Michael Cousins, ‘Athenian Stuart’s Doric porticoes’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. xIV, 2004, pp. 48–54
text © the authors 2004 ATHENIAN STUART’S DORIC PORTICOES
MICHAEL COUSINS
r r he Temple of Theseus at Hagley Hall in M. Anson and M. Steward who were with me last Week are true Lovers of Hagley, but their Delight in it Worcestershire (Fig. ), is normally accorded T was disturbd by a blustering Wind, which gave them the status of the first Greek Doric Revival building in colds and a little chilld their Imagination itself. Yet Britain. It was designed by James ‘Athenian’ Stuart, Steward seems almost as fond of my Vale, as of the who had measured and drawn the original at Athens Thessela Tempe , which I believe you heard him (variously called the Theseum, Theseion or describe when I brought him to see you. Nor could Hephaesteion), and until recently it was believed to the East Wind deter him from mounting the Hills. He is going to embellish one of them with a true Attick have been built in . Building, a Portico of six Pillars, which will make a fine However, it is not an accurate copy of the original. Object to my new House, and command a most Its setting on Wychbury Hill to the north of the house beautifull View of the Country. gives an impression of depth when seen from a distance, thereby foregoing the need for the thirteen ‘Steward’, evidently familiar to both Lyttelton and side columns of the original; it is really no more than Mrs Montagu, and apparently familiar with the a hexastyle portico. Nor do its columns conform to topography of Greece, must surely be ‘Athenian’ the proportions of the then newly-recorded Greek Stuart, and Lyttelton’s letter makes it clear that he prototype ( :), but to the previously well-known either suggested or was given the initial responsibility Vitruvian :. It is no longer possible to claim that for the design. Furthermore Stuart went on to put his their lack of bases was innovatory, as baseless Roman ideas on paper in saleable form; on January Doric columns are now known from onwards. Lyttelton’s son, Thomas, wrote to Mrs Montagu: The real status of the Temple is thus no more than that of a number (admittedly a small number) of As for the Building which you say all your Friends porticoes with baseless Doric columns. object to, my Papa is resolved to build he says that many People of good Taste like it very much & as he This article sets out the Temple’s full has paid Mr Steward Pounds for the Plan, & has got chronology, and, although confirming Stuart’s all the Materials ready, he will not change the design. design responsibility, its only remaining claim to fame, shows that even this was rather limited. It also Stuart was therefore unquestionably the author of reveals that even its reduced status can be challenged the design, which was evidently made some time by an earlier example, also designed by Stuart. between late October and mid January . The earliest record of a proposal for the Temple But only two payments to him are recorded in of Theseus occurs in a letter from George, Lord Lyttelton’s bank account, of which the first, £ on Lyttelton, the owner of Hagley, to Mrs Elizabeth November , may be the ‘ pund’ which Montagu, another of Stuart’s patrons, on October Thomas Lyttelton thought his father had paid for : ‘the plan’. Some time after October he also
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Fig. .The Temple of Theseus, Hagley Hall, Worcestershire. Michael Cousins.
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Fig. . Elizabeth Phipson, The Temple of Theseus, Hagley Hall, dated ‘July . ’. Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery.
painted ‘a Flora and four pretty little zephyrs’ on March Lyttelton had to inquire of Miller how the ceiling of the then drawing room in the new his mason was doing: house, and the second payment ( £ on July ) may relate to this. There is no evidence that he had Hitchcox, I hope, had your Orders at Hagley about any further responsibility for the Temple after selling the Cottage, which should be built as soon as ever they can get the Materials from the old House, and so his drawings to Lord Lyttelton, although some of should the Walls of M. r Stuart’s Dorick Portico. A Plan these were still awaited in March. Lyttelton’s for that as I understand, was left with Hitchcox by M. r architect on site was Sanderson Miller, and the Stuart… I don’t know whether M. r Stuart has yet sent Temple was intended as a counterpart to Miller’s the drawings for the Capitals, Freize, &c, of the Dorick ruined Gothic castle of –. The mason was the Building; but I believe Hitchcox has one for all the plain and solid parts. The brick which it is to be lined son of William Hitchcox, who had lived near with should be carried from the old house at such Radway, where Miller lived, and whom Miller had times as the cart can be conveniently spared. regularly engaged elsewhere as a builder. On
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Fig. . Thomas Baskerfield, The Temple of Pan at The Grove, Hertfordshire. British Library.
