JFJLAJNINfJIN G HTI§ TO JR ~y

BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY

VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 ISSN 0959-5805 JFI~AJNNJI)NjG IHITI§1r0~Y

BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY BULLETIN OF THE INT ERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY

EDITOR Dr Kiki Kafkoula Department of Urban and Regional Planning Dr Mark Clapson School of Architecture Dept. of History Aristotle University ofThessalonika University of Luton Thessalonika 54006 75 Castle Street Greece Luton Tel: 303 1 995495 I Fax: 3031 995576 LU I 3AJ UK Dr. Peter Larkham Birmingham School of Planning page 2 Tel: 01582 489034 I Fax: 01582 489014 University of Central England EDITORIAL E-mail: [email protected] Perry Barr Birmingham NOTICES 4 B42 2SU EDITORIAL BOARD UK Tcl: 0121 331 5145 ARTICLES Or Arturo Almandoz Email: [email protected] Departamento de Planificacion Urbana Political symbolism in the Canberra Landscape Universidad Simon Bolivar Professor John Muller 8 Aptdo. 89000 Department ofTown and Regional Planning Peter R. Proudfoot Caracas I086 University of Witwatersrand Venezuela Johannesburg Transatlantic dialogue: Raymond Unwin and the American planning scene Tel: (58 2) 906 4037 I 38 PO Wits2050 Mervyn Miller 17 E-mail: [email protected] South Africa Tel:Oll 7162654 / Fax: 011 403 2519 Or Halina Dunin-Woyseth E-mail: 041 [email protected] .ac.za P RACTICE Oslo School of Architecture Department of Urban Planning Professor Georgio Piccinato The Tony Garnier Urban Museum, Lyon PO Box 271 300 I Drammen Facolta di Architettura 29 Norway Universita di Roma 3 Stephen V. Ward Tel: 47222083 16/Fax:4722111970 Via Madonna dei Monti 40 00184 Roma REPORTS 36 Dr Gerhard Fehl Italy Lehrstuhl IUr Planungstheorie Tel: +39 6 678 8283 I Fax: +39 6 481 8625 41 Tcchnische Hochschulc Aachen E-mail: [email protected] PUBLICATIONS AND REVIEWS 52062 Aachen Schinkelstrasse I Dr Pieter Uyttenhove Germany 64 rue des Moines Tel: 0241 805029/Fax: 0241 8888137 F-75017 Paris Dr Robert Freestone France Planning and Urban Development Program Faculty of the Built Environment Professor Stephen V. Ward University ofNew South Wales School of Planning Sydney NSW 2052 Oxford Brookes University Australia Headington Tel: 02 9385 4836 / Fax: 02 9901 4505 Oxford E.-mail: [email protected] OX30BP UK Dr Robert K. Home Tel: 01865 483421/ Fax: 01865 483559 Department of Surveying E-mail: [email protected] University of East London Dagenham Professor Shun-ichi Watanabe Essex Science University ofTokyo RM82AS, UK Yamazaki, Noda-shi Tel: (0)181 590 7722 x2504 /Fax: (018 1 849 361 8 Chiba-ken 278 E-mail: [email protected] Japan Tel: 81474 24 150 1 /Fax: 81 47125 7833 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 1 history. Interesting questions about the think I speak for everyone in nature and scope of any discipline of appreciating the attractive and well­ history are revealed, for example, provisioned campus of Helsinki when thinking about the sources that University ofTechnology. The we use. Few social historians plunder organisers are to be congratulated on the planning and architectural the smooth running of the conference MARK CLAPSON materials, yet many relevant and programme. A full report on the Department of History, University ofLuton, 75 Castle Street, Luton, LUl 3AJ, informative contemporary articles and Helsinki conference, written by Rob UK studies of town life are available there. Home of the University of East Email: [email protected] Similarly, planning historians can London, will be published in the next Tel: 0044 (0)1582 489034; fax: (0)1582 489014 utilise a wide range of broad-sheet issue of the bulletin. newspapers, and popular and specialist bulletins, to gain insights and evidence Finally ... Taking up t he reins working on these parts of the world, or upon the social context within which Here is a plea on a number of I was pleased to be asked by the IPHS you know someone who is ... planning decisions are made, and put fronts: I haven't received very many to take up the editorship of Planning Second, the spread of subj ects into practice. And there is more than a books for review si nce I took over History. I sincerely hope I can covered has increasingly widened over little oral testimony and autobiography, from Peter, and would be grateful for maintain the previous editor Peter the years, and this is also to be and also fiction, which provides more. The reviews section in this Lark.ham's high standards of editing encouraged. Peter mentioned, impressions of how 'the planners' have bulletin is a little thin. Also, please and production over the next three however, that unfortunately little had been perceived, often in a critical and keep me informed of any key articles, years. Having said that, I must been written on the teaching of prejudiced way, over the course of of relevance to readers of Planning apologise for the slightly late arrival of planning history, so contributions on many years. These are but a few History, that might be found in urban this issue, a result of an accumulation pedagogical practice and on key issues examples by way of making the point history journals. I will endeavour to of a number of minor production in the delivery of courses on planning that, in short, any articles synthesising cover those international journals difficulties. The next issue will be hot history will also be welcomed. planning history with other disciplines available in British libraries, but would on its heels, and ready by the end of I might add that although I will be welcomed. be pleased to receive notices of the December. I would also like to have worked in planning history, I am Planning History is also a contents of articles in journals gratefully acknowledge the help and also committed to social history and to useful site for research students to specifically relating to North and South advice I gained from Peter over the last making linkages between these two publish short articles on their work. If American, African, Asian and Pacific­ few ' transitional' months. A big disciplines. The social consequences you are involved in postgraduate Rim urban and planning history. thanks, too, to all those members of the of planning, and the social contexts supervision, please encourage your Lastly, it would be good to IPHS who have written to me or within which planners worked, are students to think of the bulletin both as keep the 'Practice' section as a regular emailed me to welcome me to the new often lacking in planning histories. a way of developing their work by feature. This is again dependent upon role as editor. Social historians, for their part, often preparation for publication, but also as what is out there, and who is willing to view social change in a vacuum. Life an avenue of introduction to the wider submit a piece, but little reports of The scope of the bulletin: past in towns and cities is rarely if ever international community of planning between I ,500 and 2,000 words upon present and future connected to the policy decisions, and historians. The occasional 'Research' planning history courses, on museums In his final editorial in Volume 22, No. to the ideologies and practices of section of the bulletin should be a and archives, and on exhibitions, will I, 2000 of Planning History, Peter planners, that moulded the physical regular feature. be welcomed. Each piece should focused upon the strengths of the nature of the urban environment. So I began writing this editorial emphasise the uses to, and relevance there is also scope for synthesising 1 bulletin, and outlined a number of before the 9 h IPHS conference at the of, their subject matter for historians of areas where it could be improved. planning history with other disciplines. Helsinki University of Technology in planning. The Practice section, as is First, the geographical spread of the This point is relevant not only to social Finland, but I'm inputting this text a evident from the article in this issue is bulletin is broad, but can be broader history, but also to architectural urban week after the event. So I will distinct from Reports or Notices du~ to still. The bulletin will thus encourage political and economic history. 'rt is ' probably have met many of you by the its length and depth. It is intended to contributions from all parts of the interesting to ask how far, if at all, this time you read this. The conference was be first and foremost an interesting and world. I will also endeavour to is possible, and how this might be very well organised and lively, and a useful section, enabling readers of increase the number of contributions achieved. In some ways, this connects many interesting and exciting papers Planning History to learn about from the under-represented Asian and to that point about the need for more were given. Some will appear in the relevant activities and sites of learning. Pacific Rim countries. So if you are work on the teaching of planning next few issues of Planning History. I

PLANNING HIST ORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 2 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 3 ISUF conference, September 2001 : study of the tremendous urban The 10111 International Planning years on, Unwin's vision is as valid an Retrospective on urban morphology transformations in the past two History Society Conference: approach as ever. at the Millennium centuries, but especially in the Cities of Tomorrow: London twentieth century. In that spirit, the Letchworth 2000 Location The next biennial conference of conference will also feature a 'mini The tenth gathering of IPHS delegates International Seminar on Urban Form seminar' on the methods and theories The 10111 IPHS conference will will be convened in two world-famous will be held for the first time in the of the English, French and Italian celebrate the internationalism of the planned environments, which embody Uni ted States, in Cincinnati, Ohio. It schools for those wishing to get a town planning movement and the role the key themes of the conference­ wi ll take place from 6 to 9 September better understanding of classic ideas in of historical sensibility in city design. London and Letchworth Garden City. 2001 in the downtown Westin Hotel. the field . The themes of individual Though town planning is a forward­ Revisiting London and Letchworth The conference is being organised by sessions will be announced in the looking activity, its practitioners have offers the opportunity to revisit Brenda and David Scheer and Kiril October issue of Urban Morphology always used '360 degree guidance important roots of modern planning Stanilov of the University of history and journal. systems'. They have looked at urban return to the birthplace of Cincinnati, with assistance from experiments and experience throughout the IPHS itself. several US members of the ISUF, Enquiries and suggestions concerning the worlds, drawing on both the The main business of the event including Anne Vemez Moudon and the conference should be forwarded to: successes and failures of the past. will be conducted in central London, in Michael Conzen. The theme of Raymond the historical building of the University Founded in 1789, Cincinnati is Brenda Case Scheer, Associate Unwin's famous book was the need to of Westminster in Regent Street, John a quintessential American river city, Professor, School of Planning, learn from history, and to share Nash's Via Triumphalis for the Prince described in detail by John Reps, and University of Cincinnati, PO Box international experience. One hundred Regent. frequently cited in planning history for 210016, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, its textbook ' American grid' origins. It USA; tel + (5 13) 556 0211 or + (513) has a fascinating physical history and 381 8831. much historic architecture. It is also a beautiful city, built in the basin of Email: [email protected] seven hills, lush with vegetation, with the Ohio River at its front door. Cincinnati is in the middle of a fascinating and bold transformation of its riverfront, tearing out the multi-lane highway, building new parks and stadia, and other features. It has interesting examples of nineteenth- and July 2002 early twentieth-century American planning, including an early ( 1830s) curvilinear suburb, a new town developed under the Roosevelt administration, and a well-preserved garden suburb designed by John Nolen. Tours of these areas will be part of the conference. The general theme of the conference is intended to review the

