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Der Weg Pakistans – Rückblick Und Ausblick ISBN 978-3-88795-335-5

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Der Weg Pakistans – Rückblick Und Ausblick ISBN 978-3-88795-335-5 62 Christian Ruck / Bernd Rill (Hrsg.) Der Weg Pakistans – Rückblick und Ausblick ISBN 978-3-88795-335-5 © 2008 Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung e.V., München Akademie für Politik und Zeitgeschehen Verantwortlich: Dr. Reinhard C. Meier-Walser (Chefredakteur) Redaktion: Barbara Fürbeth M.A. (Redaktionsleiterin) Susanne Berke, Dipl. Bibl. (Redakteurin) Claudia Magg-Frank, Dipl. sc. pol. (Redakteurin) Anna Pomian M.A. (Redakteurin) Friederike Pfaffinger (Redaktionsassistentin) Kein Teil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form (durch Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) ohne schriftliche Genehmigung der Redaktion reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Inhaltsverzeichnis Christian Ruck / Bernd Rill Vorwort ..................................................................................................................................5 Paul Lehrieder Einführung..............................................................................................................................7 M. Aslam Syed Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Legacy to Pakistan ...............................................11 Jochen Hippler Gewalt und Instabilität in der Innenpolitik Pakistans ..........................................................27 Tanvir Ahmad Khan Sixty years of India-Pakistan relations.................................................................................37 Mohammed Saeed Chaudhry The European Union and Kashmir.......................................................................................51 Asad Durrani Pakistan-Afganisthan Relations ...........................................................................................73 Hein G. Kiessling Pakistan und die USA ..........................................................................................................81 Autorenverzeichnis...............................................................................................................91 Vorwort Christian Ruck / Bernd Rill Mit der Gründung Pakistans vor mehr als onsbehaftete Politiker wie Benazir Bhutto 60 Jahren und der Ausrufung der ersten und Nawaz Sharif in einer Sackgasse be- islamischen Republik 1956 entstand ein fand. Er wurde als damaliger neuer Regie- wichtiger Ankerstaat in der islamischen rungschef Pakistans in dem Antrag auch Welt. Bedingt durch ethnische Vielfalt, die dazu aufgefordert, dass er die Unterstüt- umsiedlungsbedingten Wirren und die zung der Taliban einstellt, dass er sich mit fehlende historische Tradition, stand Pa- Indien aussöhnt und dass er eine entwick- kistan von Anfang an vor gewaltigen Her- lungsorientierte Politik betreibt, die der ausforderungen – insbesondere bei der Mehrheit der Bevölkerung dient und ihr Herausbildung einer eigenen Identität. Der Perspektiven verschafft. Antagonismus zu Indien, besonders ausge- prägt im Kaschmirkonflikt, und die kultu- Wenn wir die heutige Situation mit der relle Verschiedenheit zu dem bengalisch damaligen vergleichen, sind viele Paralle- geprägten Ostpakistan waren von Anfang len erkennbar. Die Bilanz von Musharraf an eine erhebliche Belastung. Auch die ist sehr durchwachsen. Ich möchte daran stärkere Betonung des Islam – als bestim- erinnern, dass er am Ende seiner Amtszeit menden Gründungsfaktor für Pakistan – in der Aussöhnungspolitik mit Indien gro- konnte die Abspaltung Ostpakistans 1971 ße Fortschritte erzielt hatte. Es gab auch nicht verhindern. Diese Elemente waren in demokratische Reformen und wirtschaftli- Verbindung mit Strukturdefiziten und fort- chen Erfolg, aber vieles ist nur halbherzig bestehenden traditionellen Strukturen mit umgesetzt worden, und – das ist vor allem ursächlich dafür, dass Pakistan bis heute zu nennen – der wirtschaftliche Erfolg kam keine gefestigten demokratischen Struktu- nicht bei der breiten Bevölkerung an. ren etablieren konnte. Die daraus resultie- rende Abfolge von demokratisch geprägten Man muss jedoch klar sehen, dass der Regierungen mit Militärdiktaturen konnte Krieg gegen die Terroristen in Afghanistan leider auch wenig beim zukunftsgerichte- und der Kampf um die Wiederherstellung ten Umbau der Gesellschaft und beim Ab- von Demokratie und Frieden in Afghanis- bau der Strukturdefizite bewirken. tan infolge des 11. September 2001 nicht nur die Bedeutung Pakistans regional und Dieser kurze Rückblick gibt uns Hinweise international ernorm erhöht haben, sondern darauf, welche Ansatzpunkte von großer auch seine Probleme. Es muss sich zeigen, Relevanz für den Ausblick sein könnten. ob die Regierung den Spagat zwischen Is- lamisten und Feudalisten sowie zwischen Am 17. Mai 2001 wurde ein Antrag in den echten und falschen Demokraten schaffen Deutschen