Although Stuart was still supplying drawings, Miller me, tho’ he intended to take it on himself. This I get was clearly superintending the work on site. by Hitchcox’s delays.’ In fact the Admiral lingered This letter also makes it clear that the walls had on until August . Shortly after this, Sir not begun to rise before March . ‘Young George wrote to Mrs Montagu: ‘He died without a Hitchcox’, as Lyttelton referred to him, could have Will, but by a Paper he left took care to secure to me been excused any delay on account of a shortage of the £ for the Grecian Building, which I was materials, but in August , eighteen months later, afraid I should have lost…’ Richard Pococke Lyttelton chided Miller for the lack of progress: ‘the described the completed building in : ‘the front building on the Hill is so backward… the front will of the Temple of Theseus at Athens, with a window not be near finished.’ It was still incomplete in in each side of the portico. About two inches below February , and Lyttelton contemplated finding the top of the flute a channel is practic’d half an inch someone else: ‘His [Hitchcox’s] Work remains broad & deep, which I do not remember in the unfinished, and as he has got the plan I don’t know original; it is built of hewn stone, and painted how to set it to anybody else.’ The Temple was to white…’ . The temple was thus not begun before be paid for by Admiral Smith, Lord Lyttelton’s March , and not complete before March , illegitimate half brother, but in March Lyttelton possibly not before September ; it is only certain had reason to express concern for his brother’s that it was complete in . The white paint is health and his building: ‘I wish the poor Admiral confirmed in a water colour by Elizabeth Phipson of may not die before he has finished my Building on (Fig. ). the Hill, and then all the Expence of it will fall on Long before this, however, Stuart may have both
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XIV ATHENIAN STUART ’ S DORIC PORTICOES designed and had completed a Greek Doric portico published in , records ‘a portico and some large at The Grove, near Watford, Hertfordshire, the seat vases of Bath stone, made by Mr Parsons’, as well as since of Thomas Villiers, st Lord Hyde. The the Temple of Pan and a walk terminated by ‘a seat, evidence is in Sanderson Miller’s diary, where, on built in the Tuscan order’. It may be that this was September , he wrote: the portico seen by Miller, and it is unfortunate that no visual record of it has been found. It is thus Up before . Writing account of expences etc. Wrote to Dr Leigh. Rode after breakfast with Mr Bucknall to impossible to determine whether it was more Greek Lord Hyde’s. His lordship, Lady Hyde and Lady or more innovatory than the Temple of Theseus at Mary Capel showed me the house at the Grove. Two Hagley, but it is clear that it was designed at least two very good rooms etc. Lord Hyde walked with us years earlier and built at least five years earlier, round the park, and to the garden, where we met Lady possibly more. Hyde. Seeing Mr Stewart’s column Grecian Doric Lord Hyde also emerges as one of Stuart’s Portico. earliest patrons, and their relationship may still have Lord Hyde was a friend of Viscount Royston, who, been in existence nine years later, in , when Lord as nd. Earl of Hardwicke, was a subsequent patron Hyde wanted pillars of his Ionic order. Although it is of Stewart’s, and Thomas Anson, Lord Royston’s likely that Thomas Anson proposed the employment brother-in-law, was also Stuart’s patron and of Stuart to George Lyttelton, Miller’s association accompanied him to Hagley on several occasions. It with the Ansons went back to at least , when he seems highly probable that the ‘Mr Stewart’ of visited Shugborough, so he was doubtless an Miller’s diary was Athenian Stuart, and even more so influential party. Certainly it is clear that both the ‘ as Hyde wrote to Hardwicke in September that column Grecian Doric Portico’ and its author had he proposed to build a cold bath with ‘Pillars of registered during Miller’s visit to the Grove in . Stuart’s Ionic’. If one also accepts the attribution to Stuart of the Of the known features at the Grove, only two Doric Temple at Shugborough, whose design has potentially fit the bill. One, called the Temple of Pan, been noted as close to that at Hagley, the discovery was illustrated by Thomas Baskerfield at an unknown of another hexastyle Doric portico reveals the type as date some time after Lord Hyde was created Earl of a recurrent feature of his work. Clarendon in (Fig. ), and is described in an anonymous poem of , The Scotch Hut . Baskerfield shows a peripteral Doric temple with six columns, as Miller had noted, on at least the front ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS elevation. But it would be surprising if Sanderson I am grateful to Dr. Kerry Bristol for the information Miller had described a peripteral temple as a recorded at notes and , to Richard Hewlings for ‘portico’, and surprising that his terse description that recorded in note , to Karen Lynch for drawing recorded the Doric order of the columns in priority my attention to Lady Amabel Yorke’s diaries and for to their conspicuous rusticity. Furthermore it was providing the transcript, to Will Hawkes for his described by Lady Amabel Yorke as ‘a pretty new extrapolation from Miller’s diary entry, to Sir building’ in June , by which time the Grecian Howard Colvin for comments on the draft text, and Doric portico noted by Miller was twenty years old. to the Huntington Library for allowing permission to But the Topographical Map of Hartfordshire quote from the Montagu-Lyttleton correspondence. by Andrew Dury and John Andrews shows at least two buildings in situ at that time. Webb’s Excursions ,
