the Roman Catholic Church led to the idea of a a of idea the to led Church Catholic Roman the toward criticism Semitic - pártus hagyomány és a magyarok Jézus magyarok a és hagyomány pártus the -

the nineties, he proposed the establishment of the ‗Hungarian Church‘ ‗Hungarian the of establishment the proposed he nineties, the magyar nyelvazonosság bizonyítékai nyelvazonosság magyar

e ed in read be ‗alternative - Gamig

has emerged in emerged has - Jewish) autochthonous Christianity autochthonous Jewish)

. r nt ipy kin simply not are

nities ugra language Hungarian Sumer

in the sixties and seventies and sixties the in lgs‘ eec Badinyi Ferenc ologist‘ interwar Turanism, and Turanism, interwar - itrcl ‗Dacolog historical - agae, u te ae the are they but languages, . -

vallása th the beliefs of ‗divine electivity‘ of the the of electivity‘ ‗divine of beliefs the th 167 .

ae, e vn lie that claimed even he Later, 169 - . After Badinyi After . ugra ehi lineage. ethnic Hungarian

- was spread and elucidated and spread was ó. e argued He Jós. ‘ Ehi protochronist Ethnic y‘. . The main promoter of promoter main The - Hungarians. The The Hungarians. or the nation, nation, the or very - - Jós‘ come Jós‘ circle

ht the that same

the 170 168 - . .

CEU eTD Collection 70 171 as understood is appearance Empire‘s Hun the as also, claims territorial for useful in comes oldest the the foundersof one their in settlers first the only not Hungarians make token, same Hungarian the locating of idea he co The also. homeland ancient another locates though ethnies. Hungarian ethno his In Ethno Hungarian presenceinthe contemporary territory. h incoming ‗double archaeological centurial to refers he publications, scientists‘ mythologica dubious, least at own, his Besides para truth cosmological ascribe to hesitate myth modern a arguably was he (while prophet the and believer the researcher, the of roles the between alternates he texts, his in complex: is object mythical Ba becameanregular reference icon and para emigrant of figures other to Similarly

Gy. László, László, Gy. dinyi‘s para dinyi‘s claims that the Hungarian the that claims - cetfc mytho scientific, genesis and thegenesis and ancient religion oatc historiography romantic A “kettős honfoglalás” A “kettős - mythology, Badinyi speaks about the sameness of the Sumerian, Sabir, Hun and Hun Sabir, Sumerian, the of sameness the about speaks Badinyi mythology, - existence of the two homelands doesn‘t seem really problematic to the author; the to problematic really seem doesn‘t homelands two the of existence - historical arguments apply various modes of justifications. His relation to his to relation His justifications. of modes various apply arguments historical He depicts Hungarians as the autochthonous Carpathian autochthonous the as Hungarians depicts He

- poetic and religious discourse discourse religious and poetic - Sumerian civilization was the original settler in both areas. The areas. both in settler original the was civilization Sumerian

(Budapest: Helikon, 2004). Helikon, (Budapest: Sumerian land of origin in the Carpathian Basin would, by the the by would, Basin Carpathian the in origin of land Sumerian

and greatest civilizations in world in history greatest civilizations and ad eti aaei rsls sc a Gua László‘s Gyula as such results, academic certain and , ypothesis‘ - point innativefaithpoint the present circlesuntil times. - eivl hoils forgeries, chronicles, medieval

aus o h (ecntutd eif; the beliefs; (re)constructed the to values

of the nation in the Mesopotamian land of ‗Subir‘ of land Mesopotamian the in nation the of - 171 historians, like Bobula, Fehér and Móricz, he he Móricz, and Fehér Bobula, like historians, , which weighs up the possibility of a pre a of possibility the up weighs which , ad igitc eerhs n ohr para other and researches linguistic and l

nrnial rltd n i writings his in related intrinsically pres - cons ent tructor). He does not not does He tructor). - pieces of nineteenth nineteenth of pieces day habitat day .

This mytho - basin population, basin etrs of features , but also but , - theory theory

- 896 896 - . CEU eTD Collection 71 n.d.). Egyház, from are quotations the specially, indicate 172 beliefancient themonotheist religion, ‗magus‘ leaders,the spiritual their believers,while Sumeria were Peter and the with well in fit which According Christianity.‖ and Byzantine Persia in Manicheism of form the took which Jesus, by Byza in began which ―Nestorianism, de a including East, Middle the of history religious revised fundamentally a to connected is electivity divine religion Hungarian ancient the about concepts Badinyi‘s managed todestroy theEuropean armies. they power this of activity the by and unity Hungarian the of maintenance the to contributed actually Magyars, Sun the of orders the executed and laws God‘s by people the ―ruled Heaven‘, of ‘King the that states origin of myth invented a by substantiated is nation‘ ‗chosen of concept The support. divine by licensed mission, sacred a is takeover Carpathian the for claims Territorial return inthe Carpathian totheir ancient land Basin.‖ to want always Magyars the and Huns the of people the (…) rights ancient their of basis the the Hungarians‘ secondarrival toCentra

I n this chapter, I reconstruct Badinyi’s ideas primarily from one of his of one from primarily ideas Badinyi’s reconstruct I chapter, this n

- uazd itr o Crsint a a ehi rlgo o te Hungarians. the of religion ethnic an as Christianity of picture Judaized h oe God.‖ one the ue motif Sumer

ha mgcas h soe ctin te nin Mgas ee Jesus were Magyars ancient the Scythian, spoke who magicians n s iie oes and powers divine

s nepeain n h cnet of context the in interpretation ‘s

the the

F. Badiny Jós, F. Badiny to this Hungarian this to According to Badinyi, the concept of sacred kingship kingship sacred of concept the Badinyi, to According ntium, was actually the ancient ancient the actually was ntium, - basin are justi are basin Hungarians Hungarians l Europe: l

táltos - system ofthe earlysystem Hungarians. The godly conquerors godly The ok, e is he ―they re came

were Christian magician Christian were

172 fied by spiritual arguments. The desired desired The arguments. spiritual by fied

- o ufl dvn responsibilities. divine fulfill to

centered version of Christianity, Jesus Jesus Christianity, of version centered

from Heaven from

- are not less ingenious. The idea of of idea The ingenious. less not are conquered the Carpathian Basin on Basin theCarpathian conquered on essays in English. Where I don’t don’t Where I English. in essays

(Canberra, Mágus ; their ruler, ruler, their ; Turu - o, h Gd f the of God the God,

l A.C.T.: Magyar Magyar A.C.T.: -

priest. This is the is This priest. religion, revived religion, mythology

t he vicar of vicar he

. The The . They - CEU eTD Collection 72 s and subjection discord, rootlessness, about beliefs Badinyi‘s them. among emerged servants, became Hungarians free previously the rule, foreign being, ‗genocide‘ of phrase the uses roots‖. without nation a became Hungarians the so and Union Blood the of tr holy the ―abandoned he as genuine ethnic thedestroyer of traditions and mainantagonist ofthe role István isascribedthe millennium a of cause direct and point starting the as represented István national of and people the of will the of freedom Carpathian Ethno Historical narrative Buddhists among them. communities of alien allowed the believers for they tolerance: religious exceptional an showed people altruistic These imagination, author‘s ‗ the for name collective ―The techniques: spiritual the astronomy elements; natural of (veneration nature and knowledge esoteric mystical wisdom, m its Besides

ethnic group with exceptional mastery in esoteric knowledge and beneficial application of application beneficial and knowledge esoteric in mastery exceptional with group ethnic - s ceso. ainl eln bgn wt f with begins decline National accession. ‘s

itr fo te nin tms ni wa Bdni al ‗h scn icmn t the to incoming second ‗the calls Badinyi what until times ancient the from history n i ve, wr ewe ―oeges ad te ain. u t te subsequent the to Due nation‖. ―the and ―foreigners‖ between war a view, his in odn age golden ) suggest ) - basin‘ in 896, is represented as a long period of undisturbe of period long a representedas is 896, in basin‘

onotheistic characterization, the native faith is represented as the highest form of form highest the as represented is faith native characterization,the onotheistic f h Bznie Ortho Byzantine the of a society with a healthy, positive attitude and good will good and attitude positive healthy, a with society a

s h c the is

aditions of the ancestors (…) kicked aside the Holy Constitution Constitution Holy the aside kicked (…) ancestors the of aditions nus udr Árpád under onquest , the contest between the Christian Church and the native faith native the and Church Christian the between contest the ,

religions csooia wy f thinking, of way cosmological a o Cuc, h Nsoin religion Nestorian the Church, dox national unity national

to practice to practice - mysticism. The presupposed religious marks marks religious presupposed Themysticism. mágus i cetd marvelous a created it : re Crsinzto; hs rcs is process this Christianization; orced their . The symbolic event of the celebrated the of event symbolic The . ‘ (‗m ‘

own religion own agician‘) was was agician‘) iuiy n farcdl wars fratricidal and disunity

- dacd knowled advanced

d harmony: an epoch of of epoch anharmony: d f oeg dominance. foreign of

and gaveto and place

;