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 4 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * P AGE 5 On the paper discussion tracks, which will third day of the conference, Call for p apers It is also a major commuter town with include: delegates will move 3 miles north of We invite proposals for papers in all a fast-track service to London's King's London to Letchworth Garden City, aspects of planning history. In Cross rail station 35 miles away. • The Internationale where Unwin put his pioneering of the planning particular, we welcome proposals for In addition to the university's Hall of principles into practice, before movement papers which address the conference Residence (from £20 per person per delegates return to the capital for the • Model projects and their diffusion theme and tracks, with a particular night) there are many hotels within a final session. • Colonial and post-colonial town focus on international exemplars or two-mile radius of the London planning uses and abuses of the past. conference venues. Guide prices for Pre and post conference field trips will • Planning and the environment In devising and developing the hotel room rates range from £60 to be offered on an optional basis to • Comparative technique in town theme for this London-Letchworth £250 per person per night. However, explore other facets of historical town planning Garden City conference, the organisers discounted prices will be negotiated planning in London and the nearby • Town planning and heritage issues have brought together an international and made available. Home Counties. panel of experts chaired by Dr. Peter Newman. The panel will create a The target number of delegates is 250 The conference theme will be 'Shaping A series of round-table discussions will suitably qualified roster of conference with a maximum capacity of 350 the future: theories into practice' be held, including one devoted to the tracks and submitted papers. delegates. (preliminary title) and explored teaching and presentation of town Summaries of all accepted papers will through commissioned plenary planning experiences and ideas. be published on the conference Contacts presentations and a series of parallel website, in advance. Alan Howard The option will be created for Director of Marketing and PR, proposed papers to be submitted to Garden City and Heritage Foundation, referees. Papers approved by invited Suite 40 I ,The Spirella Building, referees will be available in print, Letchworth GC, SG6 4ET subject to meeting adjudication deadlines. Tel: 01462 476000 Fax: 01462 476050 Finance and organisation The organisers will provide all Em ail : [email protected] conference session accommodation. The Heritage Foundation will Dr. Maurits van Rooijen, cover the costs of the field day in Director of International Education, Letchworth including lunch at the University of Westminster, luxury Letchworth Hall Hotel and the 16 Little Titchfield Street, provision of transport for the short London W 1P 7FH journey from London to the Garden City for all delegates. Tel: 020 7911 5819 Letchworth is located off Fax: 020 7911 5973 junction 9 of the A1 (M) motorway within easy reach of the M25 and such Emai 1: [email protected]. uk locations as Cambridge and Welwyn Garden City.

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 6 PLANNING H ISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 7 Parliament building, the new west with the university buildings Parliament House on Capitol Hill, Red crossing the Land Axis at right angles Hill, and then terminates at Bimberi through the lake to align with the t»O:~LI~LCC.P\JL §Ylvf~BOJ~J(§M[ JrN 'lriHDE Peak, the highest mountain in the Molonglo River Valley, and then Brindabella ranges well to the south of terminates at a monument in Lake Park CC.t~1~"E~EIDU lLAl\lJD§CCAlPJE the city (figure 1}. A secondary Water (never realised.) Axis connects Black Mountain in the

PETER R. PROUDFOOT University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia Email: [email protected]

No politician since Robert Menzies has principles should not be lightly taken a direct personal interest in the countenanced. The principal design and improvement of Australia's features of Griffin's plan capital city. In 1955 he expressed should be maintained at all concern about the Jack of development costs. It is a grand plan, and in Canberra; his influence on plans for something we should hold on 1 future development was applied to. through the head of the Prime Minister's department who had close It is important to note that Marion ties with John Overall, later to become Mahony Griffin prepared all the the first commissioner for the National drawings comprising the competition­ Capital Development Corporation. winning design for the federal capital. Resulting from Menzies' Her exact contribution to the plan itself concerns, a select committee of the is not clear as she deferred to her Senate, with Senator J. A. McCallum husband on this issue, but evidence as chairman, was appointed to enquire gained from the Magic ofAmerica, her and report upon the development of memoirs complied during the 1940s, Canberra. The report contained indicate at the very least that her seventy six recommendations; it was contribution was a major one. thorough and persuasive, drawing upon The 'main principles' of the evidence gleaned from a large number initial Canberra plan were realised of witnesses. After a comprehensive before Marion and Waiter Griffin left study of the history of Canberra, the Canberra. The city plan is organised misfortunes of Waiter Burley Griffin around a set of inter-related axial (the original architect and designer meridians which connect the nodal who resigned in 1920), and the lack of points and man-made constructions achievement in building the capital, the with natural elements: mountains and committee gave Griffin's plan a hills. The principal Land Axis belated vote of confidence: connects Mount Ainslie in the north of the city with the War memorial and The more one studies Griffin's then runs down Anzac Parade to unite plan and his explanatory the lake system (Lake Burley Griffin), statements, the more obvious it the public buildings in the Fig 1 Commonwealth ofAustralia Federal Capital Competition; City and is that departures from the main Parliamentary Triangle, the old Environs

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 8 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 9 A 'principal feature' of the plan Select Committee of the Senate is the Parliamentary Triangle formed included in their report Griffin's Capital Development Commission and symbolised political thought and by Commonwealth and Kings avenues, original Report Explanatory, his plans with wide powers of control. But ethical and moral ideals. These ideas which radiate from Capital Hill, and of 1912, 1913 and 1918 as well as the while Griffin's plan gained official were such as could be felt and the base of the triangle is provided by a gazetted plan of 1925. The acceptance, it is clear that Robert responded to by modem individuals: Municipal Axis: the connection government appeared to accept the Menzies interceded, exerting pressure politicians or public officials, and between Civic Hill and a complex of direction proposed by the select to follow an English town planning private individuals. buildings around Mount Pleasant. The committee and established the National model rather than the European and Menzies, imbued with American model implicit in the initial traditional English ideals, had a Fig 2: Wil/iamHolford: Diagram to illustrate observations on the future ofCanberra design.2 The English architect and penchant for English landscape art and town planner William Holford was admired the work of the Heidelberg consulted. Menzies had met Holford, School. He was favourably disposed later to become the doyen of British towards the idea of a 'bush' capital and architects/planners, during his sojourn appreciated the idea of the bush in England in the early years of the mystique as representative of Second World War. Australianness in much the same way

~. Holford accepted the axial as the picturesque tradition was ~. ..• .:··•''!.. , projected by conservative interests as '··.. matrix established by the Griffins but proposed certain amendments in symbolic of English culture. relation to the siting of the proposed In Britain, the association of new Parliament House.3 Waiter and landscaping with property was Marion Griffin's choice of site for the enshrined in law, and planting permanent building was Camp Hill, a accentuated the impression of power in small hill below Capital Hill, but this the land by emphasising the apparent site was never officially proclaimed. as well as the actual extent and unity of .·\ So, in 1958, with R. G. Menzies an estate. Formal styles of parkland :.:··· dominating the government of the day, planting, with long vistas radiating l '! little concern was expressed when from the country house, expressed --· Holford's proposal was promulgated. regularity and discipline: a sense of ....-· Parliament House would be embedded command and control. The pleasure of in a panoramic setting, near the running the eye possessively over the southern lake shore, and in a manner contours of a park was enhanced by the akin to the great country houses such siting, size and tonality of Capability as Blenheim Palace or Castle Howard. Brown's informal clumps which The model was a Capability Brown hatmonised the natural and social landscape on a huge scale (figure 2). world. Ideal landscape was regarded 4 \ Thus, at the inception of the as the analogue of the universal. ,....: National Capital Development Through Holford's agency, Commission the Canberra Plan Menzies can be appreciated in a sense crystallised as an amalgam of the as the counterpart of those earlier picturesque ethos and the panoramic conservative political theorists who prospect; that is to say, traditional elaborated the analogy of the State English landscape design combined with a landed estate, and aligned with the extensive axial vistas as statecraft with estate improvement. expressed in the Griffin's initial plan. While naturalising the connection of The plan contained a whole range of landed property with political power, metaphors emanating from the theorists such as Uvedale Price, eighteenth century, which enshrined Richard Payne Knight and Humphrey

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 ·k PAGE 10 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 11 Repton were flexible enough to allow example, a cottage embosomed in trees the ability to promote an art which obelisks and fountains, controlled by moral criticism of landed opinions and that permit the distance to appear only itself enshrines the public interest. It the principles of Baroque vista tastes, usually by contrasting plain and as spots or slices of light. was also understood to be an incidence planning. The Griffins' Canberra plan careful gentry, who managed their Public individuals regard the of that person's ability to abstract the was coalesced from these identifiable elements estates conservatively, with speculative of the panoramic landscape true interests of humanity, the public English, European and American and extravagant gentry who did not. always as representative ideas, interest, from the labyrinth of private influences. The rich reserves of English intended to categorise rather than interests which were thought to be Directly related to axial woodland symbolism were exploited deceptively to imitate their originals in represented by mere unorganised meridians generated from surrounding by these landscape idealists to nature. They study, not the objects detail. In republican political theory a hills and mountains, the nucleus of the construct a political iconography themselves- not, for example, an citizen, a public individual in this initial plan, the parliamentary triangle articulated in the form of landscape. individual person in a society, or their sense, had long been distinguished by and its projections are of heroic individual Two sensibilities combine in their occupations - but their the fact that this ability was a function proportions. Here the Griffins work, albeit sometimes uneasily: a relations. Writers of the polite culture of this person's reason. By contrast, concentrated upon the creation of a critical sensibility which actively of the period conclude that political private men who were not citizens, clear geometric order both in axiality authority engages social and economic issues, is rightly exercised by those who were servants or mechanics, had and in the sculpturally separate and expressing them comprehensively in capable of generalised thought, of been understood from Aristotle solid monumental constructions within landscaping terms; and a complacent producing abstract ideas from the raw onwards to have no ability to the government group of buildings. sensibility which regards landscape as data of experience, and by their ability understand reason, or to follow This component of the plan can be something separate from, and opposed to comprehend and classify the totality anything but their own immediate viewed as an expression of the "public" of human 6 to human society, and deploys its experience. In this sense instincts. According to this system of city: a civic and urban symbol. The they assume the mantle of the augurs imagery to obscure social and classification the representation of the freer and more modest areas and and priests of antiquity who practiced economic issues. These sensibilities ideal, panoramic landscape is an precincts comprising the Garden City the were defined in Essay on the principal arts of civilisation - instantiation of the political capability component of the plan can be viewed Picturesque ( 1784) by Uvedale Price, architecture and planning included -as of the public individual. as an expression of the "private" city of and by Payne Knight's Analytical part of their duties or office. Just as in In Britain, during the suburban orientation and provincial ancient Egypt, for instance, the priests Inquiry into the Principles of Taste eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, values, where the Griffins avoided the had (1805). The 'Picturesque' has been practiced monumental civic design ideal panoramic landscape was treated fixed climax of the Beaux Arts and mobilised throughout the present geometrical planning, or in Rome as a public genre and accorded that Baroque vista planning. The forms are the tradition century to articulate English society of civic design referred status by an aesthetic philosophy. The not linear and axial but spiral from back to the rites and observances of the and often again, with a sense of connection between art and the public polygonal matrices: the distance is Etruscan priesthood.7 duplicity, as both the 'true' England sphere had insisted on the inter­ concealed by the centrifugal power of The genre of the occluded and a world of make-believe. dependency of the republic of taste and the suburban street pattern. These two sensibilities had emanated landscape, at the other end of the the political republic, and it gave The Parliamentary Triangle of spectrum, from a connection between politics and represents the confined explanatory power to the writing of the the Canberra initial plan, comprising views of the private individuals whose art developed from the earlier times. judicial, legislative and executive eighteenth century. Correct taste in experience is too narrow to permit The panoramic prospect functions, can be interpreted as a them to abstract. In England, these landscape art was used in this period, evolved in England and reached its symbolic representation of the two kinds of landscape were often, if and thereafter, as a means of apotheosis in the work of Capability structure of the democratic ideal. not always, assumed to be the legitimising political authority - the Brown and Humphry Repton. These Throughout the Magic of America productions of, and designed for, the claim to participate in the councils of two spheres merged in the landscape Marion Griffin stresses that "true entertainment oftwo different spheres state. Two kinds of landscape are design ofFrederick Law Olmsted in democracy" can only be achieved of life- the public and the private- and represented in eighteenth century America, in which axial arrangements through the appreciation of the values 5 even of two different classes of people. painting and literature. The first is were utilised but using mountains and of a tripartite consisting of liberty, The power of an individual of ideal, panoramic prospect which is hills as "natural" termini. Ancient axial equality and fraternity. Equality is liberal mind to abstract the general surveyed, organised and understood by orders and geomantic paradigms enshrined in "the function of a from the particular, as metaphorised in disinterested public men. Secondly, underlie the City Beautiful matrix, democratic political organisation"; the power to comprehend and organise there is the occluded landscape. Such which was structured in relation to fraternity in "the function of a co­ an extensive prospect, is a testimony of landscapes conceal the distance; for man-made termini, towers, large operative mercantile centre". Both are

