Ministry of Environment and Spaal Planing Kosovo Environmenta i Protecon Agency MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT KOSOVO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPATIAL PLANNING PROTECTION AGENCY

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015 Report

Prishtina, 2015

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Approval Procedures On the 25th of June 2015, the Directory for Monitoring. Assessment and Environmental Reporting completed the Report and submitted it to the Office of the CEO of KEPA, asking him to proceed for the approval in the Assembly of Kosovo, as required under Article 25 of the Law on Environment Protection.

On the 2nd of July 2015, the CEO of KEPA, through the Minister of MESP, submitted the following proposed agenda item to the Government of Kosovo: the Submission of the State of the Environment Report in Kosovo 2015 for approval to the Assembly of Kosovo.

The Government of Kosovo, at the meeting held on the 29th of August 2015, has reviewed “The State of the Environment Report in Kosovo 2015” and has endorsed the Report under the Decision No. 01/86, calling for its submission for approval to the Assembly of Kosovo.

On the 29th of September 2015, the Parliamentary Commission on Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Spatial Planning, has reviewed The State of the Environment Report 2015 at its 22nd session, and forwarded it for approval to the Assembly of Kosovo.

At the plenary session, on the 30th of November 2015, the Assembly of Kosovo, after discussion, has reached the Decision no. 05-V-183 on the approval of the Report.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 3 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Foreword

Dear readers,

The environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources remain one of the major challenges of our society.

The economic development needs and growing social demands have been creating mounting requirements on the usage of natural resources, yet they also exercise a direct impact on the environment through the discharge of the pollutants.

The generation of energy, development of transport, production industry, development of agriculture sector are some of the direct pressures exercising the increased demands upon our environment.

Notwithstanding, the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning remains committed in meeting the environment protection requirements in the spirit of sustainable development. The development and implementation of primary legislation, environmental strategies, plans and programmes are but few of our daily commitments in the pursuit of environmental protection objectives.

Strengthening the environmental protection monitoring system, increasing control over the implementation of primary legislation and applying environmental standards and procedures in relation to the applications for the usage of natural resources, as well as, projects generating environmental impact represent challenges, but have also produced satisfactory results.

The investments in environment, either through the budget of Kosovo or through the donor assistance aims at improving the state of environment and its infrastructure, along with building and strengthening the environmental institutional capacities at all levels, which makes us confident and gives the right track towards achieving our goals.

Undeniable results have been achieved in all environmental aspects, including waste management, protection of nature and biodiversity, water management, climate change adaptation and mitigation, rehabilitation of polluted areas, control of industrial pollution, spatial planning, as well as, regional and international cooperation.

We strongly believe that through the cooperation with our citizens, governmental institutions, municipalities, donors and civil society organizations, we will achieve our goal of ensuring that Kosovo is a well-developed country, with a clean and healthy environment.

Ferid Agani, Minister of MESP

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 4 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Acknowledgments

Dear readers and associates,

The Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency has the pleasure of sharing with you the Report on the State of the Environment in Kosovo 2015. The report is prepared in response to the legal duties and responsibilities of KEPA to produce regular reporting on the state of the environment. The Report mainly contains data from monitoring the environment situation, but also data from projects, publications and other relevant environmental documentations.

Part of the report are also the data from central government and non-government institutions holding specific responsibilities in the area of the environment, with data available for the sector. The preparation of the report is also supported by other sectors of the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. KEPA, therefore, wishes to express its gratitude to and acknowledge the contribution of all who contributed in the finalization of this document, either through making the data available or through their suggestions and input.

We value, appreciate and welcome the engagement, input and suggestion of all of the institutions, experts, environmental NGOs and other friends of environment that have helped in the preparation of the publications and worked to improve their quality and reliability.

We hope that this report will provide a humble contribution, not only for accurate information on the state of the environment in Kosovo, but also serve as a document for policy-makers to ensure the implementation of sustainable environmental policies but also guide future donor projects.

Dr.sc. Ilir Morina, CEO of KEPA

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 5 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Abbreviations

ADC Austrian Development Cooperation ALPS Agriculture Land Pollution Survey KEPA Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency APRNS Agency on Protection from Radiation and Nuclear Safety KFA Kosovo Forestry Agency PIA Prishtina International Airport KAS Kosovo Agency of Statistics EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product CLC Corine Land Coverage LD Legal Decree WD Water Department ECRAN Environmental and Climate Regional Accession Network EEA European Environment Agency EFAS European Flood Awareness System EIONET European Information and Observation Network EPA Network European Network of Heads of Environment Agencies EUROSTAT European Statistics GHG Greenhouse Gases GIZ German Technical Cooperation KHMI Hydro-meteorology Institute of Kosovo IKMN Kosovo Nature Protection Institute NIPHK National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo IPA Instrument of Pre-Accession IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency EC European Commission KEK Kosovo Power Corporation KfW German Development Bank KLMC Kosovo Landfill Management Company RWC Regional Waste Company KTOE Kilo Ton Oil Equivalent RWCs Regional Water Supply Companies

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 6 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

MAFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development MoF Ministry of Finance MEI Ministry of European Integrations MESP Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning NM Nature Monument MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MED Ministry of Economic Development WHO World Health Organization EO Economic Operators OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development NGO Non-governmental organization OSCE Organization For Security and Cooperation in Europe KIP Kosovo Industrial Policy Framework NP National Park KEAP Kosovo Environment Action Plan LEAP Local Environment Action Plan REC Regional Environment Centre NR Nature Reserves SIDA Swedish International Development Agency NDS National Development Strategy CCS Climate Change Strategy SOER European State of Environment Report SHBO Biochemical Oxygen Consumption PP Power plant PP A Power plant A PP B Power plant B AI Administrative Instruction UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change EIA Environmental Impact Assessment SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment WWRO Water and Waste Regulatory Office

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 7 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Contents 1. Introductory Section 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Methodology 1.3. Purpose of the Report 1.4. General data on Kosovo 1.5. Executive Summary 2. Driving Forces 2.1. Demographic trends 2.2. Urbanization and Environment 2.3. Socio-economic development 2.4. Use of natural resources 2.5. Use of land and coverage 3. Environmental pressures 3.1. Energy 3.2. Industry 3.3. Transport 3.4. Agriculture 3.5. Forestry 3.6. Tourism 4. State of Environment 4.1. Air 4.2. Water 4.3. Soil/land 4.4. Waste 4.5. Biodiversity 4.6. Protected Areas 5. Impact on Environment and Public Health 5.1. Climate Changes 5.2. Impact on Public Health 6. Response/Measures taken 6.1. Legislation 6.2. Environmental Strategies and Plans 6.3. Environmental Monitoring System 6.4. Investments in environment 6.5. Regional and international cooperation 7. References

8. Index of figures and tables

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 8 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 1. Introductory Section 1.1. Introduction The Law on Environment Protection provides for production of the Report on the State of the Environment in Kosovo1. According to Article 25 of this Law, the Government of Kosovo, at the proposal of the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning shall submit the Report on the State of the Environment before the Assembly of Kosovo.

The report shall contain data on: The state of the environment and any changes thereto relative to the previous report, environmental impact on the health of the population, the implementation of the Environmental Strategy and the Action Plan, environmental protection measurement, use of natural resources, development of environmental institutions, as well as, finances of the environmental protection system.

The Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency is the institution that develops the Report, In line with the duties and responsibilities of the governmental institutions. 1.2. Methodology Based on the acceptable reporting models and the environmental circumstances prevalent in Kosovo, KEPA has collected environmental data from monitoring institutions, companies, operators, various enterprises, publications, reports and other sources. To meet the reporting requirements, the data collected has been processed into qualitative environmental data, as presented in this Report. The data are provided in form of narrative, tables, maps and graphs.

The Report provides data on driving forces and environmental pressures, describes the current situation of the environmental media and the impact of such situations. It reviews the environmental protection and preservation policies, as well as, the efforts of governmental and non-governmental institutions and society, at large, in terms of remedial action. Such an approach to reporting, known as DPSIR2, which portrays issues related to all environmental concerns of a country, represents a very appropriate approach in assessing the state of the environment.

The DPSIR model was initially deployed by OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and further adopted by the European Environment Agency (EEA), which is also used by EUROSTAT for the production of environmental statistics. This analytical model allows for sorting information and integration of socio-economic and environmental elements, addressing relationships between five categories of indicators: Driving forces (such as: production power,

1 Law No. 03/L-025, on Environment Protection 2 D-Driving Forces. P-Pressures, S-State of the Environment , I-Impacts, R-Responses

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 9 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

population growth, etc.), Pressures on the environment (such as: water, air and soil emissions), which has an impact on the state of the environment (e.g. the concentration of heavy metals on the ground, rise in average global temperatures), which subsequently affects the living beings and human health, thus triggering a response of necessary institutions through adequate measures (legislative, taxes, environment programmes, research, investment, etc.). (Figure 1).

Figure 1: DPSIR analytical framework

To a large degree, the drafting of this report is also guided by the selection of indicators, which were deemed most appropriately for assessing the state of the environment. We tried to ensure that the indicators have scientific basis and are equally tangible to all people to be served by the report. Of course, the choice and presentation of the environment indicators, by chapters and sub-chapters of the report, was influenced to a certain degree by the quality of data available and the timeframe covered by these data.

The lack of data on many important issues and lack of integrated environmental monitoring are some of the issues, which KEPA had to contend with in the course of drafting this report.

It is worth acknowledging that the quality of the report is dependent on the quality of monitoring conducted at national level and the level of organization ofthe environment information system. As these two fledgling environmental systems are in early stages of development and strengthening, there is a lack of complete and reliable data on some sectors treated by the report.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 10 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

1.3. Purpose of the Report The main purpose of this report is to meet the legal requirement of the Regular reporting on the state of the environment to the central institutions of the country (the Government of Kosovo and the Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo), as well as, provide relevant and actual information, which will serve as a basis for developing adequate environmental policies.

The Report represents a good basis for guiding the development, planning, investment, industry, energy, transport, agriculture, etc., but also undertaking the necessary action and developing projects to improve the state of the environment and constituting elements.

No less important is its intention to provide information on the state of the environment in Kosovo to the public at large, donors, scholars and other stakeholders.

1.4. General data on the Republic of Kosovo Area 10.908 km2 Total population 1.84 million inhabitants (2013) Population density by km2 167 (2013) Average age Approximately 25 years Average life expectancy 76.7 years Declaration of independence 17 February 2008 Political System Parliamentary Democracy Status of EU integration process Potential candidate country Official languages Albanian, Serbian Capitol Prishtina Number of municipalities 38 Number of settlements 1469 Currency Euro GDP per capita 2.721 Euro Average monthly pay 170 Euro Climate Medium continental Average annual temperature 11 0 Celsius Average annual precipitations 790 mm Largest rivers Drini i Bardhë ( 111.5 km), Sitnica (110 km) The highest peak Gjeravica, 2.656 m The lowest point Drini i Bardhë valley (border to Albania), 297 m

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 11 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 1.5. Executive Summary The Report on the State of the Environment in Kosovo 2015 contains 6 chapters. In addition to the preface, the introductory section of the report also contains the report methodology, the purpose, as well as, tabular overview of the general data in Kosovo.