. Badinyi charges charges Badinyi . Badinyi regularly Badinyi

MAG ther prosper e were even even were e - AR ity ‖ In the In ‖ ervility

e of ge until until the

CEU eTD Collection 73 is non a character, present political elemental an The enemies. nation‘s obviously has program provided the the Though changes. for time inevitable the as characterized against resistance contemporary for example appl are fighters freedom national of legacy the referencesto texts, Throughoutthese oppressorsmerciless a and, under theHungarian totalitarian rule, were people theoppressed. Chr Roman in Testament Old the of law ―merciless the to attributed are ears) his into poured lead liquid had of death The cause. national same modern and modern early from revolutionists the and Koppány, pagans, residual the tools: narrative major regime Bach 1956; to revolt peasant Habsburg 1514‘s the from revolutions fallen the all Mohács; of battle Árpád the of extinction s the with nation the against war foreign eternal an lines frame: interpretational these along rewritten mytho conspiracionist is history modern and mediaeval which meta ―anti paradigmatic the is it forces; German ‗Judeo to powers, alien to submission as seen is work political István‘s toward the attributed long ‗ the by expressed are nation the of

- historical determination: this is the ‗ the is this determination: historical

h Hnain hd o nue ne frin rule foreign under endure to had Hungarians the

rule, and

sint‖ Fr aiy, h rln hue af houses ruling the Badinyi, For istianity‖. the power of ‗ of power the

Marxism Dózsa - historical grand narrative interconnects different epochs in a common a in epochs different interconnects narrative grand historical - dynasty (explained here as a conscious e conscious a as here (explained dynasty - through tem effectstem ofChristianization. ae l udrto b te ae oe Mrydm s n o the of one is Martyrdom code. same the by understood all are : foreign aris foreign

Rákóczi Koppány, Imre, Gyula and Vászoly (who was blinded and blinded was (who Vászoly and Gyula Imre, Koppány, dying - political, spiritual rhetoric is rhetoric spiritual political,

nation‘ tocracy and kings and tocracy Saint István complex‟ István Saint

to -

ainl btaa. aiy udrtns t s a as it understands Badinyi betrayal. national‖ Kossuth

metaphor; a central trope of his disapprovals disapprovals his of trope central a metaphor;

are seen as martyrs, who fought for the the foughtforwho martyrs, areasseen

I hs narrat his In . ‘,

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CEU eTD Collection 83 http://www.dobogommt.hu/dobogo/irasok.php?id=20050101092791&nev=Pap%20G%E1bor. 181 421 (2003): 180 179 and crown the of destiny the between claimed is connection direct A rewritten. radically are Hungari the of history medieval troubled the frame, esoteric this In tothe Crown‖. in joins cross the where point, the at arrive energy the (…); around radiating energy of type unknown refer He history‖. views ―conduct U.S the from back it gotten institutions state by charged was historian, art aseven They concepts. historiographic m faith Native co was crown the regularly entity; legal a the to according period, medieval late the From centuries. for kingdom Hungarian Christian the of symbol complex ideology. faith native the to stream esoteric national the of mos the of one is interpretation mythical crown‘s Hungarian The Pálos the beside always is there but nation, the of destiny and life the conduct they protagonists, ar kings The months. few a in him follows abbot the dies, king a When kings. kingship.

Pap, G., “A Szent Korona,” Korona,” Szent “A G., Pap, invisible,” visible and Hungary, of crown Péter, holy “The L. Ibid. . (…) The source conclusive tothe crown.‖ usback takes 181

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Szántai, L., “A Pálosok.” “A L., Szántai, és Pálosok,” a “Mátyás L., Szántai, G.Pap,

P order and of Mátyás also) ―of the Carpathian Ba Carpathian the ―of also) Mátyás of and order álos “Angyali korona, szent csillag”: beszélgetések a magyar Szent Koronáról Szent magyar a beszélgetések csillag”: szent korona, “Angyali e is Mátyás the righteous; he will wait for us at Doomsday. One cannot bypass bypass cannot One Doomsday. at us for wait will he righteous; the Mátyás is e 184

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view, it looks like a surreal surreal a like looks it view, ecie above described a/the a/the o these mystical imaginaries of warfare, Turks demol Turks warfare, of imaginaries mystical these o e r mrpr bt s osiu falsifications. conscious as but improper, or se The m The

cetfc tool scientific or agical attribution of divine power to symbols and language and symbols to power divine of attribution agical re - Christian legacy. The presupposed common grou common presupposed The legacy. Christian

(esoteric) label) us, know everything about us and our spiritual our and us about everything know us, label) ny atal rpeet h woe osrcin of construction whole the represent partially only ion of a complex mytho complex a of ion s

ha onsidered

ve beyond key -

national, o be to iin of vision of national history is decisive for currentof for national isdecisive history

the material and factual level; for a for level; factual and material the

a merged ‗ esoteric conspiracy esoteric national Da national an - lentv raiy Fr the For reality. alternative

historical imaginary. From imaginary. historical

ih strc revelations, esoteric with

Vinci code Vinci aitos n the in Variations ished the ished .

― Those who Those ‘ - project: project: nd for for nd Pálos -

CEU eTD Collection 86 http://www.dobogommt.hu/dobogo/irasok.php?id=20050101092792&nev=Pap%20G%E1bor. 188 187 186 really anywhere if But heroic real Hungarians‘ the steal to and Europe Western to fundaments mythical and past heroic a provide to constructed 6 the from centuries three international enormous the for motivation Carpathian the of possession symbolic the for contest a was counterfeit the opinion, his in frame: interpretational forgeries, show by Ages Middle the of history the theory‘ time ‗phantom conspiratory interpreted pr national and history of manipulators the discrediting In and moral be can machinations data, same the game: a the are Pa to According discourse. national the to false worldview Manichaean fundamentally subversive a of application spiritually the hints other the and on representations corrupted morally the and side one on views verifiable practices fa native alternative rival toward criticism sharp the and science academic of refusal total The ith conceptions are framed as a as framed are conceptions ith

Pap, G., “A ki “A G., Pap, Illig, H. Pilis “A G., Pap, Das erfundene Mittelalter: die grö die Mittelalter: Das erfundene ntagonists of the nation the of ntagonists

- f aiiu powers. malicious of political minority t s o srrsn. oee, a hs p has Pap However, surprising. not is it the notorious German representative of alternative of representative German notorious the talált középkor,” középkor,” talált - szindróma.”

put as the ‗proofs‘ of our awkwardness, eternal and fateful helplessness helplessness fateful and eternal awkwardness, our of ‗proofs‘ the as put

hc hn te moral the hint which a a ard ighp i ws n Hungary. in was it kingship, sacred a was

th Dobogó

.‖ past. ― past. to the 9 the to

186

, who , h dcooit opposit dichotomist The spiritually spiritually , n.d., n.d., , It makes a sacred principality where it never existed (…) existed never it where principality sacred a makes It 187 th \ sste Zeitfälschung der Geschichte der sste Zeitfälschung

. As both of them attempted to fundamentally rewrite fundamentally to attempted them of both As . act in knowing the real esoteric stake. esoteric real the knowing in act ce nturies AD (that supposedly never happened) were were happened) never supposedly (that AD nturies p, Szántai and their followers, their and Szántai p, ing relevant

ht antem itrorpy s ae on based is historiography mainstream that - oiia eeain f nto, ih tiny with nation, a of elevation political

activity: oie a opeey transformed completely a rovided o o te ihfl i tog not though if rightful, the of ion

a debunk a i d historiography Heribert Illig‘s Heribert historiography e Pp prpitd n re and appropriated Pap ,

(Econ, 1996). (Econ, ing - ‖ basin. He claims, that claims, He basin. rival opinion rival 188

of the multifarious the of

utemr, by Furthermore,

― It is a diabolic a is It

- leaders - CEU eTD Collection 87 189 ‗original from legacy B spiritual through Mary, of Virgin the Jesus, line God‘, by varied Christianity and long a to references by legitimated spiritual and wisdom ancient and culture Western of materialism and rationality‘ ‘Indo The Hungarians. the of worldview and spirituality superior inherited t narrative, this In is stream esoteric this conspiraci of background ideological political The contemporary the of characterizations means globalism what is this conspiracy antiglobalist of global anti and antiglobalism of tools rhetorical the by expressed is ‗Indo alien, the of representatives t but forces, debauchery these of servants the as referred particularly are others) and II, Joseph the Ottomans, th epochs, different In history. along forms different very in recognized and epithets several with denoted are antagonists These history. national of connotations spiritual the of revelation contemporary spiri national the of adversaries The continuity early theregion. and the doubts Slavic influence in claiming earlyproveHun Papintends Agesfictitious, to thatthe the were Middle heir

Szántai, Szántai, real

media L., “Mátyás és Pálosok.” a “Mátyás L., oni hrce i demonstrated is character - st antiliberal andantimodernst antiliberal nationalis culture, consumerism and consumerism culture, Habsburgs he manipulated public of the Western societies societies Western the of public manipulated he y r te gns f the of agents the are ey

n te lv. eti proaiis Lxmorin Sigismund, (Luxembourgian personalities Certain Slavs. the and theories: ― theories:

‖ 189 - European rationality‘. Refusal of foreigner cultural streams cultural foreigner of Refusal rationality‘. European Rglr damning Regular . a new world order is initiated initiated is order world new a

ae mgnd s nefrn pwr opsd o the to opposed powers interfering as imagined are t society are based on extremely conservative keywords. conservative extremely on based are society by debunking their their debunking by

- mass society mass style mainstream science is oppo is science mainstream style endeavor Byzantine Empire, Rome, the Germans, the the Germans, the Rome, Empire, Byzantine

of the native faith. The national revival is revival national The faith. native the of m.

shows the appropriation of the language language the of appropriation the shows

f ‗ of uddhism, Manichaeism, Hinduism, Manichaeism, uddhism, Amer general

- etrim Cri westernism. cn idiotism ican in Paris and the USA the and Paris in position. They are the the are They position.

tns n contrast in stands thus sed by the ‘organic the by sed - European formal European

a radical and and radical a ticism toward toward ticism ad critical and ‘ –

Hungarian Hungarian (…) the the CEU eTD Collection 88 Network Research 190 b the Rather, narrative. pagan The mission. national ancient the of fulfillment the for endeavor permanent a as mythicized is kingship medieval the of ‗Mission‘ independence, by hallmarked thede national of end the as represented is it formalized: nevertheless is decline spiritual necessary mytho these part a of conceptions spirituality, national of activity history. national complete the for frame interpretational mystical a provides which historiography, national esoteric an of construction their is faith P analyzed the of contribution ideological Main the conceptan anti of th between views against denunciations abroad‘. from financed is which group, ‘violent the and traditionalism neo the movement, is movement g these On wicked. spiritually and belligerent as considered but refused, merely not are conceptions rival itself, in stakes spiritual has traditions ethnicand Ethno Szántai‘s movements, faith native the Among high hermeticism, alchemy, thenotorious other and and Egypt Inca, the Zarathustrism,

L.A. Hubbes, “A Comparative Investigation of Romanian and Hungarian Ethno Hungarian and Romanian of Investigation Comparative “A Hubbes, L.A. - aa saas n groups and shamans Pagan - poetic constructions. The idea of a historical moment of the beginning of a a of beginning the of moment historical a of idea The constructions. poetic –

, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1984597. 2012, , rhetorically e Christian and Pagan cultural legacy are seen as inducing national disunity, national inducing as seen are legacy cultural Pagan and Christian e - shamanic healers, healers, shamanic

- Christian native faith isconsideredantiChristian those ‗ Nouvelle Droite Nouvelle les n h sce siiul omtet f the of commitment spiritual secret the in eliefs

- who contrast who

boycotted in its totality. On the Hungarian scene, the scene, Hungarian the On totality. its in boycotted

‖ athand ofKing Mátyás theTurk occupation. 190 táltos A te appr the As . ‘

táltos are sharply criticized. criticized. sharply are the figures of figures the - – circles and the local representatives of Hungarian Hungarian of representatives local the and circles

Christian difference is not essentialized in this this in essentialized not is difference Christian - beliefs. stream ap ap

eie tee rus tee r particular are there groups, these Besides - – pit rpeetto o te aie faith native the of representation opriate civilizations to mystical traditions of of traditions mystical to civilizations

Szántai Szántai

clr odn g hvnt mre in emerged haven‘t age golden icular is Because of the presupposed perennial presupposed the of Because Koppány and István and Koppány

―highly critical of other Hu other of critical ―highly - nationalist and totallynationalist and refused. stream to the Hungar the to stream rounds, the eclectic New Age Age New eclectic the rounds, L atter circle is depicted as a a as depicted is circle atter - Pagan Blogs,” Pagan Árpád

. As antagonistic As . Socia

- yat, the dynasty, ian native native ian l Science l Science Yotengrit ngarian

CEU eTD Collection 89 context. pagan the regarding 191 traditions wereImre primarily compounded by theleader of Máté. themovement, various these of appropriation idiosyncratic an and Elements rituals. and concepts religious Buddhism ‗eclectic‘ while that say syncr a be to seems rather pre ethnic an be to hold they what of heir the as adherents byits considered is religionethnic this While Hungary. in movements years, recent In VI.3. maleficent of subsistence Her adversaries. national the by machinations the and power sacred this of activation the of frame the in explained is history National same. very the remains it essentially centuries, the along forms different in manifested is sacrality trans a on based is faith native the about imaginary This options. identification Christian and Pagan the between choosing avoid p and times. Christian and Christian the and Crown Holy the of activity

Strmiska provides an analysis for the distinction distinction the for analysis an Strmiska provides re Táltos faith: the Yotengrit movement the Yotengrit faith: Táltos - Christian cultural conceptions, it is a syncretistic solution for all those, who wish to wish who those, all for solution syncretistic a is it conceptions, cultural Christian 191

spiritual n Gdes ut o Wsen aaim ae hi ipit o bt te current the both on imprints their have paganism Western of cults Goddess and . Ethnic folk traditions, interpretations of academic archaeology and ethnology, ethnology, and archaeology academic of interpretations traditions, folk Ethnic .

ugras s cmuiy f iie lciiy v electivity divine of community a as Hungarians

Yotengrit Yotengri

powers.

Strmiska, Strmiska, t

etistic belief etistic

eae n o te mos the of one became implies

As this invention appropriates and manipulates both Christian both manipulates and appropriates invention this As Modern Paganism in world cultures world in Paganism Modern - Christian belief Christian

Pálos - ‗recontructionist‘ itrcl ocp o te ard na sacred the of concept historical - system. By using Strmiska‘s terminology, one could one terminology, Strmiska‘s using By system. between ’reconstructionist’ and ‘ and ’reconstructionist’ between

re rpeet n seta cniut oe pre over continuity essential an represent order e,

system, from an external point of view it it view of point external an from system, prta stake spiritual t influential native faith new religious religious new faith native influential t

htrc is eea caatr is character general its rhetoric, , 18 , – 22. ersu

f ol hsoy s the is history world of

eclectic’ approac eclectic’ s the tragic victory of of victory tragic the tion; although its its although tion;

h es - CEU eTD Collection 90 Survey Asian Central Tatarstan,” and Asia Central in Tengrism political tradition’: of ‘invention the and nationalism revival, “Religious Asia,see Central in Tengrism contemporary For Godness. the for term ethnic ancient hypothesized 192 the exclusive possessionofa ‗godly truth‘. modernity and e dogmatism, believers: faith native the for suggested emphatically are tolerance religious of Values context. pagan international the on chapter the in described have th is movement this groups, faith native Hungarian the among that, stated be can it movement, the in also significant are values ecological As sexuality. and love free for calls and relations, equality gender of Concepts beliefs‘ ‗ of word Turk the dua a on based are provides he philosophy (‗ religion ethnic ancient an reconstructs and traditions spiritual the about imaginary his describes he books, his In (leader of the‗ the off set and initiated an personally was origin he that stated he time, In movement. of region his in down settled he transitions, 1990‘s the after Hungary to back moved man Renaissance this When section. Fr Hungarian Radio Europe‘s the for worked and poet, a and businessman a became Germany, to migrated he revolution, national 1956 the in participation active his After ethnology. and linguistics c This e closer to the post the to closer e

h tr ’ term The aimtc a i hs eete, rdae wt a ere n itr, Finno history, in degree a with graduated seventies, his in man harismatic Boldogasszony Yotengrit - táltos criticism are clearly refused in the books of books the in refused clearly are criticism

26, no. 2 (2007): 203 (2007): 2 no. 26, Gön

order‘).

rfr t ’ to refers ’ - material social values of Western type‘s pagan communities, which I which communities, pagan type‘s Western of values social material ‘, Sun) and a feminine Goddess ( Goddess feminine a and Sun) ‘, ae osipd s iue, ersnig nin sxa principles. sexual ancient representing figures, as worshipped are ) Böőn

are among the main the among are

Tengrism ‘) and its philosophy. The cosmology, mythology and and mythology cosmology, The philosophy. its and ‘) – 216.