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 12 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 *PAGE 13 represented in Canberra: equality in the Water Axis from Black Mountain 1912. This required the demolition of timeless continuities in the urban focus general administration centre sited passing through the basins comprising the existing Parliament building, a of our national life. around City Hill and the govenunent Lake Burley Griffin and along the proposition not supported by the But in the wider sphere, the groupings within the triangle; fraternity Molonglo Valley, form a cross akin to Senate, which viewed the old building, succession of individuals responsible in the mercantile centre on Mount the monumental constructions ofthe with its threefold extensions, as a for planning and landscape design Pleasant stretching out towards City ancient world such as Constantine's permanent fixture. This impasse since the inception of the National Hill. Liberty, "the function of Rome. There, the Axis Urbis (city prevailed until 1974, when, at a Capital Development Commission in individualistic, creative, productive axis) connects St. Peter's Basilica, the historic joint sitting of both houses of 1958, had eroded the Griffins' concept and cultural activity", forms the apex Capitoline Hill, the Via Sacra, the Parliament, the Parliament Act located for Canberra even before the design of of the triangle as represented by the Temple of Venus and Rome, the the projected Parliament House on the new Parliament House on Capital Capitol Building (now the new Colosseum, St. John's Lateran Church Capital Hill. An international Hill had been settled. The Mall, Parliament House). and extends to the Alban Hills, the competition, staged in 1979, was won astride the Land Axis in the With home of the gods of the Capitol as climax, the antiquity. At the by the American-based firm, Mitchell, Parliamentary Triangle, and Anzac Griffins Colosseum it crosses arranged the elements of another axis Giurgola and Thorp; their scheme was Parade attempt formali ty but the connecting govenunent, symmetrically placed on the ancient basilicas of completed for the Australian former relies only on the terraces about the Land Axis, to Santa Maria Maggiore and St. Paul Bicentenery in 1988. inconsequential patterns of trees, and express in physical terms their outside the walls. With the In the new Parliament House the latter is limited to a narrow strip of conception of constitutional establishment of Christianity the design, Romaldo Giurgola sought to the Land Axis unsupported on the democracy. "cross" of Rome became In the vertical dimension the model for concretise the in-dwelling spirit of the northern lake shore below Mount the bicameral the development of Parliament House is many European nation as the Griffins had attempted to Ainslie. placed on Camp Hill above cities. do in the original design for the Capitol On the northern shores, departmental The most and judicial functions. famous geomantic building. By reiterating the shape of according to the Griffins, regular This composition axis of the ancient is focussed on the world aligns the Capital Hill in the general mass of the landscaping and institutional buildings Capitol, Parthenon on the at the highest level, conceived Acropolis of Athens building, Giurgola infused his design should have created a formal viewing by the Griffins with distant landforms: as a place of popular Mount with metaphorical associations such as platform for the govenunent group in assembly, Salamis in the west and "horns" of a forum, a repository for the permanence and stability, and, in the the triangle. Also, there are no national Mount Hymettos archives and an institution in the east. It is Roman sense, enclosure and interiority. successful formal parks; the parklands crossed by commemorating national achievements a secondary axis from He has carefully placed the major along the entire irregular lake frontage - the Mount Deceleia focus of national consciousness. which passes through elements of the Senate Chamber and have been designated picnic and the old altar The axially ordered initial plan of Athena leading the eye the House of Representatives Chamber recreation amenity. The Griffins had for Canberra to the distant sea. expresses the continuity The last city which in the same relationship to the crossing proposed variety and a gradation of of symbo reflects this system lism between the East and the of ideas and to be (the present flagpole) as did the treatment in order to make the designed West. From Babylon to Peking, in the grand manner was Griffins with the siting of the parklands support the wider city Borobudhur, Angkor Canberra. Wat, Benares and residences of the Prime Minister and patterns. Robert Menzies, through the Mandalay in the East; and in the West, the Governor-General. In the Parliamentary Triangle from agency of William Holford's axial and Athens and Rome to the many The cross-axial design of the the hierarchy of capital functions European panoramic scheme within the cities derived from them, Parliament House has made the proposed originally has been Parliamentary Triangle rejuvenated there is evidence of a common Griffins' macro-landscape resonate fragmented with govenunent offices, Marion and Waiter Griffin's concept of coherent, and complex system of with some of the most powerful national institutions and local functions thought an "ideal" city. Later, in 1968, after and practice, which underlies symbols of Western culture. In the distributed at random in the areas Menzies had quit politics and anti­ certain fundamental planning Colosseum and the Pantheon, the urban abuning the Mall. Although a conservative forces were in the conceptions in all of these societies. focii of Rome, anthropometric orders departure from the Griffins' original The axial geometry also informs all ascendancy, the House of and axes are unified in the simplest intentions, had William Holford's 1959 Representatives supported a proposal Islamic mosques, garden and tomb possible way. Recognising the power scheme been realised, the original complexes like the Taj Mahal. to move the site of the proposed of this ancient symbolism, with all its panoramic breadth of vision would In Canberra, the north-south Parliament House from the intended social and political associations, have been preserved. Now, nowhere is Land Axis connecting Mount Ainslie lakeside setting to Camp Hill, the site Romaldo Giurgola has expressed these a political iconography articulated in with Bimberi Peak, and the east-west actually proposed in the initial plan of the fom1 of landscape.

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 14 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 15 While paying false homage to "public city", a civic and democratic Waiter and Marion Griffin and their symbol, is now only the dream of a visionary plan, politicians and planners few idealogues. Canberra has become alike have discarded the most the expression of private individuals, significant components of that plan and who have vacillated between the disregarded the aesthetic principles frantic desire to find something critical to its implementation. comprehensible to belong to, and an Canberra garden city, the capital of equally consuming passion to act on Australia, experienced on the ground, their own. is the epitome of occlusion. The MERVYN MILLER NOTES Chartered Architect and Town Planner, 11 Silver Street, Ashwell, Baldock, SG7 5QJ, UK Email: mervarch@aol. com Tel: 0044 (0)1462 742684 3 W. Holford, ' Observations on Select Committee of the From Garden Cities to Town and Regional the Development of Canberra', Senate, Report, p. 12. Planning A.C.T., 15 May, 1958. Raymond Unwin ( 1863-1940) developed Eastriggs in the Solway area of Scotland. 2 Elements of the initial Canberra strong professional and personal links with Unwin also served on, and was the leading Plan are derived from the 4 See generally, S. Daniels, 'The the United States and Canada from 1911 member of, the Tudor Waiters Committee European-style City Beautiful political iconography of onwards. Unwin, is, of course, best known as investigating working-class housing which and Garden City movements Woodland', in D. Cosgrove and a pioneer of town planning, 1 and the reported in 19 18. Its principal findings were which dominated town S. Daniels (eds.) The evolution of the Garden City layout, taking enacted in the Housing Act of 1919, with planning in the early twentieth Iconography of Landscape, Ebenezer Howard's mechanistic diagrams, Unwin being appointed Chief Architect and century. In the City Beautiful Cambridge University Press, and in conjunction with his partner, Barry subsequently Chief Technical Officer for the model, derived from Baroque 1988. Parker, transforming them with the Arts and Ministry of Health in 1919, from which he vista planning, architecture is Crafts approach of vernacular cottage design. retired in 1928. After that he took on work set in sweeping piazzas and 5 J. Barrel!, 'The public prospect This was spectacularly seen in his early work. for the Greater London Regional Planning parkland penetrated the city and the private view: the First of all, in New Earswick, from 1902 Committee (GLRPC), as their Technical centre. In the Garden City politics of taste in eighteenth onwards; Letchworth Garden City fo llowed Adviser, from 1929-33. Subsequently, and model, houses on individual century Britain', in J. C. Eade in 1903, where Unwin prepared the master by then in his seventies, Unwin regularly blocks in suburban areas further (ed.) Projecting the Landscape, plan, and Parker and Unwin designed much commuted to the United States, initially in of the grouped housing and many individu conjunction with housing issues, assisting the away from the centre are Humanities Research Centre, al houses. At Hampstead Garden Suburb, activists pressing for interventionist policies dominated by landscaping. In Australian National University, Unwin's first plan was prepared in 1905, and and programmes under Roosevelt's 'New Canberra, the Parliamentary 1987 development got under way from 1907 Deal'. In 1936, he was appointed Visiting Triangle reveals influences onwards. Unwin's 6 Alexander Pope, Epistle IV to subsequent career was Professor of Town Planning at Columbia from the l 90 I plan for largely in the service of public agencies. He University, a post he held until his death. Washington DC, and the Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington split away from Parker in 1914 to become Chicago Columbian Exposition Chief Town Planning Inspector at the Local America calling ... which espoused the Beaux-Arts Government Board in succession to Thomas So, Unwin enjoyed a crowded career. In fact, 7 See J. Rykwert, The Idea ofa Baroque style; and less formal Adams, who is another major pioneer of although his most intense work in the United Town: The Anthropology of ' picturesque' principles applied planning with transatlantic links. States itself was done in the 1930s, he Urban Form in Rome, Italy and to its suburban areas connect During the First World War Unwin was developed strong links with the United States the Ancient World. M.LT. Canberra with English garden responsible for the construction programme many years previously. A transatlantic Press, Cambridge, 1986. cities/towns such as Letchworth of munitions communities, developed by the dialogue began before he even visited the and Port Sunlight. Ministry of Munitions, under David Lloyd United States. In 1910, the Royal Academy George's stewardship. They included what hosted a great exhibition ofTown Planning in many commentators have perceived as the conjunction with the RIBA Town Planning first state New Towns including Gretna- conference of that year, and Unwin was the