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NOTES William Hawkes, ‘Sanderson Miller of Radway’, The proposition that it was the first Greek Doric Cake and Cockhorse , IV, Winter , – . temple since antiquity was put forward by Arthur T. Warwick, Warwickshire County Record Office Bolton, ‘Hagley Park, Worcestershire’, Country Life , (hereafter WRO), CR B/ ; Lilian Dickens and XXXVIII, October th , , –, and was Mary Stanton (eds.), An Eighteenth-Century emphatically re-stated by Nikolaus Pevsner, Studies Correspondence , London, , passim . ‘Old in Art, Architecture and Design , I, London, , Hitchcox’, who had been responsible for the earlier – . works at Hagley, such as the rotunda, had died in The documents revising this date were first noted in December [WRO, DR / Radway Register. William Hawkes, ‘Sanderson Miller of Radway, The entry of his burial at Radway is dated – , Architect’ (unpublished thesis, Faculty of December ]. Fine Arts, Dept of Architecture, Cambridge WRO, CR B/ ; London, Society of University), , I, – , and first published by Antiquaries, Prattinton Collection, includes Michael McCarthy, ‘Documents on the Greek drawings dated (taken from originals still at Revival in architecture’, The Burlington Magazine , Hagley) which show the old house still standing. CXIV, November , – ; the correct date is WRO, CR B/ , March . given in Howard Colvin , A Biographical Dictionary WRO, CR B/ , August . of British Architects – , New Haven and WRO, CR B/ , February . London, , . WRO, CR B/ , March . Michael Bevington, ‘The development of the London, British Library (hereafter BL), RP (i), classical revival at Stowe’, Architectura, , XXI, Lord Lyttelton to Elizabeth Montagu, letter , part , . September . Giles Worsley, ‘The baseless Roman Doric column BL, Add. MS , fol. . Pococke also confirms in mid-eighteenth-century English architecture:…’, that the obelisk was at that time being erected by Sir The Burlington Magazine , CXXVIII, May , Richard Lyttelton and not Admiral Smith, as has – ; Howard Colvin, ‘A Roman mausoleum in been previously claimed [Gervase Jackson-Stops, Gloucestershire: the Guise monument at Elmore’, Hagley Hall (Guide Book), Derby, , ; Roger Georgian Group Journal , , –; Peter Leach, White (ed.), Georgian Arcadia: Architecture for the ‘The Thompson Mausoleum and its architect’, The Park and Garden , London, , ]. Georgian Group Journal , VIII, , , –. WRO, CR / , pp. – , ‘Up bef. . writ g. Richard Hewlings drew my attention to these Acc t. of Expences &c. w r to D r Leigh rode aft. bft w. important articles. Mr Buckn l. to L. d Hide’s. His Lp L. y H. & L y Mary San Marino (California), The Huntington Library, Capel shewed me the Hse at y e Grove . Very good Montagu Papers (hereafter Montagu Papers), MO Rooms &c. L. d H. w. d w. us round the Park & to y e . Garden where we met Ly. H. seeing M r Stewarts Montagu Papers, MO . I am grateful to Dr. Col n. Greec n. Doric Portico’. Kerry Bristol for this previously unpublished David Adshead, ‘A modern Italian loggia at information, which is, however, quoted in her Ph. Wimpole’, Georgian Group Journal , X, , D. dissertation, ‘James “Athenian” Stuart – . ( – ) and the genesis of the Greek revival in Kerry Bristol, ‘The Society of Dilettanti, James British architecture’, University of London, , “Athenian” Stuart and the Anson family’, Apollo , . Her transcription, however, has been corrected CLII, August , – . by me from the original at the Huntington Library, BL, Add. MS , , fol. , September , ‘I MO . found & transmit my Ideas for the Cold Bath, London, Messrs Hoare & Co. Ltd., Ledger A . drawn clearer, than Words could render them. If y. r The early account books at Hagley were destroyed L. p & L. dy Grey comprehend & approve them I in the fire there in . shall be very happy: my Imagination was so much Montagu Papers, MO . pleased with the Whole, that I think the Walk & Michael Cousins, ‘The Sham Ruin, Hagley’, Follies , every part should be thought of Importance in so XXXVII, Summer , –; A.C. Wood and beautiful a Retreat. I should rather the Building was
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of stone, than of Wood, & the Pillars of Stuart’s There are problems of interpretation of this map, Ionick. If it is of Brick & the Columns of Wood, w’h whose detail is limited. It shows two buildings at the will undoubtedly be much cheaper, it must south-west corner of the estate. On the earliest OS afterwards be stuccoded or roughcast’. I am grateful maps a structure labelled ‘Alcove’ is shown in the to Dr. Kerry Bristol for bringing this information to same position as the western of these buildings, and my attention. has been identified by John Phibbs in an BL, Add. MS , , fol. , ‘The Temple of Pan at unpublished landscape survey of as the Grove Herts / Lord Clarendens Grounds’. Tuscan Seat, the other being the Pyramid. Anon., The Scotch Hut, A Poem, addressed to Daniel Carless Webb, Observations and Remarks, Euphorbus; or, the Earl of the Grove , London, , during Four Excursions, made to various parts of and . Great Britain, in the years and , London, Photographs taken prior to confirm the rustic , – . columns [ The Watford Observer , August , ]. CR B/ and CR A/ , Sir Roger Leeds, West Yorkshire Archive Service, Vyner MSS, Newdigate’s diary for . Acc. , MS Diaries of Amabel Yorke ( – ), David Watkin, Athenian Stuart: pioneer of the Greek vol. IV , ‘ We all visited L d& L dy Hyde at The Grove. revival , London, , . Saw the Temple of Pan, a pretty new Building’.
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