, Cnrl sa na Asian Central a ’,

listic worldview: a masculine God ( God masculine a worldview: listic Yotengrit Ukkó tive religion. religion. tive

Yotengrit tenets, just as democratic family democratic as just tenets, , who is identified with the folk the with identified is who , táltos , just as any allusions to allusions any as just ,

and the and Tengri xtreme traditionalism traditionalism xtreme ,(sky, infinity) is a a is infinity) ,(sky, 49 Gönüz th Yotengrit

M. Laruelle, Laruelle, M. ― főbácsa - , from from , Ugric Ugric 192 ee ee ‖

CEU eTD Collection 91 194 193 comfortable creativeEuropean worldview;the‗genuine‘and harmonic legacy. the of those to cl compared momentous incomparably are achievements East the of civilizations Southern violent Ural the among longest pop the survived which philosophy‘, humanist European ‗ancient an legacy, European common a as source cultural this depicts He worldview‘. ‗Uralic calls he Nordi ancient an Hungarian descends culture from In hisview, Ugric cultural patterns. and diffusion ofTurkish Ural common a of concept the supports con one the and ‗provocations Finno the refuse not does Máté Et religion: freedom, equality, fraternity.‖ ― ideologists: anti sharply the to compared uncommon, is not ― liberal. and tolerant inclusive, essentially being as the depicts He circle. esoteric national the an Badinyi than follow, to religion ancient liberal more and nationalist less a promotes Máté imates.‖

hno

I. Máté, Máté, I. Máté, I. et o i on da aot h mu the about ideas own his to cept ltos I te utrl yooy f aé Uai worldvi Uralic Maté, of typology cultural the In ulations. hurt others. hurt - history Yotengrit 2. Yotengrit hagyatéka szellemi (sámánok) tudók rábaközi a Yotengrit: 194

ugra clue s eitd s h ls rvvl f paeu, humanitarian, peaceful, a of revival last the as depicted is culture Hungarian the French Revolution‘s proverbial slogans appear in the ancient Hungarian Hungarian ancient the in appear slogans proverbial Revolution‘s French the

and the ancient religion ‖ c Eurasian culture and it is the most authentic modern representative of what what of representative modern authentic most the is it and culture Eurasian c –

reads the major ethical imperative of hi of imperative ethical major the reads

(Budapest: Püski, 2006). Püski, (Budapest:

- ie mnfsain‘ f Finno of manifestations‘ sided

- Ugric ethnogenesis completely. Although he denounces the the denounces he Although completely. ethnogenesis Ugric 193

- lti

- Altai linguistic family, and accordingly the parallel parallel the accordingly and family, linguistic Altai Mediterranean region. ―Northern Eurasian peoples‘ peoples‘ Eurasian ―Northern region. Mediterranean ancient and ‗authentic‘ Hungarian ethnic traditions ethnic Hungarian ‗authentic‘ and ancient - directional - iea ad modernity and liberal Everything is allowed, is Everything

ethnic origins of the Hungarians. He He Hungarians. the of origins ethnic

s religious community. Máté‘s tone Máté‘s community.religious s (Győr: Palatia, n.d.), 23. n.d.), (Győr: Palatia, - Ugric linguists, he integrates this this integrates he linguists, Ugric w i ew

opposed s - rtcs ntv faith native criticist as long as it does it as long as

to the more more the to d CEU eTD Collection 92 196 195 persecution grim a as represented are centuries subsequent The decline. national millenary bat the at defeat Hungarians‘ the is faith native the of repression the of event historical symptomatic the account, Máté‘s break ‗p the the and Christianization in located is age golden National Historical narrative give face original,toEurope‖. human back its to able been have would fortune, some ―with Europeans, genuine the Hungarians, narrative: c a not is messianism national Although philo a was It continent. thealready beeradicatedfrom to thoughtwas philosophy,atakenwhich had andlogistics and Hun heart; its in appeared suddenly Hungarians the that Europe Christian feudal the for shock a was ―It Europe. Western Christianized for challenge the of arrival the conceptualizes Máté with Manichaeism moralancien andofother dualism the associated philosophy, alien an as presented is antagonist, main the Christianity, worldview. non cultures, Eastern and Southern the from Christianity originates he As irreconcilable. clearly are these attributes cultural these of conceptualizations his to addition In

Ibid., 19. Ibid., Máté, - authentic in a Hungarian context: context: Hungarian a in authentic Yotengrit

hc h cnies merciless, considers he which

naoit aus o h Hnain n te le, ‗Southern alien, the and Hungarian the to values antagonist , 18. ,

sophy of freedom, even for the the for even freedom, of sophy

l o Lcfl. t s h starting the is It Lechfeld. of tle - p f h Hnain tia alac‖ ( alliance‖ ―tribal Hungarian the of up Christianity entral concept in Yotengrit, it is part of the implicit implicit the of part is it Yotengrit, in concept entral hs ae ersne, codnl, s ex as accordingly, represented, are these ugras o h Carpathian the to Hungarians 196 gn ie‘ ie te eid eoe forced before period the i.e. times‘, agan

is essentially incompatible with the ancient the with incompatible essentially garians had garians t Iraniant religions. - oppressed women and peasants.‖ and women oppressed itrcl ye, hs author/leader this types, historical - point of the consecutive, consecutive, the of point

more advanced military advanced more legacy ‘ - ai a a cultural a as basin törzsszövetség

–

enl and ternal for Maté, Maté, for . In ). 195

CEU eTD Collection 93 the along 197 transmitted been having as shown is philosophy Hungarian authentic the way, ‗ ancient the of teaching complete the on handing for organization exclusive secret, a created Máté, claims they, while activity, healing folk visible externally an produced emigration‘ ‗in Their form. authentic an in tradition faith native lurking the saving milieu; in however succeeded hostile a in tradition ‗pagan‘ the of maintenance the was Christ After European the worldview‘ were táltos ‗media ofcertain marks sham the understanding, his In figures. two the differentiates Máté accounts, faith shamanic r to Similarly rulealien was onanaristocracy. based whose Europe, Western of mimic a traditions, national the of elimination the in collaborator ethno communist fearful the Authority, Protection ―established who Teuton, the John and Merania primarily blamed are forces‘ as identified were who those faith: native the of representatives the against initiated were Ages Middle late the of trials‘ ‗Magician alleged the interpretations, Máté‘s the of concepts Má emigrant the restates Máté account, his In beliefs. old the of followers the against Böő

I. Máté, Máté, I. n -

‘ religion. The head of the organization was the ‗ the was organization the of head The religion. ‘

s hw a a ihr ‗sacral higher, a as shown is and church politics of the of politics church and Yotengrit: a rábaközi tudók (sámánok) szellemi hagyatéka szellemi (sámánok) tudók rábaközi a Yotengrit: táltos ianization, their activity survived in a modest context and form. Their function function Their form. and context modest a in survived activity their ianization, tyás Jenő Fehér‘s dubious ‗Medieval Hungarian Inquisition‘. In both Fehér and and Fehér both In Inquisition‘. Hungarian ‗Medieval dubious Fehér‘s Jenő tyás ival native faith mythologies, constructions of the character and function of of function and character the of constructions mythologies, faith native ival

persons is crucial in the in crucial is persons

- professionals‘, i.e. they manipulate the ritual audiencethe ritual the sometimes, manipulate theyprofessionals‘,i.e.

for the waves of inquisition the author describes: Gertrud of of Gertrud describes: author the inquisition of waves the for táltos Árpád -

ee‘ ret H cam ta te ones f h ‗Indo the of founders the that claims He priest. level‘ persons.

- dynasty is condemned by condemned is dynasty Yotengrit

ert evc o te 1950 the of service secret

narratives also. Similarly to other native native other to Similarly also. narratives iii Christi Militia bácsa

(Győr: Palatia, n.d.), 31. n.d.), (Győr: Palatia, ‘, the leader of the of leader the ‘, Yotengrit te first the , s Hungary). ‘s táltos : it is seen as a as seen is it :

táltos táltos ÁVH

. ‗German . ans share ans

(State ‖ . In this this In . persons 197 ternal ternal

The - CEU eTD Collection 94 self The boundary Boundary task. sum was claims, he who, himself by again, public made be should tenets ancient the that suggests he flaws, these to remedy spiritual a As symptoms. crucial the as identity national of loss the and knowledge historical of absence community a depicts Hungary contemporary about diagnosis Máté‘s postponed. be not may return spiritual the millennium, self national of devastation systematic a as seen is faith native the of t this beliefs, Yotengrit to According historical the whenever way, authentic circumstances for seem it. suitable an in launched be can program revival desired religious suppressed the maintained emigration‘ ‗internal in timing appropriate the of anticipation the and resistance cultural of ‗sub ‗hidden‘, being as then appears continuity a ‗secret of tropes the time, same the At narrative. the throughout tool rhetorical dominant the is other‘ ‗repressive the as Christianity country. the in dominance foreign and decline national out the tradition, ethnic the in break radical a as understood is Christianization forced The rupture. and continuity of processes controversial mirrors account historical applied The swampy co the in areas certain in particularly circles, hidden in times Christian

- dniiain n te rvlne f post of prevalence the and identification

táltos Hanság - setting

- setting narratives of the setting narratives ofthe ‗cont the of innovation the allow organization‘

and

Rábaköz , Máté‘s narrow. homeland. - eiin, gitc n anom and egoistic deficient,

ime, perhaps inevitably, is the is inevitably, perhaps ime, - ph Yotengrit ilosophic legacy in an intact, taintless form. The The form. taintless intact, an in legacy ilosophic moned by the the by moned -