The second section of the report, specifically thedriving forces, treats some of the forces deemed to be the main environmental drivers. The trend of the population growth in Kosovo continues to be progressive, just as the birth rate, albeit ata lower rate relative to 80s and 90s. The population density in Kosovo is oneof the largest in Europe, while Kosovo remains one of the countries with the lowest habitation areas. The report finds that an increasing trend of urban zones, along with an increase of urban population.

Although Kosovo saw a positive economic growth in the last decade, it also maintained the lowest per-capita income of any country in the Balkans and Europe. The unemployment rate is at 30%, while the amount of per-capita income is 2.935 Euro. The economic development needs drove an increased use of natural resources. The largest consumption of water comes from both households and agriculture consumptions, while gravel and minerals extraction from riverbeds remain excessively high. In terms of use of timber, the estimates indicate that both legal and illegal logging (1.6 m3) exceed the annual forest production capacities. The forest and forest land represent the main land use category at around 47%, followed by agriculture land use at 29%, grassland and pasturage at 15%, settlements at 4.5%.

The third part of the report treats pressures upon the environment by the various development sectors, such as: energy, industry, transport, agriculture, forestry and tourism. Each of these sectors exerts pressures on the environment through specific forms, which are reflected in the report through various indicators. Report finds that the coal accounts for 65%, which is the highest of any primary energy sources available, with the share of renewable sources, while increasing, remains at a very low level.

Compared to the previous years, a decrease in dust emissions from KEK has

been noted, specifically of NOx, SO2, along with an increase on air quality in the operator’s immediate surroundings. The metal’s industry (NewCo Ferronikeli) and cement factor (SharrCem) are considered industries with major environmental impact, although emissions attributed to their operations have decreased. The increased number of vehicles in transport and new roads are seen as the main pressures of the transport sector, while the usage of fertilizers is one of the main pressures of agriculture, along with the use of timber in forestry and increased number of tourists in tourism sector. All of these indicators have seen progressive rise, indicating commensurate increased pressure on the environment.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 12 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The fourth section of this report deals with the status of the environmental media and thematic aspects of these media, such as: air, water, land (soil), biodiversity, protected areas and waste. On air, data on air quality have been collected through the air quality monitoring, indicating that the limit values have been exceeded for PM10 and PM2.5 particles, in some of the monitoring stations, for the entire monitoring period 2012-2014. For the water sector, some of the data on the quality of surface water and water volumes in rivers have been presented. The water quality is presented through three main indicators: The ion nitrate nitrogen (N-

NO3), phosphorus from phosphate ions (P-PO4) and biochemical oxygen consumed in 5 days (SHBO5) for the period 2008-2014. The data analysis indicate that, in spite of the increased values of indicators, no excessive pollution had been found and that Kosovo surface water are not threatened by the eutrophication. As part of the soil data, the report contains data on the agriculture land study project in Kosovo, which covered: 2840 soil samples on 17 heavy metals and fertility indicators, 200 samples on content of organic polluters and 150 plant samples for heavy metal content.

The results indicated that the samples were within the soil contamination samples and that cases of heavy metal contamination are not within the areas used as agriculture land, but rather in industrial zones. The waste sector speaks to a continued increase of waste generated and disposed in landfills. The data on the generation of industrial and medical waste are presented as part ofthe waste management status. The state of biodiversity has been presented through data on the state of plant and animal species, while the status of the protected areas through data on number of natural protected areas and expansion of their area.

The report finds that as part of its efforts to preserve biodiversity and assess the status of species, Kosovo developed the Red Book of Vascular Flora. This assessment, the first of its kind in Kosovo, found the following about the species of vascular flora: 61 species categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 86 as Endangered species (EN), 19 in the category of Vulnerable (VU), 34 in the category of Near Threatened (NT) and 35 species in the category of Least Concern (LC). It was also found that owing to proclamation of the Second National Park “Bjeshket e Nemuna” (62,488.00 ha) and expansion of protected areas of the National Park “Sharri”, the total protected area has expanded from 4.4% to 10.9% of the Kosovo’s territory. The total number of the protected areas has also increased, totalling to 116 areas natural protected areas, including: 11 nature reserves, 2 national parks, 99 natural monuments, 1 regional natural park, 2 protected landscapes and 1 special protected bird habitat.

The chapter on environmental impacts, which is the fifth section of the report, deals with climate changes and climate impact on the population health. The report finds that in terms of green gas emissions, the total greenhouse gas emissions in

Kosovo in 2012 reached 9.5 Mt (million ton) CO2 equivalent (9526.74 ton). The energy sector is the largest contributor of the greenhouse gas emissions, with a total participation of 87%. In the energy sector, the power industry accounts for most

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 13 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

emissions at 75%, with road transportation accounting for 12% of total emissions of the energy sector. The agriculture, forestry and land use sector accounts for 8% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, waste sector at 4%, while the industrial processes and use of products is the sector with the lowest share at only 1% of total emissions. Compared to other European countries, Kosovo has the lowest level of

emissions per capita (5.4 t CO2 equivalent per capita as of 2012). The impact on public health has been presented through several indicators, such as, diseases caused due to the quality of potable water, but also improved the sanitary infrastructure. The report finds that the number of diarrheic diseases remains high, regardless of the increased coverage of water supply and sewerage systems. It has also found that the life expectancy at birth in spite of noted increase (70 years in 2013 compared to 67 in 1999), remains lower relative to other countries in the region (Serbia 74.5, Montenegro 74.6, Macedonia 74.8, Albania 76.9 and Croatia 76.6).

As part of chapters on response and action taken to improve the condition of the environment, the main measures undertaken by the institutions have been treated, such as the development of legislation and transposition of the EU directives, development of environmental strategies and plans, environmental monitoring system, environmental interventions, as well as, regional and international environmental initiatives.

The main findings of the chapter indicate that Kosovo has a good legal environmental basis and that, generally, the transposition of the EU directives into the national legislation is estimated at 60%. In addition to the legal measures, in orderof ensuring the protection of the environment and relevant environmental sectors and with the view of more effective implementation of long-term environmental policies, appropriate strategies, plans and programmes have also been developed. In order of ensuring continues monitoring conditions on the environment and environmental media, Kosovo has an environmental monitoring system, which is made of specific monitoring networks and other forms of monitoring based on standard methodologies, surveillance and regular monitoring visits. Special monitoring networks include air quality monitoring, hydrometric network and river water monitoring network.

The investments in environment lists some of the main environmental projects, with funding from either Kosovo or donor budget. The section on regional and international cooperation presents some of the activities, initiatives and programmes to which the environmental institutions of Kosovo have participated.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 14 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 2. Driving Forces (D)

Driving Forces – in the environmental protection concept, social, demographic and economic developments are described, including the overall consumption and production levels. The main driving forces are the population growth and evolution of their needs and activities. In fact, they represent major forces that drive changes to overall production and consumption levels. The driving forces exercise pressure on environment through changes in production and consumption.

2.1. Demographic trend

Changes in the total population number and forecast - after the Second World War, with improved socio-economic and sanitary conditions, the population number grew steadily (until the early XXI century), although the immigration persisted at varying levels during the period, culminating in the last decade of XX century, whereby 30% of the overall population of Kosovo is believed to have migrated. As a result of a massive immigration and losses in the 1999 war, for the first time in the period 1991-2011, Kosovo’s population saw a decline of the overall population figure by -9.1%. During the 63 year period (1948-2011), Kosovo’s population grew by 138.2%.

Population density – the increased population in Kosovo brought about increased average density levels per area unit from 62.7 (1948) to 167 (2013) inhabitants per km2. This increase also represents an increased impact of the population in the environment. The highest population density is in lower altitude areas (over 600 inhabitants/km2 – Fushe Kosove), in the lower hilly plains it generally revolves around Kosovo average, with higher hilly-mountains areas experiencing lower population density relative to Kosovo average. There are higher concentrations of the population in lower altitude areas, industrial facilities and urbanisation, factors exerting the largest impact on the environment.

Total number of population Population density km2

2500000 200

2000000 150 1500000 100 1000000 50 500000

0 0 1948 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 2013

Figure 2: Total population number and density in Kosovo, 1948-2013 Figure 2: Total population number and density in Kosovo, 1948-2013 Based on the population projects for Kosovo, the total population number will continue to increase until the first half of the 30s of this century,Kosovo although Environmental clearly Protection at much Agency slower rates relative to 60s, 70s, 80s of the last century. 15

The increased number of the total population produces multiple impacts on the environment, key of which are: the impact on the production level, use of resources, land use patterns, generation of waste and environmental pollution.

Natural population increase – Kosovo’s population saw its fastest increase rates during the 60s, when the rate of natural population increase was the highest in the post Second World War period at 29.9% (birth rate 44.1%, mortality rate 14.2%).

Figure 3: Birth, death and natural population increase rates in Kosovo 2002-2011

Total number of population Population density km2

2500000 200

2000000 150 1500000 100 1000000 50 500000

0 0 1948 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 2013

Figure 2: Total population number and density in Kosovo, 1948-2013 Based on the population projects for Kosovo, the total population number will continue to increase until State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report the first half of the 30s of this century, although clearly at much slower rates relative to 60s, 70s, 80s of the last century.Based on the population projects for Kosovo, the total population number will continue to increase until the first half of the 30s of this century, although clearly at The increasedmuch slowernumber rates of the relative total population to 60s, 70s, produces 80s of themultiple last century.impacts on the environment, key of which are:The the increased impact on number the production of the totallevel, populationuse of resources, produces land use multiple patterns, impacts generation on ofthe waste and environmentenvironmental pollution., key of which are: the impact on the production level, use of resources, land use patterns, generation of waste and environmental pollution. Natural population increase – Kosovo’s population saw its fastest increase rates during the 60s, when the rate Naturalof natural population population increase was – Kosovo’s the highest population in the post saw Second its fastest World increase War period rates at 29.9% during the 60s, when the rate of natural population increase was the highest in the (birth rate 44.1%, mortality rate 14.2%). post Second World War period at 29.9% (birth rate 44.1%, mortality rate 14.2%).

FigureFigure 3: 3:Birth, Birth, death death and and natural natural population increase increase rates rates in Kosovoin Kosovo 2002-2011 2002-2011

Based on the data of the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, in 2013, Kosovo registered its lowest birth rate and natural increase levels per 1000 inhabitants, since the end of World War II until the present date.

Structure of population by age – Kosovo’s population is young. In 2006, age group 0 – 19 makes 38% of population, age 20-64 makes 56%, while old age group of over 65 years makes 6% of the total population.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 16 Based on the data of the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, in 2013, Kosovo registered its lowest birth rate and natural increase levels per 1000 inhabitants, since the end of World War II until the present date.

Structure of population by age – Kosovo’s population is young. In 2006, age group 0 – 19 makes 38% of population, age 20-64 makes 56%, while old age group of over 65 years makes 6% of the total population. State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 4: Population Structure by age in Kosovo 1981-2006 Figure 4: Population Structure by age in Kosovo 1981-2006 The structure of the population by age affects the environment through the production and consumption,The structureas the structure of the helps population shape the by labour age force, affects with the the environmentpopulation represented through the as a consumer.production and consumption, as the structure helps shape the labour force, with the population represented as a consumer.