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO . 2 * 2000 *PAGE 16 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 17 organiser of that exhibition, which included L9 L L•4 Accompanied, as usual by his wife, the whole spectrum of town planning. 2 Etty, Unwin made his own way to the United English Garden City architecture at its most States, (which inevitably involved a small, participants in international conferences for with the city's park belt, and commended the intimate scale was seen alongside, for obscure, slow and economical steamship). the rest of Nolen's life. 5 construction of neighbourhood social centres. example, Daniel Bumh am's great plans for He sailed from Liverpool on the Leyland While Unwin was in Philadelphia he He proclaimed 'this green gi rdle is indeed a Chicago and Washington . This certainly Liner Bohemian - a very appropriate choice gave the message, the orthodox message as it wonderful c reation'.6 The comprehensive seems to have implanted in Unwin a of name for a boat for the Unwins- and, not had become, about British housing, and context of the Bumham plan raised Unwin's realisation that fom1al planning was not as content with the break in work during the sea Garden City practice. He presented what is in perception of planning to the strategic level anti-social as he had hitherto thought and as voyage, he prepared a p lan for the extension essence is a draft for Nothing Gained by embraced by his seminal diagram 'The he had implied in 'Town Planning in to Hampstead Garden Suburb, en route, Overcrowding, published the following year Garden C ity principle applied to Suburbs', Practice', published the previous year, 1909.3 during the ten days between Liverpool and by the Garden Cities and Town Planning which was prepared in conjunction with hi s Unwin's opportunity to visit the United States Boston. On landing he made the first of his Association. Unwin debated with one of the 19 11 Warburton lecture at Manchester for real, came as a member 7 of the British enduring transatlantic friendships, wi th John New York housing officials, the question of University, and was widely publicised Delegation (with Thomas Adams and Thomas Nolen ( 1869-193 7) who was a seminal figure tenements versus cottage homes, which through its inclusion in Nothing Gained by Mawson) to the Third National City Planning in planning in the United States. Nolen and became one of the key aspects of Overcrowding in 19 12. 8 This seems to have Conference held in Philadelphia in May Unwin remained friends, correspondents and international debates in housing in the raised Unwfin' s sights rom the individual interwar period. He then visited Chicago and small town towards city regional planning, was mightily impressed with the city, and which is a dimension which is not always with the comprehensive stance taken towards recognised in his pre-19 14 work, but which city planning under the Burnham plan, and came to fruition in hi s G LR.PC work.

Fig 2: Originally prepared for 'The Town Extension Plan' in 1911, 'The Garden City Principle Fig I: The Hampstead Garden Suburb Plan 1919: the treatment ofc uts-de-sac fringing the Heath Applied to Suburbs' became an international planning icon. provided a model for Radbum

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 18 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 19 The City C lub Bulletin publicised Unwin's Unwin's appointment as Chief Housing decentralisation, but Unwin's headline housing grouping and planning. Guessens Chicago visit, and lecture on English Garden Architect, in the Ministry of Health, in 1919, grabbing advocacy of a ban on further Close, Welwyn, where Sir Frederic Osborn, a 9 Cities. The C ity C lub of Chicago was an gave his work official imprimatur, while his skyscraper development scarcely endeared younger member of the Garden City organisation which was very interested in American contemporaries were urging the him to the financiers of Wall Street. From Movement lived, and the earl y quadrangles of social questions. It was led by the Pond adoption of a national housing strategy and 1929-33, Unwin's low-key formulation of housing (many of which have now been brothers, who did a great deal towards regional planning in the United States. The strategic alternatives for the metropolitan demolished) were analysed. Wright and Stein, formulating the concept of the neighbourhood personal incentive to return was strengthened region in his ' Greater London Regional Plan' en route to the s uperblock, also developed the unit, along side the social analysts of the by the marriage ofUnwin's daughter, Peggy was commended by Nolen, and younger theme of the block diagrams from 'Nothing Chicago school. They are unsung, but they to Curticc Hitchcock, an academic and American planners such as Russell Van Nest Gained by Overcrowding' at Sunnyside preceded the analytical work by Clarence publisher, in 1920. John Nolen also Black (1893-1969), then working on a Tri­ Gardens, New York, in 1924-5. 15 Perry, Henry Wright and Clarence Stein. encouraged his return. There are numerous State/Philadelphia Regional Plan, welcomed Radburn was influenced, of course, by the Unwin spoke to a very receptive audience. lt letters of that period in the Nolen Papers, held the clarity ofUnwin's approach. By the English Garden C ities. It was planned by is not known whether Frank Lloyd Wright at Cornell University, which are on the lines 1930s, Unwin's broad, philosophical views on Wright and Stein in 1928-29. Unwin was 10 was present. He also visited Canada, of 'when are you going to come back to the regional strategic platming, set out in consulted on the finali sation of the layout commenting on the planning ofOttowa: he United States?'. Nolen acted, in effect, as 'Regional Planning: the pattern and the during his visit in 1928. He visited the s ite returned for a longer visit to the Dominion in Unwin's agent, setting up lecture tours and background', were commended, and and wrote excitedly to a cousin, Christy 19 13. Afier this hectic trip, he sailed conferences with American institutions which published on both sides of the Atlantic. 14 Booth, 'I am deep in planning their new homeward from New York on the Lusitania, were likely to be receptive to enlightened city During the 1920s Unwin began a fruitful Garden Suburb'.16 In his s ixties Unwin 11 has one of the few occasions when a premier liner planning and housing design. dialogue with Henry Wright (1878-1936) and became almost a father fi gure, a guru, to a was taken. As a result of his American trip in It was in 1922 that Unwin returned, and while Clarence Stein ( 1882-1973). The Second younger generation of American planners. At 19 11 , Unwin slightly revised in 'Town on that trip he was interviewed by, and Garden City, Welwyn, was under way from Radbum, the culs-de-sac, which lined the Planning in Practice', with a new introduction indeed, held conferences on behalf of, the 1919, designed and planned by Louis de traffic-free superblock, were influenced by which includes a summary of planning in the Russell Sage Foundation, which was about to Soissons. Welwyn, together with Letchworth Unwin's, such as Reynolds Close, off United States, particularly Philadelphia. launch the idea of a comprehensive regional and Hampstead Garden Suburb were visited Hampstead Way in Hampstead Garden Regrettably he never comprehensively plan for the Ci ty ofNew York and its by Henry Wright and C larence Stein in 1923, Suburb. revised the text to show a greater enthusiasm environs. Unwin had become keenly and influenced their evolving ideas about for formal planning, evident from the text of interested in planned decentralisation to hi s Warburton Lecture defuse urban congestion. This still has a resonance today as a key planning issue. Dialogue resumed Unwin was perhaps too radical at that time in During the First World War, as already his ideas for stopping further congestion by mentioned, Unwin was more than occupied curbing skyscraper growth of lower by the construction of munitions Manhattan. 12 This was a theme, incidentally, communiti es. But those developments to which he returned virtually every time he themselves became part of the dialogue, part came to the United States -New York of the export of planning ideas. The United headlines would say 'Unwin would ban States Emergency Fleet Commission built a further skyscrapers'. It is a reflection of both series of similar communi ties, after the his status, and that of city planning that the examples ofGretna-Eastriggs, and Well Hall New York Times interviewed him practically at Eltham (the latter of which, incidentally, every time he arrived in the United States, on Unwin had nothing to do with- the architect the inevi table slow boat. was Sir Frank Baines). These and others The International Garden Cities and were published in the American Institute of Town Planning Federation held its conference Architects Journal in 1917-18, much to the in New York in 1925, attended by Ebenezer disgust of the censor, because they were Howard, Raymond Unwin, and Barry Parker. shrouded in the secrecy of the Defence of the Lewis Mumford and the Regional Planning Realm Act. Nevertheless the idea of state­ Association of America also hosted the 13 promoted housing was exported to the British guests. The RPAA welcomed United States in that form. Unwin's pronouncements on the congestion of Manhattan, and the need for planned Fig 3: Radbum New Jersey Layout Plan