- movementanti distinctly describe a cultural‘ or esoteric. The conscious program program conscious The esoteric. or cultural‘ aeil oil aus Te dooy th ideology The values. social material táltos

ic community to accomplish this accomplish to community inuity‘ thesis, although this this although thesis, inuity‘

oit. e dniis t identifies He society. present. As th As present. - consciousness over a a over consciousness nrsd, ie the like untryside, e oppression oppression e - Christian Christian set of set ey ey he CEU eTD Collection 95 along ancestors noble the of morality high the in detectable be to claimed is which mark, The tradition. humanist and liberal peaceful, a as represented is faith native while oppressive, and intolerant violent, being Criticism Indo point Christian ancient a from unrespectable the been have would of which philosophy, European destiny the was Lechfeld at stake real the account, Máté‘s In ones. early and forces Western expla are armies mediaevalHungarian between clash The lines. religious along emerge c Implicit line. distinction religious primarily anti strong The yetbe faith, antithetic tothenative ‗Paulian definitely Church‘ the is. to claimed not are teachings Jesus‘ of preaching the while Church; the against sharpest the is the anti an as of ideologists‘ ‗feudal freedom; individual and sexuality emotions, human of repressive as presented are in nation the of antagonists main The be commercialized, inauthe to deem they which spiritualities and mythologies ethnic extreme nationalism, radical Self rhetoric. ethnic stigmatizing non inclusive, Yotengrit standards, faith native one. first ‗freedom anti and anti communitarian, with hand in hand go statements liberal eclectic: is promote

- globalist declarations and expressions of certain nationalist beliefs. He differentiates He beliefs. nationalist certain of expressions and declarations globalist -

toward Christian Churches is based on moraltoward they Churches Christian justifications: arecharacterized on as based is oig iea‘ rm usrplu csooias and cosmopolitans‘ ‗unscrupulous from liberal‘ loving h oeetsntoa cnet n htrci self is rhetoric and concept national movement‘s The - extremist, philo extremist, - Christian conceptualizatio Christian ntic performances. ined not so much by specific national interest, but rather religious religious rather but interest, national specific by much so not ined purported tolerant character of character tolerant purported - feminist, hierarchical feminist, - Semite ident Semite - - differentiation from other pagan groups shows the refusal of of refusal the shows groups pagan other from differentiation nationalism is quite modest. Conceptualizations of a more a of Conceptualizations modest. quite is nationalism Yotengrit ns in the historical narratives described above hint a a hint above described narratives historical the in ns

ity - ‘s narratives are the Christian Churches. They They Churches. Christian the are narratives ‘s net o ‗ef ad ‗other and ‗self‘ of oncepts oiis r mne y anti by amended are politics

society. The criticism toward Christianity toward criticism The society.

native fait native - contradictory. Measured by Measured contradictory.

dniis isl wt the with himself identifies

h is figured as an ethnic an as figured is h - ‘ fundamentally fundamentally ‘ Islamism and a a and Islamism - materialist materialist - of - view. - - - CEU eTD Collection 96 200 199 198 Anti characterology: national of tools rhetoric refused. believers faith native contemporary among ‘ essay his Europe!‖ in nations other any than talent more off show can which nation, that gutless made (―They superiority national of beliefs anti concept. national understanding? this in nation a is what But Hungaryharmonious, Christian isaself a organization, of prefiguration national the For traditions. historical approved positively the from eliminated straightforwardly is kingdom Hungarian Christian Árpád the faith, native the of betrayal Yotengrit group and characterology national of reinforcement the to contributed obviously has religious a of concept a from proceeds rhetoric this While indigenous populations.‖ ‗home other, the of All Basin. Carpathian the in found killings, the of because wars, conquering prohibited faith native Máté, to According history. national

Má Máté, I. 107. Ibid., - Semitic manifestations. In this less radical nationalism, although he gives utterance to the to utterancegives he although nationalism, radical less In this manifestations. Semitic té, I., “Miért nem vagyok antiszemita?”, n.d. antiszemita?”, vagyok nem “Miért I., té, But, perhaps interestingly, his argumentation is formed isand by‗traditionalist‘ ‗ethnic‘ But, hisargumentation perhapsinterestingly, ―this is why our ‗home our why is ―this ‟s Yotengrit 4. Yotengrit Why I‟m not an anti an not I‟m Why

national concepts are practically inseparable of the religious ones. Because of the of Because ones. religious the of inseparable practically are concepts national táltos

(Budapest: Püski, 2008), 45. 2008), Püski, (Budapest:

- order had to be constru be orderto had resis 198 ts any narrow biological definitions of the ‗ethnie‘, just as radical as just ‗ethnie‘, the of definitions biological narrow any ts

- - Semite? forming‘ forbe forming‘ - ‘ contradiction inthe contradiction - 200 199 yat i dpce i d in depicted is dynasty

;

, he , ), these statements are statements these ), the manifestations of Je of manifestations the cted. As a ‗nation‘ and its ‗philosophy‘be its should and‗nation‘ a As cted.

Máté‘s public statements imply an inclusive inclusive an imply statements public Máté‘s arers did not obliterate the groups, whom they whom groups, the obliterate not did arers reacts to the widespread anti widespread the to reacts - eiim s odme a iatetc n a in inauthentic as condemned is Semitism Yotengrit - oqeig ntos bieae the obliterated nations conquering‘ - philosophical binary opposition, opposition, binary philosophical Yotengrit

in the Middle Ages, a secret secret a Ages, Middle the in

not in a central position. central a in not ark shades. The medieval medieval The shades. ark wish ‘s conceptual frame. - hatred are explicitly are hatred - Semitic precepts Semitic - beliefs. beliefs.

I it n

CEU eTD Collection 97 202 201 antipathyIslam thefeelings toward ofanti to mo of number Muslimsthe to nation the practically He Hungary. in than pecu less perhaps be would which attitude an influence; Muslim growing a about are concerns ethnic main his But Hungary.‖ in Germans The about said be cannot it unfortunately ―Though way: surprising perhaps a in groundless.‖ are state, Hungarian which opinions, Máté identity. Hungarian their about Jewish that claims and tools, linguistic their appropriate he nationalists, extreme the of himself distances Máté When of others:exclusion theassimilated ones, theGermans, the Muslims. parad are nation the to Jews the of inclusion symbolic of gestures the and ‘alien‘ as concepts rival any stigmatizes easily which rhetoric, national The countries. Slavic Eastern from form religious its while Germany, from arrived was Semitism foreigners. by imported were They ethics. nor economic, Nor context. Hungarian a in religions conditionof Hungarianaidentity. not oldest is communityChristian denomination aor Belongingto the of one is It religion. a but ethnicity, an not sup tolerancewhile is Hungariancontext,

Máté, Máté, http://yo n.d., Yotengrit/”, the of Plan /Constitution “Alkotmány I., Máté, article ironically points out both the refusal of anti of refusal the both out points ironically article Yotengrit 4. Yotengrit qe n uaet mre rm2t 2 n eet years‖ recent in 23 to 2 from emerged Budapest in sques , 58. , that claim

eiiu frs f anti of forms religious

- hatred is primarily propagated by semi by propagated primarily is hatred (―Anti the Hungarian Jews act against the Hungarian nation or the the or nation Hungarian the against act Jews Hungarian the

suggests a replacement of the Jews as the main antagonists of antagonists main the as Jews the of replacement a suggests - Semitism is strengthened by the Arabs to baffle us, while the while baffleus, strengthened to Arabs by is the Semitism 202 liar in the more islamophobic Western European context European Western islamophobic more the in liar

But this ostens this But refutes popular anti popular refutes ported because of its ‗genuinene becauseits portedof ‖ - 201 - eiim r ntrl n h Hnain political Hungarian the in natural are Semitism globalism andanti

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oxically attached to the to attached oxically the appropriation of appropriation the ss‘. ss‘. ,ad oncs the connects and ),

― in The ‘Jewish‘ is ‘Jewish‘ The authentic.

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CEU eTD Collection 98 Turanism 204 203 Pagan propagate which ideologies directed is Criticism across.‖ come will it where gates the of one money Muslim a that sure am ―I commitment. national groups‘ rival question to applied are beliefs conspiratory movement, faith native the of currents and projects rival from group his distinguishing By Booted Cat.‖ ― currents: faith native nationalist spirituali ―real replace and memories light‖ not does he that spirit amateurish criticis to fail him, to While to aright and worldview nationalist a into match narrati Its forms. representational tools language its nationalism, its regarding pic this what But questionable. is attitudes political personal Máté‘s for receptiveness audience‘s The

Máté, Máté, Kurultáj 203 i drce piaiy oad certain toward primarily directed is m Máté is critical to critical is Máté

Yotengrit ue os ugs i that is suggest does ture H crctrzs h ubn ‗blacktop urban the caricaturizes He . currently - , as I have characterized previously, characterized have I as , wing and extreme rightwingand extreme adoptionandimplementation.