Additional Additionalreferences and references sources: and sources: Internet sources:Internet sources:

 Population Census 2011, KAS www.ask.rks-gov.net  Population• SurveyPopulation 2013, KASCensus 2011, KAS www.worldbank.org/country/kosovowww.ask.rks-gov.net  Human Development Report 2012, UNDP www.ks-undp.org • Population Survey 2013, KAS www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo • Human Development Report 2012, UNDP www.ks-undp.org

2.2. Urbanization Although the urban areas in some respects offer advantages compared to rural areas (they are more compact, occupy smaller areas per capita, efficient in the delivery of water, electricity, roads and better services for waste, etc.) their negative impact on the environment is far greater compared to rural areas. Their negative impact on the

environment is especially increased by uncontrolled migrations that occur through: density increase (overpopulation) of the urban areas and depopulation of rural areas, constructions in the suburbs with no urban criteria, lack of infrastructure, difficulties in housing, services of waste collection, uncontrolled disposal of waste from construction, increase in the quantity of wastewater which untreated end up into the natural environment. Then there are also the socio-economic problems, such as: increase in unemployment, lack of quality health services, sanitation,

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 17 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

overcrowding of schools in towns and abandoning of schools in villages as in the case of mountainous areas of Kosovo.

Traffic in urban areas is much more dense and is a major source of the environmental pollution, due to the rapid development of the transport sector, use of old vehicles in a large scale, limited water supply, reduce of green areas in cities, etc. All of these factors exert their influence on the air and water quality, which are very important indicators of the environmental pollution.

The population movements have affected the urban and rural population reports. During 1948-1991 there was an increase in the urban and the rural population in Kosovo, but the urban population growth is much faster. As a result of mass emigrations and losses in the 1999 war, for the first time during the period 1991- 2011, Kosovo’s population is characterized by decreasing its tendency of the total number of population by 13.8%, of which 9.8% is urban population, and 16.1%3 rural population. Throughout the period observed, the rural population dominated the population totals.

In 2011 the urban population accounted for 38% of the population and the rural one accounted for 61.9% (1981-32.5%), while in 1948 the urban population accounted for only 9.7% of the total population.

Compared to 1948, the total population in 2011 shows an increase of 137.3%, where the rural population shows an increase of 62.9%, while the urban population shows an increase of 827.4%. So, growth trends of urban population have been much faster than the total and rural population.

Regarding the share in the total population, the urban population reached its peak growth in the period 1961-71 and 1971-’81, when the percentage of urban population increased from 19.5% to 26.9%, , and from 26.9% to 32.5%, respectively.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 Rural population Urban population

Figure 5: % of rural and urban population in Kosovo 1948-2011 Figure 5: % of rural and urban population in Kosovo 1948-2011

3 In addition to demographic components, the change of the concept of population census in census 2011 has Besidesalso theaffected urban the population decrease in thegrowth, number the of population.total area of settlements has also increased. Only from 2002 to 2012, it is estimated that the settlement areas in Kosovo have increased to about 8,000 ha (Figure 6). Compared to the other European countries,Kosovo Environmental Kosovo has Protection significantly Agency less surface habitable (settlements), 18which account for only about 4% of the total area, while the density of inhabitants per square kilometre is estimated to be among the highest in Europe with around 170 people per km2. (Figure 7).

Settlements 50000

45000

Area ha 40000

35000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 6: Areas of settlements (ha) 2002-20124

4 Source: Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012 / KPA 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 RuralState population of Environment inUrban Kosovo population 2015, Report

Figure 5: % of rural and urban population in Kosovo 1948-2011 Besides the urban population growth, the total area of settlements has also Besidesincreased. the urban Only population from growth, 2002 tothe 2012,total area it isof estimatedsettlements has that also increased.the settlement Only from 2002 areas in Kosovo have increased to about 8,000 ha (Figure 6). Compared to the other to 2012, it is estimated that the settlement areas in Kosovo have increased to about 8,000 ha (Figure 6). European countries, Kosovo has significantly less surface habitable (settlements), Compared to the other European countries, Kosovo has significantly less surface habitable (settlements), which account for only about 4% of the total area, while the density of inhabitants which account for only about 4% of the total area, while the density of inhabitants per square kilometre per square kilometre is estimated to be among the highest in Europe2 with around is estimated170 people to be peramong km the2. (Figure highest 7).in Europe with around 170 people per km . (Figure 7).

Settlements 50000

a 45000 h

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Ar 40000

35000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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Residential areas in the total land use areas Density of inhabitants per km²

4 Source: Kosovo FiForestgure 7: Inventory Relation bet 2002ween andresident 2012ial a /r easKPA and population density in Kosovo and Europe5 Figure 7: Relation between residential areas and population density in Kosovo and Europe5

RReferenceseferences and adanddition additionalal resources: resources: OnOnlineline reso uresources:rces:

 Population census 2011, ASK www.ask.rks-gov.net  Assessment-Population 2013 www.fiskos.org • KoPopulationsovo Forest Inve ncensustory 201 2,2011, APK 2013 ASK www.eea.europawww.ask.rks-gov.net.eu/data-and-maps

• Assessment-Population 2013 www.fiskos.org

• Kosovo Forest Inventory 2012, APK 2013 www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps

4 Source: Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012 / KPA 5 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 19

5 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 2.3. Socio-economic development Kosovo is characterized as a developing country. Since 2000, both per capita income and2.3. overallSocio-economic economic development development have increased progressively. This is more due toKosovo the variousis characterized donations as a developingand also country.due to theSince recovery 2000, both of theper capitalocal incomeeconomy. and overall economic development have increased progressively. This is more due to the various donations and also However, Kosovo has the lowest income per capita in the Balkans and Europe. Also, due to the recovery of the local economy. it is among the countries with the lowest income, globally. However, Kosovo has the lowest income per capita in the Balkans and Europe. Also, it is among the Thecountries World with Bank the lowest data income, estimated globally. that in 2013, Kosovo had a significant decrease in theThe Worldoverall Bank growth data estimate of thed thatGross in 2013 Domestic, Kosovo had Product-GDP a significant decrease by 3%, in whichthe overall is 0.4% growth less of the Gross Domestic Product-GDP by 3%, which is 0.4% less than in the previous year, while compared to than in the previous year, while compared to the previous year, the GDP per capita the previous year, the GDP per capita increased from 3,506 dollars in 2012 to 3,877 in 2013. increased from 3,506 dollars in 2012 to 3,877 in 2013.

GDP per capita GDP growth rate

$5,000.00 7.0% 6.0% $4,000.00 5.0% 4.0% $3,000.00 3.0% $2,000.00 2.0% 1.0% $1,000.00 0.0% -1.0% $0.00 -2.0%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Years

Figure 8: Gross Domestic Product-GDP per capita and overall GDP growth in Kosovo 2002-20136 Figure 8: Gross Domestic Product-GDP per capita and overall GDP growth 6 According to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics,in Kosovo the overall 2002-2013 unemployment rate in Kosovo is 30%. 10.2% of the population live in extreme poverty while the overall poverty is 29.7%. Per capita income, in 2013, Accordingwas 2,935 Euro. to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, the overall unemployment rate in Kosovo is 30%. 10.2% of the population live in extreme poverty while the overall poverty is 29.7%.Table Per 1: Some capita socio income,-economic in indicators 2013, was of the 2,935 population Euro. of Kosovo

Table 1: SomeUnemployment socio-economic indicators of the populationPoverty of KosovoIncome

Unemployment Poverty Income The The overall The The The overall Extreme Annual per participation unemployment unemployment unemployment poverty poverty capita rate in the rate rate for men rate for income workforce women The par- The overall The unem- The unem- The Extreme Annual 40.5 % 30.0 % 26.9 % 38.8 % 29.7% 10.2% 2.935 Euro ticipation unemployment ployment ployment overall poverty per capita rate in the rate rate for men rate for poverty income workforce women

6 www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo40.5 % 30.0 % 26.9 % 38.8 % 29.7% 10.2% 2.935 Euro

6 www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 20 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

References• andSocial additional Welfare resources: Statistics 2014, KAS www.ask.rks-gov.netOnline resources:

 Social• WelfareKosovo Statistics Labour 2014, Force KAS Survey 2013, KAS www.worldbank.org/country/kosovowww.ask.rks-gov.net  Kosovo Labour Force Survey 2013, KAS www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo • Human Development Report, UNDP 2010 www.ks-undp.org  Human Development Report, UNDP 2010 www.ks-undp.org

2.4. 2.4.Exploitation Exploitation of natural of rnaturalesources resources

One of Onethe formsof the of forms the direct of the impact direct on impactthe environment on the environment is the exploitation is the of exploitation natural resources. of The natural resources. The most common forms of exploitation of natural resources are most common forms of exploitation of natural resources are related to the use of wood mass, water use related to the use of wood mass, water use and also the use of gravel and minerals. and also the use of gravel and minerals. The data shows that the biggest amount of water is used by public water supply The datacompanies shows that for the drinking biggest theamount water of supply, water is for used household by public and water other supply consumer companies needs for drinking the waterof publicsupply, water for household supply companies and other andconsumer sanitation. needs of The public agriculture water supply is companiesconsidered and sanitationas . anotherThe agriculture developing is considered sector whereas another the develop water ising mainly sector where used forthe irrigationwater is mainly of used for irrigationagricultural of agricultural lands. In lands.the energy In the sector, energy the sector water, the is used water for is usedrefrigeration, for refrigeration, while in while in industry,industry, it is used it foris used the production for the production and cooling and the coolingequipment. the (Figureequipment. 9). (Figure 9).

Public water supply Agriculture (Irrigation) Energy/Cooling Industry

250

200

150

100

50

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

FigureFigure 9: 9:The The amount amount of of water water spent spent millionmillion mm33/year/year by by sector sector7 7

Another common form of exploitation of natural resources is the use of stone and other mineral resources7 Data through on the useseparations of water from. According public water to supply the companies data from are thetaken Independent by the RWC performance Commission reports, for data Mines and for irrigation by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, and data on water use in Energy and Industry by operators’ annu- Mineralsal reports:in Kosovo, KEK, SharCem 107 economic and NewCoFeronikel. operators have a license for specific activities of the separation. It is dominated by operators classified as separators with 69% or 74 of them and those classified as concrete Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 21

7 Data on the use of water from public water supply companies are taken by the RWC performance reports, data for irrigation by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, and data on water use in Energy and Industry by operators' annual reports: KEK, SharCem and NewCoFeronikel. State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Another common form of exploitation of natural resources is the use of stone and other mineral resources through separations. According to the data from the Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals in Kosovo, 107 economic operators have a license for specific activities of the separation. It is dominated by operators classified as separatorsTe nderrohen with kete69% grafikona:or 74 of them and those classified as concrete base with about 24% or 23 of them, while the type of asphalt base with about 8% or 9 of them. (Figure 10). Faqe 22

Asphalt base

Concrete base

Seperations Sorting plant

FigureFigure 10:10: TheThe numbernumber ofof economiceconomic operatorsoperators withwith miningmining separationseparation activitactivitiesies 8

In terms of spatial extension, it is notedFaqe that 39 the Municipality of Prizren and Peja have the highest number of economic operators whose main activity is the separation of stone or other minerals.