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 20 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 21 These occupied the narrow tongue of land was under the control of the Manchester City However, his time came after the Depression, standards. Stein was not personally between the Hampstead Heath Extension and Architect. Parker's enthusiasm for parkways and the reconstruction under the Roosevelt responsible for the Greenbelt plan, but it the boundary of the Suburb. Reynolds Close stemmed from his 1925 visit, when he saw administration: the New Deal as it is renected fully his concern for defining was narrow, and it is now choked by parked the Westchester County parkways. Later he popularly called. Roosevelt was inaugurated neighbourhood units and separating cars - Wright and Stein introduced garages obtained slides to show at his inaugural early in 1933, and served two terms, was pedestrians and vehicles at all points of into their layouts at Radburn, as befitted its lecture as TPI President in 1929. Unwin too elected for a third term, and died in office in connict, seen at Radbum, and at a plan for a claim as 'the Garden City of the motor age'. illustrated the parkway in his 1929 GLRPC 1945. Unwin was a prominent figure, with housing satellite at Valley Stream, Long Looking at the Radburn plan, the repetition of Report, 18 and the Radburn plan in its relevant experience, who could be consulted. Island, New York, prepared in 1933. With Reynolds Close is evident, but the park realm successor, published in 1933. He had, after all, been principal civil servant Catherine Bauer Wurster, he participated in a shifts to the block centre, avoiding crossing in charge of the way in which housing was design review for Greenbelt, at which guiding the road, as is the case at Hampstead Garden Towards a New Deal housing policy implemented under the various Housing Acts parameters for the plan were set, and Suburb, where it is necessary to cross There was a gap in Unwin's trips to the from 1919 onwards. He was consulted by the clearance work began on site in October Hampstead Way to reach the Heath United States between 1928 and 1933, newly formed National Association of 1935. Roosevelt had commanded that the Extension. caused by the Depression, his work for the Housing Officials (NAHO), practically from first phase of construction should be Looking at archive photographs, the Greater London Regional Planning their formation late in 1933. 19 In January completed by June 1936, but it was not unti I aerial view of Radburn highlights the only Committee and his RIBA Presidency from 1934, in Washington, he was eagerly the following year that the first residents phase really built in accordance with the plan. 1931 -33. He returned late in 1933, once questioned by Eleanor Roosevelt about arrived. Work came to a grinding halt after October again by slow-boat, via Canada. As ever, his British public housing policy and The Unwins visited Greenbelt in 1929 and the Wall Street Stock Market crash. visits were news. Press cuttings show a short, 20 programmes. In August 1934, the March 1938. The Washington Press ran the The early photographs also show very tweedy, man, with his wife, slightly taller Rockefeller Foundation financed an headline 'Greenbelt pleases Briton', with a picturesque forms of grade separation than himself, proclaiming 'his speciality­ international housing commission, under the photograph of the Unwins, accompanied by between pedestrians and vehicles, with rustic Garden Cities'. He wore similar suits in all auspices ofNAHO. As well as Unwin, the John Lansill of the Resettlement overbridges and underpasses. Despite the the photographs, even out riding the range, deputation included Samuel Kahn from Administration.22 Today the trees have safety of the inner park belt, children were when visiting his wife's relatives in Canada, Frankfurt, and Alice Samuel, a housing grown up over the slightly Art Deco photographed on one of the culs-de-sac, in 1933, when he spent the Christmas at officer from the Bebbington Rural District in modernist architecture, which forms the basis playing on the vehicular access. The shopping Dollard, Saskatchewan, way out in the mid­ Cheshire, on the Birkenhead side of the of the early work at Green belt. Walk-up centre, only partly completed, incorporated west of the prairie belt. Unwin was recipient Mersey. They toured the cities of the East and apartments, three storey and two storey adjacent curbside parking. of honorary degrees at several universities, Mid-West, then conferred to compile a report houses, the parking areas on the vehicle side Such innovative practice as Radburn including MJT and Harvard. Tweed-clad, as formulating a policy for comprehensive of the house, Radburn-style pedestrian walks, was partly reflected in work that Parker was usual, he was photographed with the public housing in the United States. Unwin, leading to the underpasses and community doing in the late 1920s, for example, at immaculately clad academics when he as with the Tudor Waiters Report, was part centre, with its little supermarket and cinema, Wythenshawe, the City of Manchester received his degree at Harvard in 1937. Or author and credited with substantial work on with Art-Deco touches in the curved walls. housing satellite. This incorporated American yet again, at the housing centre in Toronto in the report which was presented by NAHO to The churches were built in a more restrained features, not only at the micro level, with 1934, where he encouraged the establishment the Roosevelt administration, and which laid classical, almost Welwyn Garden City, style. proto-neighbourhood units and a small of a housing advice centre, which in its set-up the foundations for the Wagner-Steagal An individual house in Crescent Road is now amount of culs-de-sac development based on was an aspect of what we would now call Housing Act of 1937. a museum of life in Greenbelt, furnished in Radburn, but also at the macro level community planning. As noted, his Unwin was also consulted about the late Arts and Crafts-style. 17 opposition incorporating the parkway highway. Only to skyscrapers was a recurrent new settlements developed by the one of these was built, Princess Parkway, and theme, particularly in the New York Times Resettlement Administration as part of the Educator emeritus it is now totally taken over by an urban interviews. New Deal itself. Greenbelt, Maryland is the Following the death of his son, Edward, in motorway, running out to Manchester Unwin's humane socialist outlook 21 most famous. An aerial view from 1936-37 1936, Unwin redoubled his links with the Airport. Parker's plan for Wythenshawe, in never varied. He was perhaps too radical in shows it standing out as the updating of United States, and his daughter's growing its 1930 version, showed the parkways his ideas about introducing, in effect, Radburn and the transition to the family. He was appointed Visiting Professor clearly. He was consultant to the City of congestion charges, and banning further neighbourhood planning as used in the early of Town Planning at Columbia University, Manchester between 1927 and 1941, and was office development in Manhattan and other postwar New Towns in Britain. Rexford New York, succeeding Henry Wright, who certainly the ideas man at Wythenshawe, central business districts of US cities. Tugwell, who was Director ofRoosevelt's died in 1936. He returned every Autumn to although the execution of most of the housing Resettlement Administration, brought in prepare a comprehensive series oflectures. Clarence Stein as consultant to formulate the Unwin was assisted by Cart Feiss, who had overall policy and financial framework of the received a degree in Architecture at the towns, a detailed programme, and design University of Pennsylvania, and had studied

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 22 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 23 utter defeat after having made a possible consequences, and the g ruell ing Fig 4: Greenb elt. Maryland: aerial view offirst phase of development pompous ass of himself. All in all a housing tour referred to above, sapped his particularly fine time was had by one energy. Earl y in 1940, Rayrnond Unwin and all and I am sure he deserved it. ' 24 succum bed to illness, which turned to jaundice. He convalesced at Old Lyme, In August 1939, the Unwins sailed to the where he died on 28 June, 1940. He had United States for the last time; within ten prepared a paper on 'Land values in relation days of their landing in New York the Second to housing a nd town planning' (25), dealin g World War broke out. This left the Unwins with the economics of redeveloping blighted stranded in the United States, and they inner city land . T hi s was published divided their time between a small apartment posthumously, and highli ghted one of the in Manhattan, and their daughter's country major concerns on the postwar planning home at Old Lyme, Connecticut. agenda, both in the United States and Britain . Initially Unwin soldiered on, but depression at the turn of the conflict and its

with Eliel Saarinen at Cranbrook, Michigan. in November-December 1939, accompanied Unwin responded positively to Feiss's not only by Etty, but also by his young grand­ unquenchable enthusiasm, perhaps seeing daughter, Joan Hitchcock. Unwin something he had hoped for in Edward. The occasionally attended smart parties held by Columbia course enabled Unwin to sum up a the architectural elite, and the results could be planning philosophy which encompassed the unpredictable, and amusing. Car! Feiss wrote whole environment, drawing on his early to his father about a dinner at which Frank sociological studies, and leading to Lloyd Wright was a fellow guest: comprehensive physical, social and economic planning. The mimeographed summaries of 'Most amusing evening I can his lectures were circulated beyond Columbia remember. Certain scenes will always by the Central Housing Committee in remain stamped indelibly on my mind Washington.23 Unwin tirelessly - for instance Sir Ray on his knees accompanied the students on field trips, while before a cocktail table, drawing on a Etty Unwin would attend lectures and studio piece of stationery, a diagram to sessions, sitting at the front, knitting, and explain to Frank Lloyd Wright why would serve tea to the students afterwards. row houses were more economic and Unwin also continued to attend conferences, socially desirable than skyscraper and made long trips by train, and occasionally apartments - Wright glaring and air, around the eastern seaboard and mid-west Strauss looking amused and Lescaze to encourage the major cities to undertake delighted at Wright's discomfiture. public housing and regional planning. One of Wright took an awful beating from the Fig 5: Accompanied by John Lansill of the Resettlement Administration, the Unwin 's visit his most arduous tours was assembled multitude and retired in Greenbelt in March 1938 (Booth/Miller collection)

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 24 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 25 Cambridge Mass., The Univeristy Conclusion Press, I 9 1 l. Regional Pl anning Association, New Unwin's dialogue and visits to the United interpreted as the Radburn plan for the motor­ York, Papers, Box 43, Comell (vide States were part of a very creative age, and more precisely defined with the 5. The Nolens and the Unwins developed note I supra). interchange of ideas. It was not solely Perry-Wright-Stein neighbourhood unit, a fami ly fri endship. Nolen's daughter Unwin. Other fi gures were important, reaching a maturity in the Greenbelt plan, so Barbara, who is s till alive at nearly 12. Unwin R. , 'Higher building in relation particularly Thomas Adams, and within the latter was re-imported into Britain, and I 00, remembers visiting the Unwins, to town planning', Journal of the government, George Lionel Pepler. The represented a key aspect of plaiUling the first, staying at 'Wyldes', Unwin's home in Royal Institute ofBritish Architecture, process involved key American plaiUlers such and even, second generation new towns, well Hampstead Garden Suburb, in the 3ss XXX I (5), 12 January 1924, pp. as John Nolen, Hemy Wright and Clarence into the 1960s, as we ll as many large public 1920s, before doing her own tour of 125-49. Stein. It was perhaps most clearly housing schemes. That is the most Europe. Likewise, Edward Unwin exemplified by the way in which the English identifiable aspect, but during the 1930s, ( 1894-1936), never a very successfu I 13. In an interview with the author, at hi s Garden City was taken, modernised and ideas on the city-region, and regional successor to his father, worked for home, at Amcni a, New York, in June transposed to a different cultural and planning were also exchanged, and are Nolen and others in the United States 1978, Mumford gave impromptu economic context. Just as the Garden City deserving of more detailed research and in the 1920s. So there was an word-portraits ofUnwin 'reasoned, had proved to be readily exportable, and re- analysis. exchange of family members in di spassionate, a bit of a Quaker' and addition to the dialogue on a social Parkear 'a true rtist from head to foot - and technical level. Unwin and Nolen one of the most loveable men I ever would interchange their papers, and met'. NOTES AND REFERENCES articles, and advances of Ministry publications would be sent to Nolen. 14. Unwin R., 'Urban development. The pattern and the background', Journal 6. 'The Town Extension Plan', Old towns of the Town Planning Institute, XX l I. For a detailed overall biography see York Collections are particularly and new needs: also the town (I 0) August 1935, pp 253-66; Journal Miller, M., Raymond Unwin: Garden fruitful. extension plan: being the Warburton of the American Institute ofPlann ers, Cities and Town Planning. London Lectures for 19 12, Manchester I (2), pp. 45-54; 'Discussion', 1 (4) pp. and New York, Leicester University 2. For a full record of the conference see University Press, 1912, p.44. 76-84; 2 ( I) pp. 20-22, 1935-6. Press, 1992. Town Planning Conference, London, Many ofUnwin's personal papers I 0-15 October 191 0, Transactions, 7. Ibid, pp.36-62. 15. Stein, C. S. Towards New Towns for were destroyed by a wartime London, RIBA, 1911. America, Cambridge, Mass., MIT, incendiary device, while in storage at 8. Nothing Gained by Overcrowding! 1957, pp. 2 1-73. 'Wyldes', his home in Hampstead 3. Town Planning in Practice (subtitled How the Garden City type of Garden Suburb. The two major 'An introduction to the art of development may benefit both owner 16. Unwin R., letter to Christy Booth, 14 designing cities sources of papers are: and suburbs'), and occupier, London, Garden Cities September 1928, Booth Collection. -The British Architectural Library, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1909, was and Town Pl anning Association, RIBA, London; also published in the United States. 19 12. 17. Parker, 8 ., 'Economy in estate -Departmental Library of Architecture 'Town Planning in Practice' itself had development', Journal of the Town and PlaiUling, Manchester University. conveyed the message of informal 9. 'Garden Cities in England', The City Planning Institute, 14 (8) July 1928, villagey group - The author holds The Booth s, based on his then Club Bulletin (Chicago), IV ( 13), 7 pp. 177-86. Parker's report, which imperfect understanding Collection, letters between Unwin and of the work June 19 11, pp 133-40. referred to preliminary plaiUling for of Camillo Sitte, his cousin, Christy Booth, 1925-40. illustrated by superb Radburn had been presented to -The Special Collections of the Kroch sketches by his assistant, Charles 10. Wright had returned from his enforced Manchester City Council. Collection, Department of Paget Wade. It also brought the trip to Europe after the scandal over Hampstead Manuscripts and University Archives, Garden Suburb plan to his liaison with a client's wife, Mamah 18. Greater London Regional Plan prominence, particularly Olin Library, Cornell University the layout for Borthwick Cheney, but was spending Committee, First Report, London, the so-called 'Artisans' Quarter', off contain many detailed documents on much time in Wisconsin, supervising K.napp Drewett, 1929; Second Report Finchley Road. Unwin's work and his visits to the the construction of his rural retreat, , London, K.napp Drewett, 1933. USA: the Feiss, Nolen, Stein and Taliesin. Vide Gill, B., Many Masks, 4. Proceedings Wright, and Regional Plan for New of the Third National London, Heinemann, 1988, pp 209- 19. Feiss, C., 'Unwin's American Conference on City PlaiUling, 21. Journeys' ( l and 2), Town and

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 26 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 27 Counfly Planning, XXXI (11) 23. Unwin, R. , 'Housing and Town November 1963, pp. 423-4; XXX 1 Planning Lectures at Columbia ~P1"a~;~ice: ·J{t© . {))ny GaJ.lt1rt:er D~~b~~~:. (12) December 1963, pp. 471-3. University, Sub-Committee on Research and Statistics, Central N'1u§©'Jmum5 )~ yoJnl9 ~Fr~xn(Q:e 20. 'Unwin questioned by Mrs Roosevelt Housing Committee, Washington at slums meeting. First Lady D.C. Edited extracts, illustrated by interviews British Authority on Unwin's lecture slides', were STEP HEN WARD emergency housing problems', The reprinted, pp. 166-213 in Creese, W. School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 OBP,UK Unwin: Evening Star (Washington D.C.) 16 (ed), The Legacy ofRa ymond Email: [email protected] A human pattern for planning, January 1934, Cutting, Booth Tel: 0044 (0) 1865 483421 Fax: (0) 1865 483421 Collection . Cambridge, Mass., MIT, 1967.