, 18. , . ―make up for a defect artificially, but brings the legac bringsthe but artificially, defecta for ―makeup , the groundless construction of national myths while he claims about himself about claims he while mythsnational of construction groundless the , understand the deeper worldview worldview deeper the understand

- ari stocracy will be smuggled into the country; I think Ithink country;the into smuggled be stocracy will ward

some ve features make its tenets and tenets its make features ve They make Hungarian make They - hita snrts ad Mncaa ehi religion, ethnic Manichaean a and syncretism Christian Yotengrit academic interpretations, academic ty

is is ih ou pcs. e hrl cnen extreme condemns sharply He pocus‖. hocus with an

annual festival and the largest largest the and festival annual wie t s osdrd mds movement modest a considered is it while ,

rival rival - táltos aie at ielgss H ridicul He ideologists. faith native eid h surface the behind s

, h at ihu ra historical real without act who ‘, out of everybody, from Jesus to the to Jesus from everybody, of out notably those which, according according which, those notably

some of its tenets appropr tenets its of some toward those native faith native those toward y of our ancestors to the the ancestorsto our y of public event of event public

of of Kurultáj folk beliefs; 204

Hungarian Hungarian

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CEU eTD Collection 99 joslat&catid=36:belfoeld&Itemid=37. http:// the interpreted I processes. 205 social contemporary and history national legacy, religious topics: fundamental certain on emphases put them of all that found have I movements, faith native Hungarian three of characteristics narrative the Comparing nationalism. fai right. radical Hungarian the of worldview nationalist the into stream modest most the of beliefs national the even However, paganism. ‗public‘ ideological an ‗conspirationis extreme, and modest relatively a between Differences detectable. are dissimilarities significant the and concepts Koppány; and István of figures symbolic the to dispositions the by expressed legacies, cultural accepted the about concepts Christianity; toward attitudes the are these groups: the between differences basic the depict distinctive andpatterns Icommon the identify movements. threeanalyzedfaith the native of mechanisms main the compare I Below, movements’ VI.4. step forwardalreadyIslam‖ and are we inthe territoryof espec

Máté, I., “Hét teve hetvenhét változatban. változatban. teve “Hét hetvenhét I., Máté, h da i epial b ter itn t bodr ru bles f otmoay ethno contemporary of beliefs group broader to fitting their by explicable is ideas th ially Szántai‘s national esotericism: national Szántai‘s ially www.hnsz.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1136:nyirkai Narrative Narrative ainl ocps f h gop. age ht eadn ter ainl ideologies, national their regarding that argue I groups. the of concepts national

features in the three cases; I have found four particularl four found have I cases; three the in features

national ideologies national analysis

t‘ nationalism are connected to the modalities between religious and and religious between modalities the to connected are nationalism t‘ attributes : Similarities and differences among the native faith faith the native among differences and : Similarities

of the mytho the of A ‘Nyirkai jóslat’ magyarázata”, n.d., n.d., jóslat’ magyarázata”, A ‘Nyirkai

about the main antagonists and ‗symbolic others‘; others‘; ‗symbolic and antagonists main the about ―They put Mani‘s mask on Christ‘s face (…) one one (…) face Christ‘s on mask Mani‘s put ―They - historical narratives and boundary and narratives historical 205 .

The public success of native native of success public The y significant aspects, which aspects, y significant -

sus f h ethno the of issues - setting - - CEU eTD Collection 100 in Hungarians the for place distinguished a make to East Middle the and Europe of history ancient complete the rewrites mythology Sumerian protochronist Badinyi‘s insignificant. not modalitie the However, types. cultural or programs, esoteric civilizations, world of attribution the and peculiarity ethnic spiritual a of supposition the is tendency Common spiritual figures also:minor to access ethnic particular emphasizes polytheistic the while Crown, Holy the across connection divine direct a stream esoteric national The Hungarians. the to attributed is origin ethno Sumerian of case the in form strongest its not in manifested is though nation‘ ‗sacred them, of concept byThe way. explicit sacralized an in necessarily is latter the nation, the to character By religious latter. ascribing the imagine they however religion‘, ‗ancient the in tradition‘ native ‗authentic spiritu and ethnicity of togetherness ‗normative‘ a about concept common their is them of One movements. three the of narratives the between similarities elemental are there concepts, religious and origins betwee differencesapparent the of Inspite the of independent movements‘ mythicaland religious national constructs, ideologies. beliefs not are exclusion and inclusion symbolic of Strategies mechanisms. circl (‗our organizational and Hungarians), non vs. (Hungarians national religions), other vs. faith (native religious through performed b followers their Rhetorical for mechanisms. frames ideological provide they boundary their out pointing by streams each of standpoints

- itrcl infcne o h Hnain b cnetn ter itr t great to history their connecting by Hungarians the to significance historical ality. They construct religious fundaments for the ethnic group and search and group ethnic the for fundaments religious construct They ality. self

godsand - dniiain n caatrzto o te smoi ohr‘ is others‘ ‗symbolic the of characterization and identification - mythology, where not only divine electivity, but divine divine but electivity, divine only not where mythology, Boldogasszo an almighty God almighty an n the underlying myths of Sumerian / Hun / Hun / Sumerian of myths underlying the n e‘ vs. rival native faith streams) boundary streams) faith native rival vs. e‘ ny .

, though Hungarians have have Hungarians though , - making efforts. I presupposed that presupposed I efforts. making smoi boundary symbolic y scribes the nation with a with nation the scribes

Yotengrit s of the myths are myths the of s protecting

os not does - - Uralian setting setting setting -

CEU eTD Collection 101 n historical esotericism‘s National old are they as all, at faith native the with compatible not is Christianity In much. as alien not is Christianity that show would which develop de by changed be to has it frame; this in anomaly an as seen is Hungary Christian A religion. ancient the in expression proper nati the of concept its has culture fundamental ethnic ‗faith‘; particular her again have the should and had ‗nation‘ a movements, to According streams. all to crucial are pre As the na is aspect forth antagonists; main the as characterized are forces social / groups which other: symbolic the of representation the narratives; historical the in articulated heritage, national particularl Christianity, toward attitude their is them of One discerned. be can streams faith native examined the of characters boundary the Regarding King Mátyá cases three the in same the not ( are age golden imagined the of localization temporal corru historical through harmony ancient from line historical a draws narratives future. faith next native in the structure in temporal revival possible a and decline subsequent a age, golden structurally the provided: is a order temporal similar narratives, historical the In Europeanness. genuine of heirs the as depicted In enemies. uncharacterized their and Hungarians Man a imagines esotericism National history. religious Yotengrit

tional ideology, particularly theinclusivity/exclusivityconcept. the national of - Christian beliefs are in the center of native faith ideologies, attitudes to Christianity Christianity to attitudes ideologies, faith native of center the in are beliefs Christian

and Badinyi places it to pre to it places Badinyi and s), their nostalgia isstructurallys), similar. ption toward the present time of spiritual awakening. Though the the Though awakening. spiritual of time present the toward ption - etn mcaim, hv fud f found have I mechanisms, setting t Wsen hita Cuce. utes r te accepted the are Furthers Churches. Christian Western to y - Christianization, or, alt or, Christianization, raie wie bu a paeu chbtto‘ between cohabitation‘ ‗peaceful a about write arratives - common time common Christian times, while esoteric nationalism links it to it links nationalism esoteric while times, Christian Yotengrit

- sequence includes a spiritual a includes sequence ernative hypotheses are necessary to necessary are hypotheses ernative ‘s historical myth, Hungarians are Hungarians myth, historical ‘s caa cnet ewe divine between contest ichaean our

aspects, in which the the which in aspects, Yotengrit - ie antagonists. time s program, ‘s The triadic triadic The –

ve faith faith ve national CEU eTD Collection 102 background turned and away from confessions. their original faith native along pointacco it movements; common a is institutions Church‘s the and faith original Jesus‘ Badinyi the Christian Western contrast, In also. in ethnicized not though Church‘, ‗Paulian the from differentiated clearly and Szántai, and Pap for faith native Manichaean the of part important an is it myth, ethnic t of religion ancient the is Christianity‘ ‗Original account. Hungarian the proto a as Badinyi by imagined Churches Christian Western the toward attitudes the from separated are Christianity‘ ‗original or teaching‘, ‗Jesus‘s Jesus, toward dispositions other; each from religiosity and t articulating In native faith. of exception Pagan syncretistic, a provide esotericism national and m of level the on sense, this in tradition; ethnic the proto the of religion ethnic the as imagined is Christianity‘ ‗genuine faith, native the of antithesis Christianity Western though protochronism, mytical of spirituality. concepts ethnic the of to part According are Christianity of forms national nation; the over protection level new a in Hungarians the of program spiritual ancient the of continuance the but history, national in rupture total a not is Christianization Ages; Middle the in faith native the and Christianity

- Hungarians, the real chosen nation. In the two latter groups, Christianity is connected to to connected is groups, Christianity latter two Inthe nation. chosen real the Hungarians, . Secret mission of the of mission Secret .