-

8 The Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals (www.kosovo-mining.org)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 22

Figure 26: The number of vehicles in Kosovo 2006-2014

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 11: The spatial distribution of economic operators with mineral separation activities

Another form of exploitation of natural resources is the use of gravel/sand from the river. This exploitation is the result of demand and the need for construction and economic development. But in many rivers in the country, the exploitation of gravel was inappropriate and has exceeded the capacity of riverbeds. This exceeded exploitation was followed by consequences not only on the ecosystem of the river and its bed, but also in appearance of floods and river flooding. Based on the data from the environmental inspectorate and field visits carried out by KEPA, it is estimated that the environmental state of rivers continues to be deteriorated by sand exploiters. The degraded rivers and still continue to be degraded are: Drini i Bardhë, Lumëbardhi i Pejës, Ereniku, Lumi Desivojcë, Lumi Krivareke and Ibri. (Table 2).

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 23 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Table 2: Areas degraded by rivers9

River Area ha 2009 Area ha 2012

Drini i Bardhë 861.1 1011.75 Ibri 2.64 4.5 Morava e Binçës 4.29 4.79 Lumëbardhi i Pejës 93.36 134.5 Ereniku 16.28 19.48 Desivojca 7.76 18.95 Total 1004.77 1219.23 In order to prevent this degradation, during 2011, the Government of the Republic of Kosovo has issued a decision10 prohibiting the use and exploitation of inert materials from riverbeds, shores and surrounding areas of rivers in the whole country. This decision has been implemented by MESP and other relevant institutions in 2012. However, despite the implementation of measures in implementing this decision and other activities that have been implemented in order to stop the degradation of rivers and exploitation of gravel, it can be estimated that, so far, the intended results are not achieved. The exploitation of wood mass from forests either for burning or for other purposes is one of the forms of exploitation of natural resources that has a direct impact on the state of the environment, knowing the role and importance of the forests in the quality of air, regulation of water regime and also the climate.

According to the national forest inventory (table 3), about 1.6 million m3 of wood per year are cut in Kosovo in average, which are used as fuel or for other purposes. Out of this, approximately 1.0 million m3 are cut in public forests and 560,000 m3 in private forests.

Table 3: Average annual forest cut by tree type and ownership (1,000 m3) according to the test measures in 60% of the territory of Kosovo.

Tree types Ownership Total Unknown Public Private Coniferous 0 123 12 135 Timber 2 496 326 823 Total 2 619 338 959

9 GFO2014, Degradation of rivers in Kosovo; Integrating ecological knowledge into nature preservation and ecosystem management, 44th annual meeting, September 8-12 th, 2014, Hildesheim, Germany 10 Decision no.02/46 of the Government of Kosovo

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 24 Table 3: Average annual forest cut by tree type and ownership (1,000 m3) according to the test measures in 60% of the territory of Kosovo. Tree types Ownership Total Unknown Public Private Coniferous 0 123 12 135 Timber 2 496 326 823 Total 2 619 338 959 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Report on the state of water 2015, KEPA www.ammrk-rks.net  Report on the state of water 2015, KEPA www.ammrk-rks.net  National• ForestNational Inventory Forest 2012, Inventory APK 2012, APK www.fiskos.orgwww.fiskos.org  Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals www.kosovo-mining.org • Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals www.kosovo-mining.org

2.5. Land use and its coverage 2.5. Land use and its coverage Land use - Based on the main results of the National Forest Inventory in 2012, it was Land use - concludedBased on the that main the forestsresults andof the forest National lands Forest represent Inventory the main in 2012, category it was of landconcluded use that the forests andwith forest about lands 47%, represent arable theland main about category 29%, meadows of land use and with pastures about 47%,15%, arablesettlements land about 29%, meadows andwith pastures about 4.5 15%, %, water settlements and wet with lands about about 4.5 0.6% %, andwater other and lands wet landswith aboutabout 3.9%. 0.6% and other lands withCompared about 3.9% to. theCompared inventory to conductedthe inventory in 2002, conducted it is concluded in 2002, thatit is thereconcluded has been that there has an increase in land area used as: forests, meadows and pastures and settlements. been an increaseOn the otherin land hand, area there used has as: beenforests, a decrease meadows in landand areaspastures used and as agriculturalsettlements. land On the other hand, thereand has other been land a decrease areas. in land areas used as agricultural land and other land areas.

Area ha 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 Forestry and Croplands Grasslands Water and Settlements Other lands Forestry land Wetlands

2002 2012

11 FigureFigure 12:12: LandLand use (ha) by category in 2002 and 201211 Coverage of land - According to the data from the satellite images 2012, the process by the Environmental Protection Agency of Kosovo in the framework of the 11 Kosovo Forestproject Inventory CLC12 Implementation2012/APK 2012 in Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Environment Agency, out of the total of 44 as per CORINE13 nomenclature, 28 classes of land coverage were identified in Kosovo.

11 Kosovo Forest Inventory 2012/APK 12 CLC- Corine Land Cover (Coverage of land according to the CORINE methodology) 13 Coordination of information on the environment

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 25 Coverage of land - According to the data from the satellite images 2012, the process by the Environmental Protection Agency of Kosovo in the framework of the project CLC12 Implementation 2012 in Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Environment Agency, out of the total of 44 as State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report per CORINE13 nomenclature, 28 classes of land coverage were identified in Kosovo. These classes are grouped into four main classes, dominated by forests and semi- These classes are grouped into four main classes, dominated by forests and semi-natural areas by about natural areas by about 57% and agricultural lands by about 40%, while the artificial 57% and agricultural lands by about 40%, while the artificial lands represent over 3.0%. About 0.3% of lands represent over 3.0%. About 0.3% of the covered lands14 are classified in the the coveredclass landsof water are classifiedbodies and in the wetlands class of14 water. bodies and wetlands .

Corine Land Cover 2012

0% 3%

Artificial areas

40% Agricultural areas

Forestry and other semi naural areas Water bodies and wetlands 57%

FigureFigure 13: 13: Corinne Corinne Land Land Cover Cover CLC (%) byby categories categories for for 2012 201215 15

12 CLC- Corine Land Cover (Coverage of land according to the CORINE methodology) 13 Coordination of information on the environment 14 Implementation of CLC2012 in the West Balkan Countries/EEA 2014 15 AMMK, CLC Implementation project for 2012

14 Implementation of CLC2012 in the West Balkan Countries/EEA 2014 15 AMMK, CLC Implementation project for 2012

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 26 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 14: The map of the coverage of lands, according to the CORINE methodology (CLC) in Kosovo for 2012 (Source: KEPA)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 27 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• National Forest Inventory 2012, APK www.ammrk-rks.net

• Environmental Quick Factsheet 2015, ASK www.fiskos.org

• Agriculture Census 2014, ASK www.esk-rks-gov.net

www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps

3. Pressures (P)

Pressures on the environment describe the development in the environment resulting from the release of substances (emissions), physical and biological, resource exploitation and land use in human activities. The pressures exerted by society represent a variety of processes that are manifested in changing the environmental conditions. The examples of pressure on the environment are emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere, the use of gravel and sand for construction or use of land for construction of roads. The pressures on the environment can also be treated by certain development sectors. The sectoral pressures represent pressures on the environment by certain economic and other sectors, through which, in order of satisfying their socio-economic needs, people cause significant environmental impacts. The use of space, natural resources and various types of services that have an impact on the environment, also reflect in changing the natural balance, consumption of natural resources and human health. The dimensions of these impacts, mechanisms of action and effects on the environment are dependent on many factors. Failure to take adequate measures in preventing and eliminating them, in most cases cause irreparable environmental effects. In order of assessing the environmental impacts more easily, it is practiced to group the sectoral effects by economic activity, which in reality are treated as a separate sector. Some economic activities, such as: energy, industry, transport, etc., are obviously sources of significant impact on the environment, while agriculture, forestry, etc., remain in other relation to the environment and, as such, rely heavily on the state of the environment. The observation of their effects on the environment should never be ignored. Tourism is an economic sector, whose effects on the environment have been recently identified. The observation of the effects of sectors on the environment has an advantage, particularly in planning and drafting development strategies. In addition to observation of the sectoral effects separately, the observation of the areas in which it comes to the impact of the joint actions of several other sectors is also of interest. Chemicals belong to this group, the production and use of which is nowadays increasing by several sectors.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 28 3.1. Energy State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The energy3.1. plays anEner importantgy and irreplaceable role in the modern human life. But its impact on the environment is quite significant. Regardless of the way of the energy production, it has a significant The energy plays an important and irreplaceable role in the modern human life. impact onBut the itsenvironment, impact on thedue environment to the operations is quite that significant. accompany Regardlessit, from providing of the rawway ofmaterial s and its transportthe energy to theproduction, manufacturing it has processa significantes and impactthe use on of the energy environment, itself. Achieving due to thea balance between theoperations demand thatfor energyaccompany and preit, fromservation providing of environmental raw materials state and isits a transportgreat challenge. to By choosing thethe typesmanufacturing of energy sourcesprocesses and and appropriate the use of technologies energy itself., the Achieving impact on a thebalance environment will be reducebetweend. the demand for energy and preservation of environmental state is a great challenge. By choosing the types of energy sources and appropriate technologies, The Energythe Strate impactgy of on the the Republic environment of Kosovo will be 2013 reduced.-2022 is the basic document that defines energy policies andThe the Energy development Strategy of goals the Republic in the ofsector Kosovo, in 2013-2022accordance is withthe basic international document standards that for sustainabledefines development, energy policiesenvironmental and the presdevelopmentervation andgoals social in the welfare, sector, in increasing accordance the withviability of domestic useinternational of the energy standards resources for16 . sustainable development, environmental preservation and social welfare, increasing the viability of domestic use of the energy resources16. It is estimated that the energy sector in Kosovo is the sector that has the greatest impact on the environment.It is Coalestimated with 65% that has the the energy highest sector share in withinKosovo theis the primary sector energy that has resources the greatest available for impact on the environment. Coal with 65% has the highest share within the primary 2013. Ligniteenergy represents resources about available 97% forof 2013. the total Lignite of coalrepresents that is about used 97%as the of theprimary total ofenergy coal source. Renewablethat energy is used sources as the (wind, primary solar energy and hydro)source. represent Renewable only energy about sources 10% of (wind, the primary solar energy sources available.and hydro)17 represent only about 10% of the primary energy sources available.17

Renewable Electricity Hydroenergy Coal/lignite Oil

0.5 % 0.5 % 10% 24%

65%

18 Figure 15:15: PrimaryPrimary energy energy sources sources available available 2013 201318

Also, analysing the trend of the primary energy sources available, it is noted that coal continues to have a rising trend,16 The while Energy despite Strategy ofgrowth the Republic, the of renewable Kosovo 2013-2022 energy sources remain at a low level (figure 16). 17 Energy balance 2013 , MED 18 16 The Energy Strategy of the Republic of Kosovo 2013-2022 17 Energy balance 2013 , MED Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 29 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Also, analysing the trend of the primary energy sources available, it is noted that coal continues to have a rising trend, while despite growth, the renewable energy sources remain at a low level (figure 16).

Renewable Electricity Hydroenergy Coal/lignite Oil

3000 Renewable Electricity Hydroenergy Coal/lignite Oil 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

19 Figure 16: Primary energy consumption (ktoe) by fuel type (fuel) 2003-201319 19 Figure 16:Figure Primary 16: Primary energy energy consumption consumption (ktoe) (ktoe) by fuelby fueltype (fuel)type 2003(fuel)-2013 2003-2013

TheTheThe same same same happens happens happens in in the the participation inparticipation the participation ofof renewablerenewable energyenergy of inrenewablein totaltotal energy energy energy production, production, in wheretotal where the the energy renewableproduction,renewable energy energy production productionwhere therepresents represents renewable onlyonly about energy 10 ktoe,ktoe, compared productioncompared to to the the totalrepresents total energy energy production productiononly about 10 of ktoe,2,of500 2,500 ktoecompared ktoe (Figur (Figure 17).e to 17). the total energy production of 2,500 ktoe (Figure 17).