Feiss, C., letter to his father, 1 October 2 1. Toward New Towns for America, pp. 24. Planning historians everywhere, along from his exposure to the focal points of 1939, Box 1, Feiss Papers. Comell 11 9-216; Parsons, K.C., 'Clarence with conservationists and those with a classical civilisation. In fact, Gamier University. Stein and the Greenbelt Towns', APA fo ndness fo r public art will be produced an earl y study of the Cite Journal, Spring 1990, pp. 161-83. interested to hear of the highly original lndustrie/le but it was not accepted. 25. Unwin, R., 'Land values in relation to and strikingly presented Musee Urbain His examiners said that he had Washington Star, 23 March 1938; planning and housing in the United 22. Tony Garnier in Lyon. Begun in 1988, confused the 'social tendencies that Washington News, 22 March 1938; States', Journal ofLand and Public though not entirely completed until can impassion him and the forms of art Greenbelt Cooperator (mimeo), 30 Utility Economics (North Western 1998, this UNESCO-funded project is with which he would be able to clothe March 1938; 1 June 1938, Tugwell University, Chicago), 17 ( 1) February an impressive public presentation of them' (cited Wright, 1991, p.58). Room, Prince George's County 1941, pp. 1-9. figure. Fellow students greeted the decision Memorial Library System, Hyattsville, the work of a seminal planning most with dismay and there was evidently Maryland. Tony Gamier ( 1869-1948), as readers will be aware, was a major some disorder at the Ecole (Eventually French architect and urbaniste of the Gamier complied and submitted early twentieth century. He is best instead restoration drawings of the known for his vision of the Cite ancient Roman city ofTusculum). The lndustrielle, an imaginary planned Cite lndustriel/e study was not industrial city for about 35,000 exhibited until 1904 and the full inhabitants. This anticipated many version that we now know not until elements of the modernist approach to thirteen years later. Despite the Ecole 's city planning later articulated by Le judgements (and unlike Ebenezer Corbusier and others. Howard's slightly earlier garden city), Gamier's was an architectural vision. The C ite Industrielle The 'social tendencies' that Although not published until 19 17, by impassioned him were essentially the which time Gamier was city architect socialist ideas of the great French of Lyon, his vision had much earlier writer, Emile Zola. Yet there was no origins. It was originally developed specific indication about how this new while he was a student at the Ecole des form of urban society would actually Beaux Arts in Paris in 1899-1900. As a come about. In this sense, the Cite recipient of the prestigious Prix de Industriel/e must be considered as a Rome, Gamier spent four years in the rather more abstract utopian vision Italian capital, with travel also in Italy than Howard's garden city. Howard and Greece, all funded by the French was not very speci fie about the design state. The conventions of the time of the garden city. Yet he said much required him to submit a classically­ more about how society would be inspired architectural study, deriving changed, concentrating on the

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 28 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 29 transfonnative potential of collective dwarfing Gamier's 1920s' scheme. land ownership and control of urban Further down the Boulevard des Etats­ development. Gamier by contrast was Unis immense complexes of flats were positing an already transfonned society created. Still farther from the centre of without, for example, crime or the the city huge grands ensembles were consequent need for police or penal developed at Les Minguettes, La apparatus. Duchere, Vaulx-en-Velin and In contrast to the simple elsewhere. Meanwhile the older Cite diagrams which Howard illustrated his des Etats-Unis began to show its age. work, Gamier's 19 17 exposition ofhis By the 1980s, the buildings needed mature vision of the Cite /ndustrielle rehabilitation and modernisation but was marked by his own superb funding was scarce. coloured illustrations. It is these which Compared to many other fonn the basis for the public art works housing areas, which were that are the central feature of the urban experiencing social problems, it was museum, notably the murals. not seen as a priority. Its population was stable. Crime and vandalism were T be Cite des Etats-Unis and the low. In order to progress the genesis of the urban museum modernisation, the choice was either to The setting of the museum is the Cite bum cars, as in the newer and more des Etats-Unis, the Lyon HBM socially troubled suburbs, or to find ( (Habitations aBon Marche, i.e. social) another way to attract attention and housing project which was designed by win the necessary funding. The Tony Gamier shortly after he residents, in conjunction with the published the Cite /ndustrielle. The engineers of the local HLM \ Cite is located along one of the earliest (Habitations aLoyer Modere - the developed (northern) sections of the successor to the HBM) office, and the Boulevard des Etats-Unis. This was local mural artists of the Cite de la laid out at the time the United States Creation, based at Oullins in the south entered the First World War in 1917 western fringes ofLyon, dreamed up a and named to honour the new ally. The remarkable project of rehabilitation. first plans were drawn up by Gamier This involved creating an urban in 1919-20 and most ofthe 1568 museum to honour the designer of the dwellings were eventually built from Cite. Subsequently the Cite des Etats­ 1929-34. In contrast to Gamier's ideal Unis has become known as the Cite preference for low rise dwellings, Tony Gamier. restrictions on land supply required Funding is obviously important higher densities. His original drawings to the museum and its public role. The museum has a mixture of public and show five storey buildings, though Fig 1: The second mural gives an overall impression with several views and a portrait private funding, including local and virtually all the scheme was developed ofGamier and his signature. as six storeys. Despite this, however, regional governments, the OPAC the design of the Cite des Etats-Unis (housing association) of Greater Lyon, shows many similarities with his a local bank, a public utility company, It is clear that UNESCO were that came from the residents, rather idealised Cite !ndustrielle. After the and paint manufacturers. In 1991, the impressed by the way in which the than being simply a technician's Second World War, Lyon, like many proposal won the support of UNESCO scheme combined improvements in project, with only token participation other European cities, saw much more as part of their World Decade of living conditions and high cultural by residents. The modernisation new social housing construction, Cultural Development. aspirations. It was also an approach aspects, which proceeded at a slower

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 31 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 30 pace than the murals, brought itself. The final six murals arose improved insulation, double glazed directly from the UNESCO windows, closing in of former open involvement, showing contemporary balconies, lifts, better heating and artistic interpretations of idealised ventilation, and bathrooms. But of cities from different countries - Egypt, course, these features were less India, Mexico, the Ivory Coast, Russia remarkable than the changes outside and the United States. the dwellings. In addition to the murals, the museum also had a visitors centre and shop, at 4, rue des Serpollieres, Descr iption of the museum opposite the first mural. There is also As already indicated, public art is the flat which has been restored and outstanding feature of the museum. 24 furnished in the original style (at 8, rue gable e nds of the 6 storey buildings des Serpollieres). The exterior (most without windows) have been environment of the Cite has also been used to paint murals. Each mural is redesigned as the last stage of the 230 square metres, with an renovation, to create a Gamier-style interpretation board to explain each environment. Particularly attractive are mural in several languages. Three are the pedestrianised garden streets introductory, giving a key to the between the backs of the blocks, which museum, an introduction to Gamier are elegantly planted, with porticos and and scenes from the polluted, benches based on Gamier's drawings. congested and disorderly industrial There are also entry features cities to which he was reacting. The on central reservation ofthe Boulevard next ten then reproduce scenes from des Etats- Unis in the style of Gamier, the Cite Industrielle, often with some announcing the museum. superimposition or slight variations from the original. Number 10, for Evaluation example, the school, includes an image Rather different judgements of this taken from a 1938 photograph of a venture are possible. UNESCO's class in the local school. The painted cultural director, Anders Arfwedson, clock tower (number 11) houses a real has written that the Tony Gamier clock. Murals 15-18 deal with Tony Urban Museum is 'a model which no Gamier's major realised works in Lyon doubt should inspire other people itself. Number 15 is the Gerland Sports beneath other skies' (Cite de la Stadium, followed by the Grange­ Creation, c. 1998, p 148). On the other Blanche Hospital, now called the hand, Alain Vollerin, a recent Fig 2: The town hall ofthe Cite lndustrielle. with real clock added Eduoard Herriot Hospital after the long commentator on Lyon's architectural term Mayor of Lyon (for a time also and planning history, has used very President of France) who worked different terms. According to him, the closely with Gamier. Number 17 renovation of the Etats-Unis district rejoice at a result which is actually often treated with little respect, except shows the interior of Gamier's vast was 'partly spoiled by the of the Cite rather mediocre ... ' (V ollerin, 1999, where they are inhabited by more abattoirs, with several leading Lyon de la Creation's artists' participation, p.55). In this visitor's view, the last affluent people. In these circumstances, personalities of the period in the those apostles of the Painted Wall at opinion is too harsh. The protection, conservation, however welcome, foreground, amongst them Gamier and any price. Once again, the idea that one celebration and enhancement of mass usually becomes a means of further Herriot, shaking hands. The last of this is paying tribute to Gamier's designs residential environments created by enhancing property values, group shows Gamier's preliminary actually comes across as a lack of twentieth century planners is rare. encouraging gentrification. It is rare drawings for the Cite des Etats-Unis respect for them ... [We should not] Important works of major p tanners are indeed to find anywhere in the world