- ice n nurly n ainl strcs. h reoia dsicin between distinction rhetorical The esotericism. national in neutrally and circle Yotengrit Turul er ifrn pstos oad hitaiy al tem dfeetae Church differentiate streams all Christianity, toward positions different heir mmodates potential native faith followers who have a Christian religious Christian a have who followers faith native potential mmodates - dynasty for national esotericism, and an accepted philosopher in Máté‘s Máté‘s in philosopher accepted an and esotericism, national for dynasty , the imagined heritage of ‗genuine‘ Christianity is included to the the to included is Christianity ‗genuine‘ of heritage imagined the , - Hungarian ‗ Hungarian Pálos Churches are depicted with dark colors in colors dark with depicted are Churches , a national Christian order, is to maintain the divine the maintain to is order, Christian national a , Parthus ythical constructs, mythical protochronism protochronism mythical constructs, ythical

prince‘, he is the symbolic antecedent of of antecedent symbolic the is he prince‘, - hita ehi cnet Wt the With concept. ethnic Christian

he Hungarians in the Sumerian Sumerian the in Hungarians he Yotengrit Yotengrit

narratives . Jesus is Jesus .

is the the is

and CEU eTD Collection 103 worldview oppressing antihumanist, an as here depicted rather is Christianity but adversary, primary most The one. by drawn is others symbolicabout Badinyi‘spicture complex than ideological more and diffuse more is enemy the of representation mass modern as other symbolic the characterize anti of product interpretatio My allusions. main anti and Xenophobic Jewry. the is the adversary narrative Badinyi‘s in protochronism, mythical about chapter the in underlined movem the for antagonists main The symbol. central one in representations the in manifested be to tended is otherness imagined However, out depicted way, this in stream; every in present are ideologica and ethnic religious, for Examples levels. various on Boundary of ‗sacred nation tothe Christian also. nation‘ isapplied nationa of Norms opinion. followers‘ his and Szántai in nation the disunite would figure these by symbolized programs the between choice a them; part legitimate andfigures pre the both includes esotericism national hand, other the On him. before times the to return a for figures: pre and István of characterizations by articulated are stands different The history. national of personalities symbolic the on opinions the determine Christianity herit national honorable the as them by considered are what about concepts the represent narratives historical faith Native -

Christian and Christian streams of ethnohistory and sees and ethnohistory of streams Christian and Christian Árpád and Koppány. Badinyi and Badinyi Koppány. and Árpád - setting mechanisms distinct the in the distinct mechanisms setting - so ciety. This language includes anti includes language This ciety. - eii conspiracy Semitic s of national spirituality. They sharply condemn those, who contrastwho those, Theyspirituality. condemn sharplynational of s ws ht h cntutd Badinyi constructed the that was n age. The above The age. aeoet les lbrl lbl ocs n mnpltr of manipulators and forces global liberal aliens, malevolent - theories. The narratives of national esotericism esotericism national of narratives The theories. Yote - - - described positions toward the historical role of of role historical the toward positions described clerical attitudes are formulated with anti with formulated are attitudes clerical group form out form group - Semitic connotations also, but, as we can see, this see, can we as but, also, connotations Semitic ns r lctd iesl. s hv already have I As diversely. located are ents Yotengrit n grit

l unity are predominant and the concept the and predominant are unity l clearly refuse ‗István‘s legacy‘ and call call and legacy‘ ‗István‘s refuse clearly

leader Máté. Fo Máté. leader - rus r nmru i al cases. all in numerous are groups - groups in various directions and and directions various in groups the two antagoni two the l modes of self of modes l - yhlg i a oia end logical a is mythology r him, Christianity is the is Christianityhim, r - hita symbolic Christian - sts as positive as sts differentiation differentiation - Judaic - CEU eTD Collection 104 right a to appropriate artifacts certain its and tenets its make features narrative Its right. radical the of discourse me broader and worldview nationalist a into fits still narrative its movements, faith seen, have we as Though, spiritual andthe ideological of ‗public‘ forms contemporary paganism. reli the between distinction hypothesized previously the of verification the suggests of nationalism modest relatively The religious. less and more the that extreme conclude, I paganism‘, ‗public ideological the to protochronism mythical and esotericism national while faith, native the of movement religious new the to belongs a propagate and beliefs, less the is nation anti with the worldviews conspiratory manifest movements of two other The essentialized. adversaries the about depiction its and completely principles exclusive) less rather (or inclusive ideologies, nationalist as considered be could them of all anti and Westernism conspiracy of and strength significance the concepts, show, national the to of striven exclusiveness / have inclusiveness I the As regarding streams. examined the of ideologies national and concepts identity The essentialized. Yotengrit notare really as seen repr others criticizes Máté people. of category a not and

rpeetto o te yblc te i gtig oe une, rgetd n less and fragmented nuanced, more getting is other symbolic the of representation , nationalism is connected to those native faith streams, which are more ideological more are which streams, faith native those to connected is nationalism -

language, articulated by boundary by articulated language, - - globalism, there are certain modalities between the three currents. While currents. three the between modalities certain are there globalism, wing and extreme right adoption and implementation. Main native faith faith native Main implementation. and adoption right extreme and wing - theoretical elements, anti elements, theoretical esentatives of samethe enemy. From Badinyi through esotericism national to nti Yotengrit - iea, anti liberal,

represents a less radically nationalist stand among native among stand nationalist radically less a represents anti , - lbls ad anti and globalist - anti - setting mechanisms, chara mechanisms, setting – - -

Semitism Semitic stream. It doesn‘t refuse liberal liberal refuse doesn‘t It stream. Semitic ‗Muslim and German forces‘ German and ‗Muslim - , illiberalism and intolerance, anti intolerance, and illiberalism , mrcn lis As claims. American Yotengrit Yotengrit

s eiiu paganism religious ‘s

represents the more more the represents cterizes the national the cterizes –

but these groups these but Yotengrit ta - - political political Semitic gious

is - - CEU eTD Collection 105 enemies. in the to sacrality ascribe narratives faith Native Evil. and Good of forces the between clash the of centre very the to Hungary put and conspiracy the of nature hidden the explain can which dimension, transcendent deeper, economic and political imagined the way, this In enemy‘. goal spiritual a myths, faith native the By directions. different from nation the against motivations antagonistic of existence very the in beliefs n defensive of tenets familiar certain represent conjectures mentioned above The national a of exposition the program.messianistic is It nation. the of renascence cathartic a Gods), ethnic and th of half of devastation the and war forthcomingcivil a foretells it corruption; moral of time the as present the and past recent restoration. future a and decline age, golden (spiritual) history Hungarian the delineates movements, faith native of case the in which, rhetoric, nationalist the of structure‘ temporal ‗triadic the to referred ethno utiliza the to appropriate concepts faith‘s native the makes which factor, very The groups.other radical or h dissention, of fears parallel and unitynational of norms actors, nationalits toward treasonof attributions regulargenerally and Anti contempo of worldview the with consonant are emphases - es hrceie h ntoait ih fo te right the from right nationalist the characterize less

- mrcns ad anti and Americanism - ainlsi dsore i poal is itrcl artv. bv, hv already have I Above, narrative. historical its probably is discourse, nationalistic

- Westernism, a rhetorical refusal toward the political field field political the toward refusal rhetorical a Westernism, e population, and (after the recurrence to the ancient beliefs ancient the to recurrence the (after and population, e opes of a future national re national future a of opes - g op wie eoie n poaie t imagined its profanize and demonize while roup, - civn i atiue t te ‗eternal the to attributed is achieving - All the examined streams examined the All wing of of wing rary radical nationalism in Hungary. in nationalism radical rary -

s h sbeun pros f a of periods subsequent the as awakening: these features more features these awakening: ots i splmne wt a with supplemented is contest FIDESZ

o the to Jobbik ationalism, tion by the by tion depict the the depict

and and - CEU eTD Collection 106 206 opposition‘ self The destiny. its for responsibility sub historical as representation of lack the suggests and nation the T articulated. regularly is sub social of rhetoric and feeling general the movement, faith native the surrounds which domain, nationalist the In destiny. national for metaphor proper current persecution, historical faith finally, native makes which concept, the is And subordinatedness social marginalization, symbolic cause‘. ‗Hungarian the up give don‘t who fai native the self the referencecountercultural are important status.Underground,features provides it Second, sentiments. these to attached are depth historical of feelings while power, moral provides marginal, the Self society. contemporary the in marginal wh those, all for justification spiritual and moral as serves can it First, also. level national the and countercultural individual, functions, various have may martyrdom and suffering of rhetoric The adherents. contemporary for patterns also but mora a provides fidelity national and faithfulness traditionalism, ancients‘ their for persecution the Invoking successors. the for authority symbolic provides oppression the on e the behind narratives. examined all in feature fundamental a is repressed as group own the of Representation forces. alien by repressed are traditions native concepts, three the all In

Blumer, “Race pr Blumer, “Race

- imagery of present of imagery

mphatic memories for the pagans‘ subjection? In my interpretation, remembrance interpretation, In my subjection? pagans‘ the for memories mphatic – th becomes a legacy of ancient souls and a probable curse on truthful persons, persons, truthful on curse probable a and souls ancient of legacy a becomes th

this common political conception of t of conception political common this ejudice as a sense of group position.” sense group of ejudice asa

- dominant, regards to the entity of the whole nation: ‗ nation: whole the of entity the to regards dominant, he topos of the ‗passion of Hungary‘ ascrib Hungary‘ of ‗passion the of topos he - day

native faith native hg petg ad hsoia pre historical a and prestige high a - identification with the dominated, the suppressed, suppressed, the dominated, the with identification

movements. Current countercultural position of position countercultural Current movements.

he nationalist wing illuminates a central a illuminates wing nationalist he o feel their current social position position social current their feel o - dominance and vulnerability and dominance es a passive agency for for agency passive a es - iuain o a for figuration The nation is in is nation The What are the the are What - points in points l credit, credit, l 206 a -