TotalTotal energy energy production production (ktoe) (ktoe) RenewableRenewable energy energy production production (ktoe) (ktoe)

1000010000

10001000

100 100 ktoe ktoe ktoe 10 10

1 1 2002 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FigurFiguree 17: The 17: ratio The between ratio betweenthe total electricitythe total productionelectricity and production renewable energyand renewable 2000-2013 20 Figure 17: The ratio between the totalenergy electricity 2000-2013 production20 and renewable energy 2000-201320 In order to analyse the impact of the energy sector on the environment, the overall emissions from the In Inorderenergy order t oproduction analyse to analyse the process impact the should of impactthe be energy analy ofs ed sector the in the energyon firstthe placeenvironment, sector, including: on the the the overall pollution environment, emissions of water, from theair, the energyoverallsoil, wasteproduction emissions management, process from noise should the and be energyradioactivit analys edproductiony. in the first placeprocess, including: should the be pollution analysed of water, in the air, soil, waste management, noise and radioactivity. firstThe Kosovo place, Energy including: Corporation, the aspollution the main operator of water, in the air, production soil, waste of energy management, through PPA noiseand PP B,and radioactivity. Theprepares Kosovo monthlyEnergy Corporation, reports on the as thestate main of the operator environment in the throughproduction which of energythe environmental through PP Aimpacts and PP B, prepares monthly reports on the state of the environment through which the environmental impacts 1919 Energy Energy balances balances 2002- 2002-2013,2013, MED MED 20 20 Ibid Ibid 19 Energy balances 2002-2013, MED 20 Ibid Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 30 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The Kosovo Energy Corporation, as the main operator in the production of energy through PPA and PPB, prepares monthly reports on the state of the environment through which the environmental impacts are presented. By analysing the data on are presenteddust emissions. By analys ingfrom the PPA data and on dustPPB foremissions the period from 2007-2014,PPA and PPB we for canthe periodsee that 2007 PPA-2014, we are presented. By analysing the data on dust emissions from PPA and PPB for the period 2007-2014, we can see had that aPP continuousA had a continuous decrease decrease of dust ofemissions, dust emissions while ,PPB while had PPB an increasehad an increase of dust of dust can see emissions that PPA ha(Figured a continuous 18). This decreasedecrease ofof dust emissionsemissions, whileby PPA PPB can ha bed anjustified increase ofby dust emissions (Figure 18). This decrease of dust emissions by PPA can be justified by the investments in the emissionsthe (Figure investments 18). This in decrease the deployment of dust emissions of electro-filters by PPA can that be justified were madeby the in investments this plant, in the deployment of electro-filters that were made in this plant, while the increase of emissions in the PPB is deploymentwhile of the electro increase-filters of that emissions were made in the in PPBthis plant,is the whileresult the of theincrease aging of of emissions electro-filters in the PPB is thethe result resultof ofof this thethe plant. agingaging ofof electroelectro-filters of this plant..

Annual average values of dust in PPA Annual average values of dust in PPB Annual average values of dust in PPA Annual average values of dust in PPB

12001200 10001000

800800 600600 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 400400 200200 00 20072007 2008 2010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014

2121 FigureFigureFigure 18. 18.18. Annual AnnualAnnual average average valuesvalues of dustdust in inin PP PPPPAAA andand and PPPP PPBBB duringduring during 2007 2007 2007 – – 2014 2014– 2014 21

FigureFigure 1818 showsshows emissionsemissions of SO2, in both power plantsplants:: PPAPPA andand PPPPBB forfor thethe periodperiod 20072007-2014.-2014. Figure 18 shows emissions of SO2, in both power plants: PPA and PPB for the period ComparedCompared toto 2010,2010, itit isis noticednoticed that emissions ofof SO 2 havehave beenbeen lowerlower inin bothboth PPPP-s-s, ,although although a a bigger bigger 2007-2014. Compared to 2010, it is noticed2 that emissions of SO2 have been lower reducereduce ofofin SO SOboth22 emissions emissions PP-s, although isis noticednoticed a biggerin PPA. reduce While ininof NOx SO2 emissionsemissions,, noisno noticed changechange in in reduce reducePPA. of Whileof emissions emissions in is is noticednoticed (figure NOx(figure emissions, 20).20). no change in reduce of emissions is noticed (figure 20).

AnnualAnnual averageaverage values of SO2 in TCA AnnualAnnual averageaverage valuesvalues of of SO2 SO2 in in PPB PPB 10001000 800800

600600 400

mg/Nm3 400 mg/Nm3 200200 00 20072007 2008 2010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014

2222 22 FigureFigureFigure 19. 19.19. The TheThe annual annual average average valuesvalues ofof SOSOSO222 in inin PPPP PPAAA andand and PPBPPB PPB during during during 2007 2007 2007 – – 2014 2014– 2014

21 Monthly and annual environmental reports of the KEK’s Department of Environment 22 Ibid

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 31

21 21 Monthly and annual environmental reports of the KEK’s Department of Environment 22 Monthly and annual environmental reports of the KEK’s Department of Environment 22 Ibid Ibid State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Annual average values of NOx in PPA Annual average values of NOx in PPB

1000 800 600

mg/Nm3 400 200 0 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

23 23 FigureFigure 20. The 20. Theannual annual average average values values NOxx inin PPA PPA and and PPB PPB during during 2007 2007 – 2014 – 2014 In theIn theObilic Obilic area, area, due to due the to impact the impact of energy of energy production production,, the continuous the continuous monitoring of monitoringair quality is performedof air qualityby three is stations performed that areby threelocated stations in Obilic, that Dardhisht are locatede and Palaj in . Obilic,These stationsDardhishte are of

industrialand Palaj. background These and stations managed are by IHMK.of industrial The values background of monitore andd parameters managed (SO by2 ,IHMK. NOx, O 3,The PM10

and valuesCO) for 2003of monitored and 2004 are parameters presented in (SO table2, NOx,4. O3, PM10 and CO) for 2003 and 2004 are presented in table 4. Table 4: Data on air quality in the area of KEK by IHMK24 monitoring Table 4: Data on air quality in the area of KEK by IHMK24 monitoring Monitoring 2013 2014 stations Monitoring SO2 NOx 2013O3 CO PM10 SO2 NOx 2014 O3 CO PM10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 stations (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (mg/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (mg/m ) (ug/m ) SO NO O CO PM10 SO NOx O CO PM10 Obilic 7.89 2 13.92x 48.33 0.630 53.1 19.592 29.57 3 64.7 0.92 48.6 Dardhishte 8.3(ug/m 3) 12.31(ug/m 3) (ug/m56.3 3) (mg/m0.7003) (ug/m52.83) (ug/m11.633) (ug/m 12.473) (ug/m 3)22.70(mg/m 3) 0.63(ug/m 3) 44.24 Palaj Obilic 5.47.89 13.926.7 54.4 48.3 0.480 0.630 53.148.3 19.5918.97 29.579.3264.7 30.8 0.92 0.79 48.6 37.99 Allowed annual Dardhishte 8.3 12.31 56.3 0.700 52.8 11.63 12.47 22.70 0.63 44.24 values 125 200 120 10 40 125 200 120 10 40 Palaj 5.4 6.7 54.4 0.480 48.3 18.97 9.32 30.8 0.79 37.99 The tableAllowed shows an- that within the year, the exceedances of allowed values (40 ug/m3) for PM10 in 2013 were nualrecorded values in three 125 stations, 200 while 120 in 2014 10in stations 40 of Obilic 125 and 200 Dardhisht 120 e. Other 10 parameters 40 wereThe within table the shows allowed that limit within values. the (For year, more thesee theexceedances air chapter). of allowed values (40 ug/m3) Basedfor on PM10 the data in 2013 presented were recordedon air quality in three and emissions stations, into while the inair, 2014 it can in bestations concluded of thatObilic the environmentaland Dardhishte. conditions Other in Obilic parameters are improved were. This within is mostly the due allowed to the limitfact that values. the electro- (For morefilters are installseeed thein Kosov air chapter).a A, in PP A3, PP A4 and PP A5. This is also proved by the data of dust emission measurements,Based on thewhose data values presented have reached on air the quality allowed and values emissions for dust intoemission, the asair, provided it can beby the Administrativeconcluded Instruction that the environmentalNo.06/2007 on conditionsemissions from in Obilicstationary are improved.sources. Also This the is continuousmostly emissiondue tomonitoring the fact system that theis installed electro-filters in Power plantare installed Kosova B in (Dust, Kosova SO2 andA, in NO PPx). ThereA3, PP are A4 a lso and PP A5. This is also proved by the data of dust emission measurements, whose 23 Monthlyvalues and have annual reached environmental the reports allowed of the values KEK’s Department for dust of emission, Environment as provided by the 24 Hydrometeorology23 Monthly and annual Institute environmental of Kosovo reports of the KEK’s Department of Environment 24 Hydrometeorology Institute of Kosovo

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 32 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Administrative Instruction No.06/2007 on emissions from stationary sources. Also the continuous emission monitoring system is installed in Power plant Kosova B

(Dust, SO2 and NOx). There are also improvements in the management of waste ash, since the project for its hydraulic transport from landfill of Kosova A is completed, and now the whole quantity of ash from all power plants of KEK are disposed in empty spaces of Surface Mining of Mirash. While within the project for cleaning and removal of hazardous waste (phenolic water, tar, di-isopropyl, middle oil etc.) by Gasification Unit, according to the annual reports of KEK’s Department of Environment, there is only a small amount of these matters, since most of them are sent abroad for treatment.

In order to continue to improve the environmental state of the area of Obilic, it is necessary to continue to further improve the technology in a series of process of energy production, better management of waste and their treatment, such as, industrial waste oils.

In terms of the energy sector at the national level, it is required to continue to invest in the production of renewable energy, further promote and support the energy efficiency and compliance with environmental criteria and standards in the process of building new energy capacities. It is also required to improve the monitoring of emissions into the environment by the energy sector.

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Report on the state of the air 2013, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net/ajri

• Air quality in area of KEK 2013, KEPA www.mzhe.rks-gov.net

• Energy balance 2002-2013, MED www.kek-energy.com

• Environmental Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 33 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 3.2. Industry Industry is the key to the economic development of a country, but at the same time, it has a major impact on the environment. The resources used inthe industry development are: energy, water and other resources. From the industrial activities, emissions are released on water, air and land. The industrial disasters pose another constant threat to the environment and human health. While the production of waste by most industries is another segment of the impact of this sector on the environment.

The industrial development of Kosovo is based almost exclusively on the exploitation of natural resources (coal, metal ores, non-metal ores, etc.). Inthe past, this development was characterized by intensive exploitation of natural resources by building large capacities (70s and 80s of last century) but with the obsolete technology and non-friendly to the environment. However, their impact on the Gross Domestic Product was very high (up to 50%) since the contributors were energy, ferrous metals and processing of metals.