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 33 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 32 the Richly illustrated account in French where planned rental housing projects Phone: +33 (0)4 78 75 16 75 Pawlowski was involved, and mural painting. and English of architectural and for people of moderate means have planning history of Lyon in the been accorded anything approaching This has a shop selling relevant P.-Y. Saunier, 'Changing the city: twentieth century, explaining the same respect and consideration. literature, posters, postcards etc. It is urban international information and the something of the context in which Even where they have, decisions are also the starting point for guided tours Lyon municipality', Planning Gamier operated. Dismissive of the often taken remotely from residents, and visits to the 1930s-style flat. Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. I, January recent creation of the urban museum. representing an elitist and purist Cite de la Creation 1999, pp 19-48. interpretation of conservation values D. Wiebenson, Tony Cornier: The Cite Pare Chabrieres This is one of the most informative by the cognoscenti. The genuine Jndustrielle, London: Studio Vista, 44, Grande Rue accounts in English of the workings of community involvement that has been 1970. Brief but useful account in 69600 OULLINS, France the Lyon municipality during the mustered in the formation of the Tony Engli sh, drawing on first edition of Phone: +33 (0)4 78 SO 44 57 Gamier period. Its emphasis, on Gamier Urban Museum is indeed rare. Pawlowski 's study. email: international links, interestingly shows Rarer still are the artistic aspirations Website: Gamier to be a figure only weakly G. Wright, The Politics ofDesign in which this venture embodies, creating connected to the main currents of French Colonial Urbanism, Chicago: something genuinely original and international planning thought and University of Chicago Press, 1991. Not immensely informative. Books practice. specifically about Gamier, emergent The 'painted walls' mean that Cite de la Creation, Musee Urboin but contains a useful discussion (in the A. Vollerin, Histoire de /'Architecture far more people will be aware of Tony Cornier- Des H.L.M. que l'on English) of the professional milieu be et de I'Urbanisme aLyon ou XXe work of Gamier than could ever visite ... , Lyon: Editions Lyonnaises within which he conceived his vision Siecle, Lyon: Editions Memoire expected through a more conventional d' Art et D'Histoire (publishers' in the early twentieth century. des Arts, 1999, ISBN 2912544084, conservation approach. It has, for address - 3, quai Claude-Bemard, 239pp, 490FF. example, obvious potential for 69007 LYON, France), (no date, *** stimulating school children's cl998), ISBN 241470776, 159pp, understanding of the history of their FF280. city. Moreover, the alternative was not This is a large format book very fully a renovation perfectly faithful to illustrated in colour. It is in French, Gamier's original. It was a longer though captions of murals are process of decay. Finally, to apply the translated into English. In addition it strictest of historic conservation tests, contains short summaries in English, murals are changes which are German and Spanish. Available from Fig 3: An interior of one of Carnier 's reversible. They are not permanent the shop of the Association du Musee buildings in Lyon, the 'Hall of the alterations. They are also honest, in Urbain Tony Gamier. Beasts' in the municipal abattoir. In that they make no pretence to be part the foreground, Mayor Edward Herriot C. K.rzysztofPawlowski, Tony of the original historic structure. One shakes hands with Cornier. always hesitates before attributing Carnier: pionnier de l'urbanisme du views to the long dead, but I like to XXe, siec/e, 2"d edition, Lyon: Les think that the great English socialist, Creations du Pelican (no date, c 1993) artist and pioneer conservationist, ISBN 2903696586, 192pp, FF180. William Morris, would have been up This richly illustrated work is the on the scaffolding with the painters of definitive study of Gamier, available the Cite de la Creation. from the shop of the Association du Musee Urbain Tony Gamier. The first Further Details edition of this work appeared in 1967 L'Association du Musee Urbain Tony and has also been published in Polish Gamier, 4, rue des Serpollieres and Italian. This second edition makes reference to the restoration, in which 69008 LYON, France

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 35 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 34 policies agreeable sense of coherence. The Conference "Town planning in a. The structure planning during the d . The impact of the planning on city-making: the presentations speakers were free researchers, Greece, 1949-1974". sixties, a short period prolific in thematic government officials, or academics Volos, Greece, 3-4 December 1999. documents, but disproportionately poor included general assessments, in outcome. The speakers highlighted subjects, and case studies, like the from the Aristotle University of transformation of open areas in the Thessaloniki, the National Technical The conference was rather an "internal the struggle to establish a discipline at urban tissue, the development of the University of Athens, the University of event" of the Hellenic Planning and a time it was under formation also in city in peripheral areas etc. The paper Thessaly and the University of Urban History Association, which is Europe, until political circumstances about the typology of properties Aegean. Middle aged most of them, affiliated to the IPHS. It was the (the 1967 coup) put an end to it. in the housing sector in the period in they had (alas!) first-hand knowledge first comprehensive attempt ever to question disclosed unknown changes of the period in question. A cordial assess the Greek planning in a crucial b. The divergent paths of planning in the types of households and atmosphere and a lively discussion at post-war time, that is between the end theory and urban development: it was dwellings: for instance, the gradual the closing session was to be expected of the Greek civil war and the end argued that the effort for modernisation during the inter-war time remained diminishing of small-owner building in but none the less appreciated by an of the junta. To define the period under favour of the large scale audience where most people knew examination this way is already a unconsumated, since in the fifties and speculative one, and the decline of the each other. Old university mates, three telltale story about the strong sixties a shift in planning percentage of housing for the generations of professors and present connections of politics with town philosophy reduced planning to the manipulation of property rights. The working class (in terms of national students ofThessaloniki and Volos planning. turnover in square metres). universities enjoyed the chance to The theme of the conference redevelopment of Greek urban centres exchange views and enrich their was a challenge: radical analysts (and -at yet an unprecedented scale- e. The architecture of the public and understanding of the recent period in notonly) have deplored the post-war fulfilled a three-fold purpose: to stimulate economic growth, to gain private sector, reminding good Greek planning history. planning policy, which has drastically examples of modern architecture in changed the physical form and social political legitimisation for the Greece shortly after the war (as in the The following people took part in the containment of historic urban centres; governing "elite" and to supply homes University Campus ofThessaloniki, sessions, in order of appearance: however, up to now the various aspects outside mechanisms for social housing. designed in the '20ies and built in the Th. Argyropoulos, A. Defner, D. of planning in that time never c. The role of governmental bodies and '50ies and '60ies). Oikonomou, V. Hastaoglou, N. became an object of scrutiny. Papamichos, I. The place chosen for the conference planning documents (plans, laws and f. Key persons and visionaries in Triantafyllidis, G. Sarigiannis, P. was Volos, a port ofThessaly (in by-laws) in establishing the unique architecture and planning: K. Doxiadis Loukakis, P. Psomopoulos, S. Tsilenis, central Greece), which had to be Greek approach to planning. Subjects under examination were: the promising (well known in the foreign literature P. Tournikiotis, M. Marmaras, M. redeveloped in the fifties after a for the introduction of terms like Lefatzis, E. Kalafati, P. Delladetsimas, destructive earthquake, so it can be Ministry for the Reconstruction shortly before the end of the war "ecoumenoupolis"), T. Zenetos, and E. Stamatiou, A. Yerolympos, M. seen as a testimony of the post-war others. Kardamitsi-Adami, D. Vaiou, A. planning practice. The meeting was (under the prominent K. Doxiadis) and its disillusioning abolition in the fifties Vitopoulou, held in an old industrial building, g. The planning studies in the fifties K. Kafkoula, N. Kalogirou, K. Lalenis, which has been substantially done up by the conservatives; the Ministries of and sixties, set against the broader A. Siolas, D. Stamou, D. Emmanouel, and refurbished to house the School of Co-ordination and of Public Works; demand for planning, as manifested in G. Dellas, Th. Loukissas, F. Anairousi, Engineering of the University of and the building codes before and after the war, exemplifying the shift from a the architectural conferences, the K. Gartzos, and Z. Demathas. The Thessaly, eo-organiser of the comprehensive -and at times radically technical press etc. proceedings (in Greek) will not take conference. long to appear. The presentations focused on motivated- approach to administering individual profiteering. The conference was short, relatively the following thematic axes: small, and, as it was centred around Kiki Kajkoula, Aristotle University of one main issue, penetrated by an Thessaloniki

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 36 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 37 'Americanisation and the British Stephen Ward ofOxford Colonel Light Gardens: State Gardens is Australia's most city' conference, Brookes University spoke on Heritage Area comprehensive, intact example of the University of Luton, ' American and other international The Adelaide garden suburb of app lication of early twentieth century 6 May 2000 examples in British planning policy: a comparison of the Barlow, Buchanan Colonel Light Gardens ( 1917), situated British garden city planning principles approximately six kilometres south of to a residential environment. In This one-day conference dealt with the and Rogers reports, 1945 - 1999'. His the capital, is South Australia's newest addition, Colonel Light Gardens was ever-popular theme of talk detailed the shift from American State I Ieritage Area. Listed on the the site of Australia's ti rst mass Americanisation, in this context the models to European ones, a shift that federally administered Register of the housing project, known as the relationship of so-called in a sense culminated in the recent National Estate in November 1999, the Thousand I fomes Scheme (1924), that Americanisation to the urban fabric of Rogers report on the so-called ' urban entire suburb of 1200 households was produced low cost homes for freehold Britain in the twentieth century. It was renaissance.' It neatly prefaced the awarded its most recent status on 4 purchase by the repatriated and stressed at the outset that talk by Jules Lubbock, of the May 2000. civilians on low incomes. As a result 'Americanisation' was not best viewed University of Essex: 'Nothing gained The declaration of the Colonel of the Scheme, hundreds of famil ies as a one-dimensional and one-way by overcrowding' was a pot-stirring Light Gardens State Heritage Area is took the opportunity to move out of process, but as a complex process of defence of low-density suburban Jiving the end result of a formal process, crowded, sub-standard inner and near dialogue and negotiation. The British in the face of the professional under way since November 1994, of city accommodation into the spacious and European origin of many Pollyanna-ism of Richard Rodgers and nomination, consultation and domain of their own home set within American cultural and design exports those architects who would herd 'the negotiation between local residents; the 300 acre ( 12 1.4 hectare) garden was also acknowledged. people' back into the urban way of life Mitcham Council, the administrating suburb. Miles Glendinning's paper was that many millions of them have so authority; and state government A self-educated town planner, entitled 'From skyscrapers to tower­ palpably rejected. 111 agencies and ministers. As a State Rcade worked in a voluntary capacity blocks: beaux-arts Americanism in 20 Mark Clapson of the University Heritage Area the suburb is afforded a for the London-bascd Garden Cities century Glasgow'. His talk dealt with of Luton discussed the influence of level of legislative protection that and Town Planning Association before the appreciation of French influences, Melvin Webber on Milton Keynes, a conserves the integrity of its plan and leading the 19 14 A ustralasian Town via the USA, during the early part of new town viewed by many writers as the elements that contribute to it, Pl an ning Tour through New Zealand the century, to the postwar experiments an edge city. Jonathan Hughes, in his including its architecture (largely and Australia. At the completion of the with high-rise, many of which were talk ' Life on the edge', provided an insightful and elegant analysis of the domestic in the bungalow style). But Tour he accepted the position of unsuccessful. the intention is not to create a static Adviser on Town Planning to the Mervyn Miller's paper implications of edge city development museum piece; rather development is South Australian Government. Later, explored Raymond Unwin's dialogues for British urbanism. permitted in accord with policies set in 1918, he was made the state's and linkages with American planners, It is to be hoped that similar out in a Plan Amendment Report that inaugural Government Town Planner a talk upon which the article in this one-day conferences are held in increasing numbers by IPHS members. in turn will inform a Management Plan (the first in Australia). Reade was the issue is based. currently under preparation by the key individual in promoting the garden Andrew Homer of the They provide a sociable forum for the discussion of key themes and problems Mitcham Council. city message in Australia; the Adelaide University of Luton raised a polemical of the Colonel in the history of planning. Anyone The declaration garden suburb that he planned was question: 'Good neighbours?' He Light Gardens State Heritage Area meant as the Australian exemplar of discussed the naiVe intentions of seeking to hold such conferences can recognises formally the suburb's Ebenezer l loward's idea. 'villagey' social mixing which were be assured of free publicity for it in the unique origins, plan and history. Reade's plan for Colonel Light essential to the neighbourhood unit, a pages of this IPHS bulletin. Designed in 1917 as a model garden Gardens was modelled on British concept that so enthused British new suburb by New Zealand born Charles architect and planner Raymond town planners in the aftermath of the Mark Clapson, University ofLuton Reade ( 1880-1933), Colonel Light Unwin's Ilampstead Garden Suburb Second World War.

