Integration of North and South American Players in Japan’s Professional Leauges by Akihiko K awaura and Sumner La Croix Working Paper No. 2011-14 October 30, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MANOA 2424 MAILE WAY, ROOM 540 • HONOLULU, HAWAI‘I 96822 WWW.UHERO.HAWAII.EDU WORKING PAPERS ARE PRELIMINARY MATERIALS CIRCULATED TO STIMULATE DISCUSSION AND CRITICAL COMMENT. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS. INTEGRATION OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN PLAYERS IN JAPAN’S PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES By Akihiko Kawaura Sumner La Croix 1 30 October 2011 University of Hawaii Dept. of Economics Working Paper No. 11-14 JEL Codes: J71, L83, N35 Keywords: Baseball, Japan, integration, NPB, sports, team Abstract Teams in Japan’s two professional baseball leagues began to add foreign players to their rosters in the early 1950s, with the average number of foreign players per team reaching 5.79 in 2004. One reason for their increased use of foreign players was that foreign hitters substantially outperformed Japanese hitters. We show that the pace of team integration with African-American, Latino, and Caucasian players varied substantially across teams, a pattern also observed in North American professional baseball leagues. Using team data for the 1958-2004 seasons, econometric analysis shows that good teams that experienced a poor season played foreign players more frequently in the next season’s games. 1 Kawaura: Professor, Department of Policy Studies, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 602-8580 Japan ; tel +81(Japan)-75-251-3473, fax: +81(Japan)-75-251-3094; e-mail:
[email protected] . LaCroix: Professor, Department of Economics, 2424 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; tel: +1 (808) 956 -7061, fax: +1 (808) 956-4347; e - mail :
[email protected] .