The structure of the industry and their technology was and continues to be unfavourable, because it is dominated by the extensive industry based on the use of coal and metal ores. Many products in the industry that could be produced in Kosovo are nowadays imported from abroad. Privatized SOEs, except Sharrcem and Ferronikel, are not operational or operate with difficulties due to outdated technology and lack of funding in technology. The environmental impacts from such enterprises are significant in the pollution of air, water, soil and waste generation. Residues of industry activity inherited from the previous periods are numerous and require investments for their rehabilitation.

Under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, there is the Department of Industry, which proposes and designs sectoral and sub-sectoral policy documents, legislation and measures for the advancement of the industry, and ensures the implementation of policies for industrial development in Kosovo. It is not necessarily a particular document for national policy in this sector, but it is part of government programs. MTI has developed a concept of Policy on Kosovo Industry (PIK) 2014-2020 related to specific sectoral policies based on the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2020. Some of the common objectives of these strategies are: sustainable economic development and revenue increase, through capacity building, technological improvement and efficient use of natural resources.

Whereas, within the Environmental Protection Strategy 2013-2022 in the chapter of industry, as a environmental objective for the sectors, are: the improvement of the environmental performance of industrial units through the implementation of environmental management systems, establishment of the mitigating mechanisms for meeting the environmental standards and encouragement of the improvement and advancement of the production process through the application of the best practices and clean technologies25.

25 Environmental Protection Strategy 2013-2022, MESP

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 34 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The industrialThe industrialactivities, activities,exploitation ofexploitation minerals, lignite, of minerals, production lignite, of building production materials, of building cement materials, cement production, processing of rubber, plastics, food processing, production, processing of rubber, plastics, food processing, production of soft drinks, etc., cause impacts production of soft drinks, etc., cause impacts on the environment (water, air, soil, on the environmentwaste generation (water, , the air, emission soil, waste of noise generation and effects , the on ecosystems).emission of noiseAssociated and witheffects on ecosystems). Associated with air emissions (SO2, NOx, dust and CO2), the industrial activities increase the air emissions (SO2, NOx, dust and CO2), the industrial activities increase the impact impact onon the the environment environment due due to to the the participation participation in climatein climate change. change. The Thedischarges discharges of untreated of water intountreated river streams water and into the river occupation streams andof land the areas occupation for disposal of land of industrialareas for wastedisposal are direct pressuresof that industrial impact the waste environment are direct and pressures public health. that impact the environment and public health. In the absence of data from other active operators within this sector, the data on emissions from In the absence of data from other active operators within this sector, the data on cement productionemissions SharrCemfrom cement in Elez production Han and Industrial SharrCem Complex in Elez NewCoHan and Ferronikeli Industrial Complex Complex L.L.C will be presented.NewCo Ferronikeli Complex L.L.C will be presented.

The data Theon the data average on the annual average values annual of dust values emissions of dust by emissions NewCoFeronikeli by NewCoFeronikeli are presented arein figure 21. As shownpresented in the figure, in figure there have21. Asbeen shown exceedances in the figure, of the there allowed have values been forexceedances these emissions of the in 2013 while in 2014allowed there values were for no these exceedances emissions of in the2013 allowed while invalues. 2014 thereExceedances were no of exceedances the annual average of the allowed values. Exceedances of the annual average values were also for values were also for emissions of SO2 for 2013, while for emissions of NOx, there were no exceedances emissions of SO2 for 2013, while for emissions of NOx, there were no exceedances of the allowedof the annual allowed values annual (Figure values 22). (Figure Both figures 22). Both show figures that compared show that to compared 2013, there to are2013, significant decreasesthere of average are significant annual values decreases of emissions of average in 2014. annual values of emissions in 2014.

The average annual values of dust emissions in rotary kilns in NewCoFeronikeli

100

80

60 mg/Nm3 40

20

0 2013 2014

Figure 21: The annual average values of dust emissions in rotary kilns in NewCoFeronikeli Figure 21: The annual average values of dust emissions in rotary kilns in NewCoFeronikeli 2013-201426 2013-201426

26 Annual report 2013/2014, Department of Environment, NewCoFeronikeli

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 35

26 Annual report 2013/2014, Department of Environment, NewCoFeronikeli State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

2013 2014

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Average annual emission values of SO2 Average annual emission values of NOx

3 Figure 22: The annual average emission values3 (mg/Nm ) of SO2 and NOx rotary kilns of Figure 22: The annual average emissionNewCoFeronikeli values (mg/Nm ) of for SO 2013-20142 and NOx rotary27 kilns of NewCoFeronikeli for 2013- 201427 Data on dust emissions by SharrCem are presented in Figure 23. Based on the data, Data on dust emissions by SharrCem are presented in Figure 23. Based on the data, it can be concluded it can be concluded that during 2012-2014, there is a significant decrease of the that during 2012-2014, there is a significant decrease of the average annual values for dust emissions average annual values for dust emissions and there are no exceedances recorded. and there are no exceedances recorded. Also the data on emissions of SO2 and NOx by SharrCem, for Also the data on emissions of SO2 and NOx by SharrCem, for the period 2003 - 2014, the presentedperiod 2003 -in 2014, figure presented 24, show in figure that 24, during show that 2011-2014, during 2011 there-2014, therewere wereno exceedances no exceedances of the average annual values for NOx, while for emissions of SO2, the exceedances of these values have of the average annual values for NOx, while for emissions of SO2, the exceedances beenof recorded these values in 2010, have 2011 beenand 2013. recorded In long interm 2010, aspect, 2011 it is andnoticed 2013. that Induring long 2003 term to 2014,aspect, there has itbeen is noticeda continuous that decrease during in emissions2003 to of2014, SO2 andthere NO x.has been a continuous decrease in

Dataemissions on air quality of SO by2 andmonitoring NOx. of IHKM in the station of Elez Han, which is located in the area impactedData onby theair Factoryquality SharrCem, by monitoring are presented of IHKM in thein the chapter station on air of. Elez Han, which is located in the area impacted by the Factory SharrCem, are presented in the chapter on air.

300

250

200

150 mg/Nm3 100

50

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 23: The annual average values of dust in SharrCem during 2003 – 201428 28 27 Ibid Figure 23: The annual average values of dust in SharrCem during 2003 – 2014 Average annual values of SO2 in Sharrcem The average annual values of NOx in Sharrcem 27 Ibidmg/Nm3 900 28 Annual reports of SharrCem 2003-2014 800 700 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 36 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

29 Figure 24: The annual average values of SO2 and NOx by SharrCem during 2003 – 2014

In order to reduce and prevent the pollution from the sector of Industry, it is recommended for the industry to be focused on improving the environmental performance through the implementation of systems of environmental management, waste management and treatment of wastewater and the advancement of the production process through the application of best practices and clean technologies. While institutions should engage in establishing facilitative mechanisms for meeting environmental standards and facilities and support for industries to improve manufacturing technologies.

28 Annual reports of SharrCem 2003-2014 29 Ibid 300

250

200

150 mg/Nm3 100

50

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Figure 23: The annual average values of dust in SharrCem during 2003 – 201428

Average annual values of SO2 in Sharrcem The average annual values of NOx in Sharrcem mg/Nm3 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

29 Figure 24: The annual average values of SO2 and NOx by SharrCem during 2003 – 2014 29 Figure 24: The annual average values of SO2 and NOx by SharrCem during 2003 – 2014 In order to reduce and prevent the pollution from the sector of Industry, it is recommended for the In orderindustry to to reduce be focused and on improving prevent the the environmental pollution performance from throughthe sector the implementation of Industry, of it is recommendedsystems of environmental for the industry management, to was bete focused management on and improving treatment of the wastewater environmental and the performanceadvancement throughof the production the implementationprocess through the application of systems of best practices of environmentaland clean management,technologies. While waste institutions management should engage and in establishing treatment facilitative of wastewater mechanisms for andmeeting the advancementenvironmental of stathendards production and facilities process and support through for theindustries application to improve of manufacturing best practices and cleantechnologies. technologies. While institutions should engage in establishing facilitative mechanisms for meeting environmental standards and facilities and support for industries28 to improve manufacturing technologies. Annual reports of SharrCem 2003-2014 29 Ibid

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Report on the state of the air 2013, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net/ajri

• Environmental protection strategy 2013-2022, MESP www.mmph-rks.org

• Environmental Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi

29 Ibid

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 37 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 3.3. Transportation This sector affects the quality of the environment, especially in urban environment. Most vehicles use diesel, which means a release of emissions into air, water and soil. Also, during road construction, the landscape and land changes are made, including a potential degradation in habitat. Unusable vehicles also pose a serious environmental risk. From transportation of hazardous materials, it can easily come to accidents with fatal consequences for the environment.

In the context of sectoral policy-making, the Government of Kosovo has also drafted and approved the Multimodal Transport Strategy and Action Plan.The main aim of this strategy is to contribute to the economic growth through the establishment of integrated, efficient, and low cost multimodal transport system (road, rail and air), and which does not threaten the environment. As part of this strategy, the environmental impacts are planned, that may arise as a result of the development of infrastructure projects. The approach to the environmental protection of this strategy is consistent with the Law no. 03/L-025 on Strategic Environmental Assessment which clearly specifies that for all of the infrastructure projects, the strategic environmental assessments should be previously carried out, which would enable the harmonization of economic development and social wellbeing through basic principles of the environmental protection, according to the concept of sustainable development. The environmental factors identified in this document and that should be considered for their protection before any decision for the development of any infrastructure project is taken, are also the protected areas, where it is stated that these areas should not be impacted in terms of deterioration of ecosystems, then hydrological factor, landslides, air pollution, waste management, etc.30.

The Strategy on Climate Change (SCC) 2014 - 2024, as part of the measures proposed in this sector are: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, reduce noise and road infrastructure development conducive to environmental protection. While the main objective of Environmental Protection Strategy 2013-2022, in order to reduce environmental impact in the transport sector is to design, develop and operationalize a system of sustainable and safe transport in accordance with the requirements of environmental protection.

Kosovo population growth and increase of the need for movement and mobile means, is considered as the main driving force in the development of this sector and its increase of impact on the environment. While the increasing number of vehicles and poor fuel quality are considered as the driving force that had a direct impact on air pollution and the environment in general.

Transport also affects the environment through land occupation and change of destination of agricultural land use and other land.

30 Multimodal Transport Strategy and Action Plan 2012- 2021

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 38 Te nderrohen kete grafikona:

Faqe 22

Asphalt base

Concrete base

Te nderrohen kete grafikona: Seperations Faqe 22 Sorting State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Reportplant Asphalt Road transport network in Kosovo consists of transportbase road with 78 km motorway, 631 km of highway and 1,295 Km regional roads. As noted in Figure 25, only during the periodFigure 2010-2013 10: The number there of economic is an increase operators of with 80 mining km of separation new roads, activit mosties of them in the motorway category. Converting to hectares, it is estimatedConcrete that more than 230 base ha are occupied only from these roads,Faqe mainly39 agricultural land area and forestry.