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * J>AGE 39 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 38 \»lr · L"»·r --,rA·J 'iT(/(" , \\Y1' ''W . J. ll JD).il..!J.~ / l .. V ·1 ~ L 4 ~...5>

Standish Meacha m, 'seeking new images fo r an escape from 'an Regaining Paradise: through the restoration ugly and unhealthy ( 1907) but adapted to suit Australian the Garden Suburb Act ( 1919) that he Euglislllless mu/ the of old values.' urban hell ' they created conditions and preferences, including drafted, and his comprehensive 19 17 Early Garden City Meacham draws on a an alte rnative based on detached single storey dwellings on plan, set the course. The Act created a M oveme11t, New range of 'an idealised, pre­ generous sized blocks. On paper and unique form of administration, a Haven and London: interdi sciplinary work industrial past'. as built, the Adelaide garden suburb Garden Suburb Commission that Yale University Press, (by Colley, Coils, George Cadbury, W. demonstrated the most up-to-date controlled the suburb until 1975 when 1999) 210pp.; ISBN 0 Dodd, Samuel and A. I farvey, Raymond methods in garden city planning responsibility was transferred to 300 07572 3 £25.00 Taylor) to explore the Unwin, I lenrietta practice: separation of areas for distinct Mitcham Council. HB way in which ' the idea Barnett and others purposes including recreational, The model garden suburb of and the ideals of the extolled the virtues of educational, commercial and Colonel Light Gardens has stood the Stand ish Meacham' s early garden city the village and its residential; a hierarchy of roads based test of time a nd today it demonstrates stimulating new book movement in England cottages. The on anticipated use and traffic volume; Reade's vision in all its fullness. Its covers well-worn were embedded in a picturesque variety and retention of existing natural features, in designation as a State Heritage Area territory in a lively and vision of Englishness.' apparent social this case principally eucalyptus trees; ensures that that vision will remain engaging way. He alive and that the suburb's unique plan He identifies two harmony of the pre­ strategically located public parks and reviews a history of and concomitant amenity will be strands in this industrial village reserves; tree-lined streets; variation in Bourneville, Port protected. Significantly, a little over movement: the seemed to offer an block sizes to cater for people of all Sunlight and eighty years since the plan's unveiling, ' traditionalists' who aesthetic and social income groups and to promote social 1 Letchworth and celebrated the solution to the late 19 h mix; architecturally consistent State Heritage listing formally Hampstead Garden 'Englishness of a century problems of buildings sited to allow space for acknowledges and celebrates Colonel Suburb in an beautiful countryside' physical degeneration gardens to grow. Each of these features Light Gardens' place in the early entertaining and and the ' progressives' and class conflict. survives today for residents to enjoy twentieth century international garden scholarly manner. The who promoted the Bournville and and visitors to admire. city movement. footnotes reveal a close liberal Englishness that Port Sunlight offered Reade left Adelaide in knowledge of the 'encouraged direct up 'a sanitised and December 1920 and pursued his career Christine Garnaul archival material and a intervention by romanticised version of as a town planner in the Federated Research Associate good general enlightened li fe as it had been'. Malay States, Northern Rhodesia and Louis Laybourne Smith School of awareness of the intellectuals and the Meacham sees their South Africa. Due to the timing of his Architecture and Design secondary literature state.' Meacham founders as departure, he in fact played no part in University ofSouth Australia (although no reference argues that the 'philanthropic lords of Colonel Light Gardens' on the ground is made to the work of 'conservatives' a manor they had built development ( 1921 to 1927). However, christ ine.garnaut@unisa. edu. au Mervyn Miller). The prevailed, and that to suit their high­ book's emphasis is on Ebenezer Howard's purposes.' He NOTES minded late Victorian attitudes original radical agenda notes the reluctance of towards social reform was transformed by the most garden city The Plan Amendment Report 2 For the history of the design and society. upper-middle-class advocates to think can be read and downloaded origins, plan and early The starting proponents of the about a democratic from the Colonel Light development of Colonel Light point for this study garden city movement. future, and suggests Gardens Historical Society's Gardens, see Christine Garnaut, could be said to be To regain that this was because website Colonel Light Gardens: Model Waiter Creese's paradise, the reformers they were ' tied to at:http://www.cobweb.eom.au/-pknig Garden Suburb, Sydney, observation about the had to have a vision of ht/c lghs Crossing Press, 1999 nostalgia for the English habit of paradise lost. Looking hierarchies of a pre-

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 41 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 40 -industrial community'. elements in the early in figures like Henrietta Patrick Troy, editor, (from f1 yleaf blurb). implications of modern They, and most of their histories of the closely Barnett sought to A History of European Contributing authors urban planning. successors, vvere related garden city and impose a style of life Housing in Australia, include Graeme The coverage is interested in not only tovvn planning on the inhabitants of Melbourne: Davison, Tony Dinglc, through the selective promoting social movements. Not these developments are Cambridge University Lionel Frost, Miles examination of broad harmony but also in surprisingly, he critically revievved. Press, 2000, ISBN 0 Levvis, Susan Marsden topics, rather than maintaining the statsus identifies American This is a vvell- 521 77195 I and Mark Peel. The detailed case studies, quo. Very fevv looked, and German elements vvritten enjoyable and (hardback), wide ranging topical and tackles the as did Will iam Morris, in the thinking and stimulating book. ISBN 0 521 77733 X coverage over eighteen international diffusion for a socialist solution. schemes of the Sometimes the (paperback), xiv + chapters includes of planning ideology There were those, like reformers. He a lso underlying theme of 325pp. colonial origins and and concepts, urban T . C. Horsfall and acknovvledges the 'Englishness' seems to building regulations, design paradigms, role Canon Barnen, who growing disappear for a while 'This collection of home ownership, of utopianism advocated a limited internationalism of the and certain interesting essays is the first homelessness, DIY in planning thought, form of ' practicable movement in the early might have been 1 systematic attempt to housing, garden heritage conservation, socialism' as a means 20 h century. The vvay developed further. explain the suburbs and project open space planning, of reproducing ' a in vvhich these foreign Nevertheless, Standish social, administrati ve, housing. social planning a nd the reconstituted influences were Meacham has produced technical and cultural multicultural city, and community.' reconciled with, or an entertaining and history of "European" Robert Freestone, globalisation and This book contradicted, the informative short housing in Australia. editor, Urban urban-regional growth. Englishness of the account of the garden contains many Written by a Plamting in a Authors include Robert interesting garden city movement city movement, and references collaborative team of Changing World: Th e Bruegmann, Sir Peter to these visions of the might have been encouraged planning scholars from a wide Twentieth Century Hall, Dennis Hardy, mythic historic English explored further. historians to think range of disciplines, it Experience, 2000, Dirk Schubert, and community. These are In the sections on critically and more explains how London: E & FN Stephen Ward. The related to the interests Letchworth broadly about the Australian housing has Spon, ISBN 0 419 chapters derive from in vernacular building and Hampstead Garden Englishness (or evolved from the ideas 24650 9 papers first presented among Arts and Crafts Suburb, Meacham othervvise) of the brought by the first (hardback), ix + 293 to the 8th International provides a lively movement. architects. This settlers, and what pp. Planning History reviewer vvould have portrait of the social makes Australian Conference in Sydney, liked life and some telling Mike Harrison, to have read more housing distinctive in This collection of Australia, in July 1998. University about the impact of this pen-pictures of the key ofCentral social terms ... an generally wide-ranging vernacular revival on players. The England. account of how and thematic essays the garden city 'crankishness' and why Australian cities attempts a movement. conflicts within the have developed their summation of the Meacham refers communities are pithily characteristic form' ideas, issues and to certain non-English explored, and the ways

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 43 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 42 David Stradling, environmental promoting medium Smokestacks and reformers originally density development less imposed by the progressives: pressed coal smoke Paul Ashton and metropolitan Sydney published in 1977. The Victorian state Euviroltmeutalists, successfully as an Duncan Waterson, through black and timeline of the earlier government. The Engineers aud Air aesthetic issue, then a Sydney Takes Shape: white reproduction and volume extended only physical consequences Quality in America, health hazard, and by A History in Maps, discussion of maps and to the Federation era of of a seemingly 1881 - 1951, World War I, more 2000, Brisbane: other images from the the early 1900s. The indiscriminate 'urban Baltimore, John successfully as an HEMA Maps, ISBN 1 late eighteenth century new authors carry the consolidation' policy Hopkins University efficiency problem. 865000 72 8 (soft to the present day. story through the to over-riding local Press, 1999 pp. 270; The book purports cover), 78pp. The volume is a interwar period to the discretion were seen in Cloth $42.50. ISBN 0- cover the anti-smoke revised and updated postwar city and up to over-development of 8018-6083-0 pollution crusade A large format soft version of a monograph Olympic City with a single-house during the years 1881 - cover book which prepared by the late substantive text allotments, In Smokestacks and 1951; however, the documents the physical urban historian Max accompanying various 's text inappropriate siting of Progressives Stradling bulk of Stradling evolution of Kelly with Ruth metropolitan, precinct concentrates on the apartment blocks, explores the varied Crocker and originally and area plan responses of American pre-war era. destruction of heritage buildings and industrial cities to the *** thick coal smoke that Clifion Hood, streetscapes, and a blanketed and choked Dept. ofHist01y , general loss of 1 ate 19 h and early 20th Hobart and William residential amenity. century cities. He Smith Colleges, An influential 'Save focuses on the New York 14456 our suburbs' campaign changing definition of arose to protest coal smoke and its Miles Lewis, unpopular planning dangers. City boosters Suburban Backlash: decisions. This once hai led coal smoke Tire Battle for the analysis of recent as symbolic of progress World's Most Liveable events is married to a and civilisation. It took City, Melbourne, scholarly analysis of fifty years, Stradling Bloomings Books, the historical explains, for reformers 1999, pp. 296 $35AUD development of the city in New York, making for a powerful Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, The core of this book form of applied and St. Louis, to shift centres on resident planning history. discourse toward struggles in suburban smoke as a menace. Melbourne, Australia, Rob Frees/one, First led by women and during the 1990s, University ofNew doctors, then by against what came to South Wales engineers, middle- and be seen as a upper-class promiscuous policy

PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 45 PLANNING HISTORY VOL. 22 NO. 2 * 2000 * PAGE 44 JPIL~ANNIDNfG HJ[§1COJR)Y

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