Bundestag eingebracht und mit kann. den Stimmen aller Parteien verabschiedet. Darin wurde Präsident Musharraf aufge- Das Land ist in der Vergangenheit nicht fordert, so schnell wie möglich zur Demo- zusammengewachsen. Es sieht leider sogar kratie zurückzukehren. Ihm wurde aber so aus, dass die zentrifugalen Kräfte stär- auch der Rücken gestärkt für die überfälli- ker denn je offen zu Tage treten. Das hat gen, notwendigen Reformen in einem zer- viele Gründe; es hat hier und da etwas mit rütteten Land, das damals am Rand des halbherzigen Politiken zu tun. Aber wir Zerfalls stand, dessen Demokratie desa- glauben, dass die tieferen Ursachen dafür vouiert war und das sich durch korrupti- in fehlender Entwicklung und fehlender 6 Christian Ruck Perspektive für die breite Bevölkerung zu und Hilfsangebote verbessern können. Es suchen sind. Denken wir an Stammesge- ist wichtig und richtig, dass die Demokra- biete, wo noch archaische Zustände herr- tie insgesamt, die unabhängige Justiz und schen, an Großstadtslums und an feudalis- die Medienfreiheit wiederhergestellt und tische Zustände in weiten Teilen des Lan- gestärkt werden müssen. des wie zum Beispiel im Pandschab. Es sind jedoch auch die Grunderkenntnisse Die Stabilität Pakistans und eine positive richtig und wichtig, dass Pakistan viel stär- Entwicklung Pakistans sind für die friedli- ker als bisher eine Bildungsoffensive che Entwicklung in der Region, aber auch braucht – gegebenenfalls gegen den Wi- insbesondere für die Konsolidierung in Af- derstand der Koranschulen. Diesen ghanistan entscheidend. Es ist für den Wunsch müssen wir mit unseren Appellen Ausblick wichtig und richtig, den Grund- verbinden, dass Pakistan ein besser funkti- gedanken des damaligen Antrags im Deut- onierendes Gesundheitssystem inklusive schen Bundestag noch einmal in Erinne- Familienplanung benötigt, dass in Pakistan rung zu rufen. Wir sind der Überzeugung, eine Landreform unabdingbar notwendig dass es ohne grundlegende Reformen und ist, dass Pakistan mit Hilfe von Mikrofi- ohne ein Wirtschaftswachstum, das auch nanzierungsinstrumenten viel mehr Wachs- den breiten Schichten der Bevölkerung zu- tum von unten generieren muss und dass gute kommt und bis nach Waziristan und Pakistan Hilfe bei seiner Energieversor- die Grenzgebiete dringt, keine Stabilität gung nötig hat. und keine positive Entwicklung in Pakistan geben kann. Wenn wir berechtigte Forderungen an Pa- kistan stellen, dann müssen wir, ungeachtet Die Entwicklungspolitik, die für Pakistan der Tatsache, dass die Aussetzung von als einen der Hauptempfänger unserer Hil- Neuzusagen zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt fe in all den Jahren immer eine sehr be- das richtige Signal ist, gleichzeitig den deutende Rolle spielte, muss sich bilateral, Umfang unserer Reform- und Hilfsange- aber auch auf internationaler Ebene noch bote an Pakistan vergrößern. Das müssen stärker und konzentrierter darüber Gedan- zwei Seiten ein und derselben Medaille ken machen, wie wir die Entwicklungs- sein. Einführung Paul Lehrieder Aus Anlass der Gründung des Staates Pa- dem Gebiet Indiens beschlossen. kistan fand im November 2007 eine Ex- pertentagung der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung in Am 14. August 1947 bildete sich aus den Kooperation mit dem Deutsch-Pakistani- überwiegend muslimischen Gebieten Bri- schen Forum statt: "60 Jahre Pakistan – tisch-Indiens der Staat Pakistan. Über vier Rückblick und Ausblick". Die Vorträge Millionen Muslime verließen in dieser Zeit der einzelnen Experten sind die Grundlage das heutige Indien, während etwa sieben für die vorliegende Publikation. Millionen Hindus und Sikhs nach Indien gingen, ein Flüchtlingsstrom, der durch Ziel des Deutsch-Pakistanischen Forums Gewaltakte und Strapazen über 700.000 ist es, die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwi- Menschen das Leben nahm. schen Pakistan und Deutschland zu stär- ken. Es ist im beiderseitigen Interesse, die Nach der Teilung bestand Pakistan aus den guten Beziehungen zwischen Deutschen beiden etwa 1.500 Kilometer auseinander- und Pakistanern zu vertiefen und weiter liegenden Landesteilen West- und Ostpa- auszubauen. Das Forum versteht sich als kistan, wobei sich Ostpakistan 1971 unab- Sammelbecken aller Aktivitäten der hängig machte und heute Bangladesh deutsch-pakistanischen Zusammenarbeit heißt. auf unterschiedlichsten Ebenen. Als Präsi- dent ist es mein Wunsch, das Deutsch- Die Zugehörigkeit des Fürstenstaates Pakistanische Forum mit Leben zu füllen, Kaschmir zu Indien oder Pakistan war da- sei es durch Diavorträge, kulturelle oder gegen umstritten. Von wenigen überwie- auch gesellschaftspolitische Veranstaltun- gend hinduistischen und buddhistischen gen. Gegenden abgesehen, war die Bevölkerung des Staates überwiegend muslimischen Um die aktuelle Situation einschätzen zu Glaubens. Die herrschende Dynastie war können, möchte ich im Folgenden einen jedoch hinduistisch,
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