Seperations Sorting plant

Figure 10: The number of economic operators with mining separation activities

FigureFigure 25: 25: Roads Roads Faqein Kosovo in 39 Kosovo (km) (km)2010 -20132010-2013

Vehicles are used as the main means of transport in Kosovo, where this comes as a result of not proper functioning of urban transport which operates with outdated buses that are too slow and cause too much pollution. As shown in the figure, from 2006 to 2014, there was a progressive increase in the number of vehicles in Kosovo. Based on this, it can be concluded that there was also an increase of combustion of fuel from these vehicles, which consequently increased the amount of pollutants in the air. According to the greenhouse gas inventory of 2012, road transport contributes by 12% of the total emissions in the energy sector and it is the second sector in the country, after the energy industry that emits 75% of emissions. Figure 25: Roads in Kosovo (km) 2010-2013 Figure 26: The number of vehicles in Kosovo 2006-2014

Figure 26: The number of vehicles in Kosovo 2006-2014 Figure 26: The number of vehicles in Kosovo 2006-201431

The train is also used as the inter urban transport mean. Kosovo has 333 km railway network. Since 2015 until 2013, there has been a constant increase in the number of passengers who use the train to travel.

31 Transport and telecommunications statistics 2015, KAS

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 39 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Faqe 40

Faqe 40

FigureFigu 27:re 27: The The trend trend of of the the use use ofof railway transport transport 32

The air transport in Kosovo is mainly used for international transport. According to the data from the International Airport of Prishtina “Adem Jashari”, during the period 2006-2013, the number of passengers and number of flights has increased progressively. Figure 27 presents the trend of travellers who used air transport

through IAP. The figure shows that from about 90 thousand passengers in 2006, the number of passengersFigu reis 27:increased The trend to of overthe use 1,600 of railway thousand transport in 2013.

Figure 28: Passenger Trend at the “Adem Jashari” International Airport

Faqe 42

FigureFigur 28:e 28: Passenger Passenger Trend Trend at the “Adem “Adem Jashari” Jashari” International International Airport Airport 33

In order to mitigate the environmentalFaqe pressures 42 coming from the transport sector, the following measures are recommended: use of more qualitative fuel, use of alternative transport which produces less pollution on the environment, a time limit of use of old vehicles and those without catalytic converter, the implementation of

allowed noise standards of vehicles, rehabilitation of the existing road infrastructure and solution of the problemFigure 29: ofAgricultural old and landdisposed areas (ha)vehicles. 2002-2012

32 Ibid 33 International Airport of Prishtina “Adem Jashari”

Figure 29:Kosovo Agricultural Environmental land areas Protection (ha) 2002Agency-2012 40

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Emission of greenhouse gases in Kosovo 2009, www.ammk-rks.net/raporte UNDP www.mmph-rks.org • Transport and telecommunications statistics 2015, KAS www.esk.rks-gov.net/transporti

• Environmental protection strategy 2013-2022, www.mi-ks.net MESP

• Environmental Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 41 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 3.4. Agriculture After 2000, the tendency of increasing agricultural production, and alsothe tendency of developing agriculture in Kosovo has been noted. The number of farms and agricultural producers is increased. The use of fertilizer, chemicals and other chemical products with environmental impact is increased. However, despite these developments, the interest in producing ecological (organic) products is still at a low level.

In the framework of the proposed measures for the sector, The National Plan for Agriculture and Rural Development 2010-2013 also provides measures on: environmental protection and sustainable use of land and improved management of natural resources34. While the chapter of agriculture within the Environmental Protection Strategy 2013-2022, in the context of development goals, provides the protection and rational use of agricultural land, support for organic production, control of the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the protection of native species of plants and animals at risk.35

Also, the Strategy on Climate Change, in the framework of measures for adaptation to climate change, provides the adaption to changes in the agricultural sector, while in the framework of activities for the completion of the inventory of greenhouse gases, the gases of the greenhouse from agriculture sector are also inventoried.

Population growth and increasing need for food is considered as the main driving force in the development of this sector and its increasing impact on the environment. While the expansion of settlements and urbanization are regarded as the driving forces that have a direct impact on the reduction of agricultural land.

Figure 29: Agricultural land areas (ha) 2002-201236

34 The Agriculture and Rural Development Plan, 2010-2013, MAFRD 35 Environmental Protection Strategy 2013-2022. 36 Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012, APK

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 42 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The reduction of agricultural land and change of the destination of their use remains one of the key problems in the sector. According to the data from the Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012, it results that the agricultural area are progressively reduced. From 342,400 ha in 2002, 309,000 ha are recorded in 2012, which is in 2012, whichestimated is estimated that that during during this this period, period an, an average average of of about about 3000 3000 haha ofof agriculturalagricultural landland per per year are reduced or changed their destination. (Figure 29) year are reduced or changed their destination. (Figure 29) Key environmental pressures by agricultural sector mainly occur by the use of Key environmentalchemical pressures fertilizers, by agriculturpesticidesal sectorand other mainly agricultural occur by thechemicals. use of Accordingchemical fertilizers,to the pesticides anddata other from agricultural the surveys chemicals on agriculture. According carried to outthe bydata the from Agency the of surveys Statistics, on agriculture about carried out by80,334 the Agency tons ofof fertilizerStatistics, aboutwere 80,used334 in tons2013, of fertilizerwhich in weretheir usedcontent in 2013 have, which nitrogen in their content have(NPK, nitrogen UREA (NPK, and UREA NAG). and Based NAG). on Based the amounton the amount of fertilizer of fertilizer used, used it is , estimatedit is estimated that that 37 around 26,592around tonnes 26,592 of nitrogen tonnes (N) of37 nitrogenare used in(N) agriculture. are used in agriculture.

Amount of fertilizers used (UREA, NAG, NPK)

90000 80000 70000

60000 50000

ton/vit 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013

Figure 30. The trend of usage of fertilizer 2004-2013 tonnes/year38 Figure 30. The trend of usage of fertilizer 2004-2013 tonnes/year38

The agriculturalThe sector agricultural is considered sector is one considered of the sectors one of that the issectors a source that of is greenhouse a source of greenhousegases. According to data fromgases. the greenhouse According gasto data inventory, from thein 2012,greenhouse this sector gas inventory,contributes in with 2012, about this 600sector Gg CO2 equivalent, whichcontributes mainly comewith aboutfrom the 600 use Gg of COurea,2 equivalent, enteric fermentation which mainly from come cattle, from farmyard the use manure managementof and urea, agricultural enteric land fermentation management. from cattle, farmyard manure management and agricultural land management. As a key sector of food production, the agricultural sector has a direct impact on public health. The quality of agriculturalAs a key products, sector of the food quality production, of land use the for agricultural production of sector food in has one a hand direct and impact the on public health. The quality of agricultural products, the quality of land use for impact on pollution of surface water by chemical products used in agriculture in the other hand, are just production of food in one hand and the impact on pollution of surface water by some of the chemicalforms of productsimpact on used public in agriculturehealth, although in the thereother ishand, no concrete are just somedata and of the research forms that would assessof this impact impact on. public health, although there is no concrete data and research that would assess this impact.

37 The amount of nitrogen (N) is calculated based on % of its content within the used fertilizer (46% UREA, 32% NAG and 22% NPK). 38 Calculation of data based on KAS surveys on agricultural households

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 43

37 The amount of nitrogen (N) is calculated based on % of its content within the used fertilizer (46% UREA, 32% NAG and 22% NPK). 38 Calculation of data based on KAS surveys on agricultural households State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Emissions of CO₂ - Agriculture

610 600

590 580 570 560 550

Gg CO₂ Gg Equivalents 540 530 520 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FigureFigure 31: 31:Trend Trend of of emissions emissions of COCO2 2in in the the agricultur agriculturalal sector sector

WithWith the support the support of the of European the European Commission, Commission, during 2012 during-2014 ,2012-2014, the project ALPSthe project"Research ALPS on the Agriculture“Research Land onPollution the Agriculture Survey in Kosovo Land" Pollutionwas implemented Survey, which in Kosovo” among otherwas implemented,things, its goal was the which evaluat ionamong of the other status things, of agricultural its goal landwas inthe terms evaluation of contamination of the statusand pollution. of agricultural Within t he projectland, a inmonitoring terms of of contamination 214,749 ha of agricultural and pollution. land in 17 Within municipalities the project, was madea monitoring. 2,840 of ofsoil 39 samples214,74939 wer eha taken of agricultural for analysis. land(For more in 17, municipalitiessee the chapter on wasLand made. / soil, in2,840 this reportof soil). samples were taken for analysis. (For more, see the chapter on Land / soil, in this report). In order to improve the situation and mitigate the environmental impacts from the agricultural sector, it is recommendedIn order to to improve establish the a monitoring situation system and for soilmitigate quality, the where environmental among other things, impacts it would from monitorthe agriculturalthe soil quality sector, in agricultural it is recommended land. Also, tothe establish measures a inmonitoring the framework system of controlfor soil and monitoringquality, of where usage amongof pesticide, other fertilizer things, and it wouldother chemical monitor products the soil used quality in agriculture in agricultural and their spreadland. on environmentAlso, the measuresal media should in the be framework taken. Finalizing of controlthe inventory and monitoringof greenhouse of gas usage emissions of in this pesticide,sector would fertilizer help to identify and otherall sources chemical of greenhouse products gas used emissions in agriculture in agriculture. and Stimulationtheir spread and supporton environmentalfor the production media of organic should products be taken. and protection Finalizing of theagricultural inventory land of from greenhouse changing their destinationgas emissions is considered in this as a sectorneed that would should help be implemented to identify in allthe sources future. of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture. Stimulation and support for the production of organic products and protection of agricultural land from changing their destination is considered as a need that should be implemented in the future. References and additional resources: Online resources:

 Agriculture and Rural Development Plan, 2010-2013, MAFRD www.ask.rks-gov.net/bujqesia  Agricultural Household Survey 2014, ASK www.mbpzhr-ks.net  Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012, APK www.fiskos.org  The final report of the project "Agriculture Land Pollution Survey”, GIZ ww.alps-kosovo.org 2015

39 The final report of the project “Agriculture Land Pollution Survey in Kosovo”, GIZ International Services and NIRAS 2015 39 The final report of the project “Agriculture Land Pollution Survey in Kosovo”, GIZ International Services and NIRAS 2015

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 44 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Agriculture and Rural Development Plan, 2010-2013, www.ask.rks-gov.net/bujqesia MAFRD www.mbpzhr-ks.net • Agricultural Household Survey 2014, ASK www.fiskos.org • Kosovo Forest Inventory 2002 and 2012, APK ww.alps-kosovo.org • The final report of the project “Agriculture Land Pollu- tion Survey”, GIZ 2015

3.5. Forestry Forests are the most complex natural ecosystems with ecological, economic and health importance. They are natural regulators of climate, preserve the quality of water, air and protect the soil from erosion and rinsing of productive layer. Forests are also the greatest accumulators of CO2 quantity in soil and main suppliers of the atmospheric oxygen. They are natural renewable resources, products of which can be used in industry, incineration and for other purposes. Forests are ecosystems in which a large number of plants and animal species is grown, with nutritional and medical importance to man. In addition to resisting strong winds, they are also recreational media for man.

Regarding the national policies on the forestry sector, Kosovo has adopted the Forestry Development Strategy for 2010-2020, prepared by MAFRD, with the main objective to increase the contribution of the forest sector to the national economy through sustainable exploitation of forest resources, taking into account the multi- functional role of forests40. The other important document in the forestry sector is the Strategy of Climate Protection in the forestry sector, with the main objective to identify and analyse the institutions, policies, methods and forms to reduce 41 greenhouse gas emissions and remove CO2 through their accumulation/reduction. The Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 is a part of the documents for the protection of forests, which within its priorities (strategic actions), among others, provides that forest management should be conducted on the principles of sustainable development and forest certification schemes42.

