QUEEN MARY, UNIVERSITY of LONDON School Of
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QUEEN MARY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON School of Politics and International Relations SOVEREIGNTY, FAILED STATES AND US FOREIGN AID: A DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF THE PAKISTANI PERSPECTIVE Ahmed Waqas Waheed Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 1 I, AHMED WAQAS WAHEED, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: AHMED WAQAS WAHEED Date: 1ST SEPTEMBER, 2014 2 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the international politics of Pakistan’s conditional sovereignty through a comparative analysis of Pakistan-US relations during the Cold War (1979-88) and the War on Terror (2001-08). The thesis seeks to understand whether the end of the Cold War restructured, reshaped and reconfigured US attitudes towards Pakistan when caught up in a new geo-political conflict, namely the War on Terror. The thesis is constructed around three main arguments focusing on Pakistan’s sovereignty, US foreign assistance to Pakistan and Pakistan’s state failure. Firstly, the thesis demonstrates that US conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty fluctuate according to whether or not the US is strategically interested in Pakistan. In both cases, different sets of conditions are applied to Pakistan’s sovereignty. The thesis also details Pakistan’s response to these conditions on its sovereignty. Secondly, the thesis argues that given the importance of the normative value of state failure in the post-9/11 US policy and its absence in the War on Terror as a condition on Pakistan’s sovereignty, it is expected that Pakistan’s state failure status will come to dominate the conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty when the US is not strategically interested. Thirdly, the conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty are a means to secure Pakistan’s compliance to US demands, by either withholding foreign assistance or disbursing it. In that case then, given the centrality of human rights and state failure in post-9/11 international relations, the thesis demonstrates that US statebuilding efforts remain pivoted on US political interests rather than human rights and development. The qualitative research includes elite interviews, unclassified documents and builds on existing literature, while the quantitative portion involves statistical data. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 3 2. Table of Contents 4 3. List of Figures and Appendices 7 4. Acknowledgement 8 5. Abbreviations 9 6. Chapter 1 – Introduction a. Introduction 10 b. Research Questions 12 c. Significance of Research 12 d. Pakistan State Sovereignty 14 i. Why is it important to study state sovereignty? 16 ii. Why study Pakistan’s state sovereignty? 19 iii. Why use the theory of cosmopolitanism? 21 e. Research Methodology 22 f. Structure of Thesis 25 4. Chapter 2 - State Sovereignty, Cosmopolitanism and State Failure a. Introduction 29 b. State Sovereignty and the Third World State 30 i. US and the Third World State Sovereignty 37 c. Cosmopolitanism: Theoretical Parameters and Critique 44 i. Criticism of Cosmopolitanism 51 d. State Failure: Theoretical Parameters and Critique 58 ii. Criticism of State Failure 67 e. Conclusion 71 4 5. Chapter 3 - A Political History of the Pakistani State a. Introduction 73 b. The Pakistani State and the Military-Bureaucracy Oligarchy 74 c. Pakistan: The Security State 80 d. Pakistan-US Relations 83 e. The Pakistani State and Academia: A Vicious Security Circle 87 f. The Pakistani State and State Sovereignty 90 g. Conclusion 92 6. Chapter 4 - The International Politics of Pakistan’s Sovereignty (1979-88) a. Introduction 93 b. Overview of Pakistan-US relations 94 c. Conditional Sovereignty during Carter Years before December 1979 102 d. Foreign Aid during Carter Years Before and After December 1979 111 e. Conditional Sovereignty during Reagan Years 114 f. Foreign Aid during Reagan Years 124 g. Conclusion 129 7. Chapter 5 - The International Politics of Pakistan’s Sovereignty (1999-08) a. Introduction 131 b. Pakistan-US Relations before the War on Terror 132 c. The War on Terror and US 138 d. The War on Terror and Pakistan 152 e. The War on Terror and State Sovereignty 159 f. Conclusion 168 8. Chapter 6 - The International Politics of Pakistan’s Sovereignty: A Comparative Analysis a. Introduction 169 5 b. Unilateral Dependence and Pakistan’s Sovereignty (1979-1981) and 171 (1999-2001) c. Mutual Dependence and Pakistan’s Sovereignty (1981-88) and (2001-08) 179 d. The Chinese Factor in Pakistan’s Sovereignty 188 e. Conclusion 193 9. Chapter 7 – Conclusion 195 10. Appendices 205 11. Bibliography 229 6 FIGURES Fig. 1. US Economic and Military Assistance (1979 – 89) 202 Fig. 2. US Economic and Military Assistance (1999 – 08) 203 APPENDICES Appendix I – HEC recognised journals in the field of International Relations 225 Appendix II – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No.1 226 Appendix III – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 2 227 Appendix IV – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 3 229 Appendix V – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 4 230 Appendix VI – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 5 232 Appendix VII – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 6 233 Appendix VIII – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 7 235 Appendix IX – Declassified Documents of the Cold War Era No. 8 236 Appendix X – Declassified Documents of the War on Terror No.1 238 Appendix XI – Declassified Documents of the War on Terror No. 2 240 Appendix XII – Declassified Documents of the War on Terror No. 3 241 Appendix XIII – Declassified Documents of the War on Terror No.4 244 Appendix XIV – List of State Elites Interviewed 245 Appendix XV – Sample Questionnaire for Elite Interviewing 247 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research could not have been possible without the support of many people. First and foremost, I will use this opportunity to thank my supervisors; Professor James Dunkerley and Professor Ray Kiely. Both were abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance, in their own ways. Professor James Dunkerley inspired and motivated me. It was Professor James Dunkerley’s words that kept me convinced that this project is possible, especially during tougher times. All I had to do was mail Professor Dunkerley a draft, and alongwith corrections and suggestions, packed in my email, I would find a burst of hope. Professor Ray Kiely was very methodical and surgical in his feedback on the thesis. This thesis immensely benefits from his feedbacks and his suggestions. His dedication in assisting me from the first paragraph I wrote for this project to now when I am submitting, is truly humbling. Under his guidance I have gone half bald because of pulling my hair; his supervision was so extensive and meticulous. I fear I may have had the same effect on him, albeit for different reasons. I have greatly benefited from my supervisory team and for that I am very grateful. I wish to express my gratitude to my wife. It was definitely not easy for her to leave the comfort of being an Army officer’s wife and suffer years of separation and unrequited sacrifice. Yet she believed in my dream, and unflinchingly held on. Without her emotional support none of this could have come to fruition. Secondly, I wish to convey my deepest gratitude to my father, who was always there to support during tough and difficult times. Without his motivational and financial support it might not have been possible to come this far. Thirdly, my special thanks to all my friends, who have suffered my severe mood swings and hours long lectures on state sovereignty. I also wish to thank the staff members of the School of Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary, University of London, for their prompt help and assistance whenever I required it. In the end, I wish to thank my elite interviewees, who notwithstanding time constraints, contributed wholeheartedly towards this study. 8 ABBREVIATIONS AICC All India Congress Committee CSF Coalition Support Fund DFID Department for International Development ENERCON Energy Conservation Centre ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility EFF Extended Fund Facility FAA Foreign Assistance Act GoP Government of Pakistan HEC Higher Education Commission IAEA International Atomic Energy Association IDA International Development Assistance ICISS International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty IMF International Monetary Fund NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UN United Nations US United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority 9 Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION Introduction It is common knowledge that during the Cold War, sovereignty was usually interpreted by states to imply, in theory at least, a principle of non-interference and non-intervention, and more so by the Third World states. However, a series of humanitarian crises that ensued during the 1990s reconfigured and renewed the challenges to state sovereignty.