CEU eTD Collection 107 dissent. of fears and unity national of norms reli political content and structural ethno contemporary of f native of success public The ofin spite thefact, that they self minoritical implicit and prevalent a movement: faith native the of attitude

giosity and memory and giosity - - matter correspondence includes similarities in the conceptions of of conceptions the in similarities includes correspondence matter ainls. s have I As nationalism.

belong, as ethnic group members, to the vast majority. members, tothevastgroup as ethnic belong, aith ideas is explicable by their fitting to broader group beliefs beliefs group broader to fitting their by explicable is ideas aith - discourse, narratives of conspiracy and treachery, just as the as just treachery, and conspiracy of narratives discourse,

ae n tep t demonstrate to attempt an made - identification,

that this this CEU eTD Collection 108 transitions; the after country the in arrived science and proto anti interwar the of stream pagan the are influences cultural significant most the understanding, my In units. cultural distinct four f native contemporary of roots historical the for looking In return there. belief ‗original‘ an with ethnogenesis alternative an construct reli for identity of field the On chosenness‘ ‗ethnic electivity‘, ‗divine about concepts heterogeneous alternative, an for claims nationalism pagan of number increasing identity country the in scene faith‘ ‗native or of fields regular revivals. religious and national‗restorativerecent nostalgia‘: two the strengthens mutually and interconnects It spirituality. national character A expressed. and developed are identities and narratives cult countercultural C VII. ontemporary native faith movements and national mythologies national and movements faith native ontemporary gious views by referring to an ancient ethnic past and to the alleged ethnic religions; to religions; ethnic alleged the to and past ethnic ancient an to referring by views gious

h dsic ntv fih movements faith native distinct the

Conclusions - - languages and group ideologies is a core dynamic. core a is ideologies group and languages for memories cultural andmythologies rituals, nationalnarratives, public building, is ascribed to ascribed is

Hungarian neo Hungarian have - historiography, w c iiu a oil ie wee ifrn siiul n pltcl beliefs, political and spiritual different where site, social a milieu, ic

a growing influence on the nati the on influence growing a

oil a social native beliefsnative Neo - aa nationalism pagan - ctors. paganism, the formation, performance and fixity of national of fixity and performance formation, the paganism, hich hich and , y mytho By - modernist and anti and modernist emerged

nowadays it provides a ground for sentim for ground a provides it nowadays s the is h cli mle o eoeiim ad academic and esotericism; of milieu cultic the -

r iia ambition similar ir

itrcl osrcin o te ain neo nation, the of constructions historical rvds h cret otx o individual of context current the provides ‗ in the Hungarian Diasporas before 1990 and in theand Hungarian Diasporas before 1990 heretic onal imagery of the broader radical right radical broader the imageryof onal

‘ unique ‗spiritual quality‘ ‗spiritual unique

- Western collective memory and develop develop and memory collective aith movements, I have identified identified have I movements, aith

The A

common -

system; and to call upon a a upon call to and system; show the crystallization of a of crystallization the show tropes of tropes Turanism o eiiae hi own their legitimate to and the the and fundamental feature fundamental

‗national paganry‘‗national ; the alternative the ; ‗sacred nation‘ ‗sacred and ethnic ethnic and ents aboutents an - , .

CEU eTD Collection 109 non a of presence the phenomenon: connecting two of result the myth and remembrance social of frames social reshaping on effects considerable faith Native circle. social religious particularly not larger, specificit national a rather is be Christian early an as religion ethnic ancient of the conceptualizations The faith. thenative betweenand Christianity bridges mythical invent to aspiration wide the is scene Hungarian the of peculiarity further spiritualit faith native the to practices and beliefs country. the in currents faith native every for symbol the of significance the and mythologies A unique. obviously are beliefs folk ethnic national to references particular accepted the of emphases and content The characteristic. East other to comparable are group ethno an in appropriated frame are ideological elements these streams, Hungarian of concepts late of features s the on influential are shamanism urban and movements, general religious new spiritualities, certain While paganism. contemporary neo Hungarian the of Most various impacts native of development the consider I ethnology.

- beliefs, national mythologies and political religiosity. While the H the While religiosity. political and mythologies national beliefs, y protochronism

ipiil o epiil anti explicitly or implicitly n of the Hungarian scene in an international context is its growing popularity in a in popularity growing its is context international an in scene Hungarian the of .

Lcl aie at ielge hv a tog omtet o nationalist to commitment strong a have ideologies faith native Local . táltos lief

h rdcl right radical the hn a than ;

- - system represent a syncretistic ambition. However, this tendency this However, ambition. syncretistic a represent system cmo, huh ifrnl udrto ad ple master applied and understood differently though common, a pagan movements represent the ‗Eastern‘ and ‗ethnic‘ forms of of forms ‗ethnic‘ and ‗Eastern‘ the represent movements pagan - Central European pagan movements, they have their own own their have they movements, pagan European Central postmodern postmodern

- utrl eoy te pa a subst a play they memory; cultural Semitic xml fr ‗ for example - faiths believes as an amalgamation of these these of amalgamation an as believes faiths y are unique in Central Europe. Moreover, Europe. Central in unique are y

ainl yh f iie electivity, divine of myth national

- h de icuin f shamanistic of inclusion deep The building. imageries of the Pagan past have past Pagan the of imageries eiiu bricolage religious mong them, I underline the the underline I them, mong

In my understanding, it is it understanding, my In - - ungarian movements movements ungarian oen alternative modern xlcty religious, explicitly nil oe in role antial ‘.

h last The - national piritual and - CEU eTD Collection 110 co I Now movement. united a not is faith native concepts, national and attitudes together languages the and history; national the about narratives their investigated ‗ and esotericism‘‗national protochronism‘ ‗mythical constructs: mythical three identifiedhave groups dimension first the appl I Hungary, in faith native contemporary For contemporary the of understanding wider semantic, identity and deeper a provide may paganism and public spirituality alternative of circles informal movements, religious new of investigation the on focus researches academic general the While concepts. religious extraordinary in interested be not ‗alternative‘ countercultural, the that th of imaginaries suggested have I coverage, media and resources nation‘ ‗sacred national on based is paganism‘, or paganism, Ideological movements. faith native contemporary the to attached necessarily not are practice ritual and experiences Spiritual discourse neo the and faith native the of form ideological táltos

bsc classifi basic a - te eod shows second the , faith‘

in each case. Regarding the heterogeneity of the accepted myths, social values, values, social myths, accepted the of heterogeneity the Regarding case. each in . .

Conceptualized national ideologies, social ideologies, national Conceptualized ,

and rlgos ntv fih omnte, sget ‗om u‘ te mutual the out‘; ‗zoom a suggest I communities, faith native ‗religious‘ .

y nelnn te oil infcne f ulc aa eet, information events, pagan public of significance social the underlining By e pre e - politics, and ideologyfaith. the native politics, of nelig yh aot the about myths underlying

nlzd h nraie o oe tem f ah myt each of stream one of narratives the analyzed designates the designates ain f h dfeet ocpin, tem ad ia sple o the of supplies rival and streams conceptions, different the of cation - Christian past get to a wider nationalist public, whose otherwise would otherwise whose public, nationalist wider a to get past Christian

h different the mythologies and conceptualizations of the Hungarians as the as Hungarians the of conceptualizations and mythologies religious iw o te hrce o ethno of character the on views - ideological (or public) (or ideological ied

- ethnogenesis and the ancient religion; their their religion; ancient the and ethnogenesis a two a boundary pagan myths‘ fi myths‘ pagan

s rfre t i i m thesis my in it to referred I as - memory frames and mythologies hang hang mythologies and frames memory dimensional coordinate dimensional -

etns n the in settings tting to tting

character ia stream. hical a - broader nationalist broader eiiu legacy religious rvdd identity provided

of the examined the of - system. nsider it nsider ‗public : I have have I While I .

a -

CEU eTD Collection 111 is theconcept, which that argued dissent of fears and unity national of norms treachery, and conspiracy of narratives temporal ethno contemporary of beliefs group broader to fitting their by explicable is ideas faith native of success public Hungar in nationalism radical contemporary of worldview the with narratives streams‘ nationalist modest relatively the even time, same the At generallythan the ideological lessnationalist streams. spiritu that hypothesized, be can It extremism. pagan‘) (‗public ideological the in position case my In insignificant. not are modalities c faith native the of streams examined all Though spiritual, nationaland political concepts. ideologies, political and frame discursive

structure historical persecution, current symbolic marginalization, social subordinatedness social marginalization, symbolic current persecution, historical for

of historical memory historical of -

expressing, perform expressing, nationalism. nationalism. makes nativefaithmakes metaphor a for proper destiny. national n hc te an mhss xrs a nqe obnto of combination unique a express emphases main the which in This

, orsodne nlds iiaiis n the in similarities includes correspondence ing and contesting and ing pron – - religious dimension and the degree of nationalist of degree the and dimension religious studies, I have found a correlation between the the between correlation a found have I studies, eness for eness l experience al an be considered be an

nostalgia, national identities, group identities, national - centered native faith streams streams faith native centered

a mythical predisposition, mythical a national y.

I have argued that the that argued have I ist

, the range and range the ,

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