According to the forest inventory conducted in 2013, forests and forest lands cover 47.4% of the territory of Kosovo or 510,200 ha, which represents an increase of 5% compared to the 2002 census, where forests covered 44.7% of the territory or 489,000 ha. Kosovo’s forests are dominated by timber forests, covering 93%. Coniferous forests cover about 5% of the forest area (23,800 ha). In total, 180,800 ha (38%) of Kosovo’s forests is classified as private property, and 295,200 ha (62%) 40 Forestry Development Strategy 2010-2020, MAFRD 41 Climate Protection strategy in the Forestry Sector, MAFRD 42 Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, MESP

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 45 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

is classified as public forest. Standing trees volume accounts for 40.5 million m3. Among the trees, species Fagus sp. (Beech) contribute with 46% of the volume, and species Quercus sp. (Oaks) represent 23%. The average of standing trees volume of forest in Kosovo is 84 m3/ha43.

The population growth and expansion of settlements have increased the need of use of primary energy sources, which also includes biomass, most of which comes from forests. While the need for economic development has increased the need for exploitation of natural resources by increasing the pressure on forest ecosystems. Uncontrolled cutting of forests affects among other things the emergence of many environmental changes such as: erosion, climate change, floods, etc.

According to the analyses conducted by the national forest inventory in 2012, the average annual cutting of trees in the forests of Kosovo is 1.6 million m3, of which about 1.0 million m3 occur in public forests and 560,000 m3 in private forests. Over 90% of the annual cutting are not conducted according to the rules and legislation in force, and these irregularities in 59% of cases occurred in public forests and 34% in private forests. Only a small part of the cuttings (7%) is performed in accordance with forest legislation. However the annual growth of trees, which is estimated to be around 1.56 million m3 is almost in balance with annual cutting (1.60 million m3). Forest inventory study estimates that the gross potential of sustainable annual cutting in Kosovo should be about 1.45 million m3 in order to maintain the sustainability of annual growth44.

Fires are another factor that affect, not only the damage to forests, but also the growth of greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. Usually, along with the vitality damage of forests, forest fires are accompanied with the presentation of other forest diseases and economic losses. According to forest inventory, a total area of 12.200 ha, or 2.5% of total forest area was seriously affected by the fires during the period 2003 to 2012. According to data of the Kosovo Forestry Agency, the majority of burned forest areas occurred in 2007 with about 10 thousand ha. During the period 2011-2013, around 3,500 ha have been burned (figure 32).

43 National Forest Inventory in Kosovo 2012, APK 44 National Forest Inventory in Kosovo 2012, APK

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 46 to the rules and legislation in force, and these irregularities in 59% of cases occurred in public forests and 34% in private forests. Only a small part of the cuttings (7%) is performed in accordance with forest legislation. However the annual growth of trees, which is estimated to be around 1.56 million m3 is almost in balance with annual cutting (1.60 million m3). Forest inventory study estimates that the gross potential of sustainable annual cutting in Kosovo should be about 1.45 million m3 in order to maintain the sustainability of annual growth44.

Fires are another factor that affect, not only the damage to forests, but also the growth of greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. Usually, along with the vitality damage of forests, forest fires are accompanied with the presentation of other forest diseases and economic losses. According to forest inventory, a total area of 12.200 ha, or 2.5% of total forest area was seriously affected by the fires during the period 2003 to 2012. According to data of the Kosovo Forestry Agency, the majority of burned forest areas occurred in 2007 with about 10 thousand ha. During the period 2011-2013, around State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 3,500 ha have been burned (figure 32).

Burnt forest area

12000

10000

8000

6000 Area ha 4000

2000

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 32: Burnt forest areas per ha/year 2003-201345 Figure 32: Burnt forest areas per ha/year 2003-201345 In the framework of the National Inventory of greenhouse gases, the forestry sector In the framework of the National Inventory of greenhouse gases, the forestry sector is one of the most is one of the most important sectors in reducing (accumulation, absorption) of CO important sectors in reducing (accumulation, absorption) of CO2 emissions and is considered a powerful2 emissionsreservoir of atmosphericand is considered carbon. Based a powerful on the data reservoir of the greenhouse of atmospheric gas inventory carbon. in 2012 Based, about on 40 the data of the greenhouse gas 46inventory in 2012, about 40 thousand tons (40 Gg) thousand tons (40 Gg) of CO2 equivalent have been accumulated (reduced) in the Forests category, 46 of CO2 equivalent have been accumulated (reduced) in the Forests category, 0.5% per cent of forests in Kosovo are regenerated by forestation or natural seeding. Approximately 0.5%85% of per the forestcent ofarea forests is regenerated in Kosovo with are vegetative regenerated origin through by forestation stumps seedlings/cuttings. or natural seeding. While in Approximatelythe framework of the 85% measures of the and forest activities area for is expansionregenerated of forested with areavegetative, about 3 thousandorigin through and 500 stumpsha of bare seedlings/cuttings. surface have been afforested While during in thethe period framework 2005-2013. of the measures and activities for expansion of forested area, about 3 thousand and 500 ha of bare surface have been afforested during the period 2005-2013. 44 National Forest Inventory in Kosovo 2012, APK 45 Kosovo Forestry Agency 46 Report of Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2012, KEPA Area ha

1000 a

a h 800 ar zu e l

l 600 y p e

t 400 faqe

r 200 e p i S 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 33: Forested areas per ha/year 2005-201347 Figure 33: Forested areas per ha/year 2005-201347 Besides forestation of bare surfaces, drafting legislation in the forestry sector and the development of otherBesides strategic forestation documents, of asbare other surfaces, measures drafting of importance legislation that have in thebeen forestry taken tosector improve and the the situationdevelopment in the forest of other sector ,strategic the Kosovo documents, Forestry Inventory as other conducted measures in 2013 of andimportance beginning thatof the processhave ofbeen forest taken certification. to improve The expansion the situation of protected in the clean forest forest sector,areas through the Kosovo two National Forestry Parks "Sharri" and "Bjeshkët e Nemuna", could be considered as an important action to protect these 45 Kosovo Forestry Agency ecosystems46 Report of and Greenhouse the species Gas tha Inventoryt live in for them. 2012, KEPA 47 Kosovo Forestry Agency The implementation of practices on sustainable exploitation of forests, prohibition of illegal cutting and increased cooperation between Kosovorelevant Environmental institutions Protection is recommended Agency in order of improving the situation in this sector. Other measures to be applied are the prevention of forest fires, expansion of 47 protected forest areas and development of management plans for the high forests.

References and additional resources: Online resources:

 Forestry Development Strategy 2010-2020, MAFRD www.mbpzhr-ks.net  Climate Protection strategy in the Forestry Sector, MAFRD www.fiskos.org  Agricultural Household Survey 2014, KAS www.mmph-rks.org  Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, MESP www.ammk-rks.net www.ask.rks-gov.net/bujqesia.

47 Kosovo Forestry Agency State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Inventory conducted in 2013 and beginning of the process of forest certification. The expansion of protected clean forest areas through two National Parks “Sharri” and “Bjeshkët e Nemuna”, could be considered as an important action to protect these ecosystems and the species that live in them.

The implementation of practices on sustainable exploitation of forests, prohibition of illegal cutting and increased cooperation between relevant institutions is recommended in order of improving the situation in this sector. Other measures to be applied are the prevention of forest fires, expansion of protected forest areas and development of management plans for the high forests.

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Forestry Development Strategy 2010-2020, www.mbpzhr-ks.net MAFRD www.fiskos.org • Climate Protection strategy in the Forestry Sector, MAFRD www.mmph-rks.org

• Agricultural Household Survey 2014, KAS www.ammk-rks.net

• Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011- www.ask.rks-gov.net/bujqesia. 2020, MESP

3.6. Tourism Tourism is of great importance in the economic and cultural development of a country. But its development has a negative impact on the environment and, in particular, in the natural ecosystems as a result of the uncontrolled waste disposal, damage to natural resources and biodiversity. In order of reducing this impact besides the economic aspect, tourism should pay attention to environmental protection, therefore, as an advanced form of tourism, nowadays, is known as ecotourism or sustainable tourism.

Kosovo still has no strategy for tourism development. Therefore, the main legal act regulating the sector of tourism is The Law on Tourism (Law No.04/L-176). This law aims to establish principles and rules for the development and promotion of tourism and establishment and development of standards on tourist services. While the main principles of the law is the protection of the environment and cultural heritage48.

48 Law on Tourism (Law No.. 04/ L-176)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 48 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Tourism as a branch is important for the economic development of Kosovo, but because of the weak organizational structures, the development level of tourism is not at satisfactory level, despite the natural and cultural values offered by this country. Kosovo has yet to produce a proper strategy for tourism development and management, and only in recent years, a more prominent tourism marketing and organization was launched. However there are results in the promotion of natural and cultural tourism values of Kosovo in the world. During 2013, the forum of companies leaders of tourism “World Travel and Tourism Council”, based in London, has selected Peja, as the most beautiful city in the region, based on the tourism potential of Bjeshket e Nemuna and winning “Tourism of the future” award, established in 1990 in London. Also in May 2013, “The World Tourism Organization” has estimated Peja and transboundary project “Peaks of the Balkans (Majat e Ballkanit)”, (which includes transboundary area, Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania) as the most beautiful tourist destination. In the list of the most wonderful places in the world announced by MSN in 2013, the city of Prizren is ranked 9th49.

Thanks to these promotions, the number of foreign tourists visiting Kosovo has increased. If we analyse the number of foreign tourists in Kosovo and nights spent from 2008 to 2014, we see that there is a progressive increase in both the number of tourists and the nights spent. In 2014, according to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, about 61 thousand 300 foreign tourists by about 102 thousand nights spent were registered, marking an increase of about 10 thousand tourists and 20 thousand more nights spent (figure 34).

The increase in the number of tourists and nights spent is also noticed in terms of local visitors. According to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, compared to 2013, about 1,000 tourists more and also about 800 nights spent more have been registered in 2014 (figure 35).

No. of visitors Night spent

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 34.Figure The 34. number The number of foreign of foreign visitors visitors and and nights nights spent spent for 2008 for – 20142008 – 2014

No. of visitors Night spent

60 49 Microsoft’s portal, December, 2013. 50 40 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 30 49 20 10 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 35. The number of country visitors and nights spent for 2008 – 2014

In some countries that are distinguished by the important values of biodiversity and other natural resources, the objects for tourist purposes were constructed, which affect negatively in those areas as in flora, fauna, ecosystems, landscapes and watercourses. Such unplanned and uncontrolled constructions affect the change in microclimate of those areas, the loss of natural values and biodiversity. One of these examples is the case of Prevalla, where illegal constructions occur close to natural reserves or protected area, with consequences to endemic pine community.

Almost all of the regions of Kosovo have tourist resources, but "Malet e Sharrit (Sharri Mountain)" and "Bjeshket e Nemuna (Accursed Mountains)" are the most important areas. The untouched natural values of Kosovo and the diversity of cultural and historical monuments create good opportunities of tourist development. The following table presents the types of tourism in Kosovo and their level of development. No. of visitors Night spent

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Figure 34. The number of foreign visitors and nights spent for 2008 – 2014

No. of visitors Night spent

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 35.Figure The 35.number The number of country of country visitors visitors and and nights nights spent spent for 2008 for – 20082014 – 2014

InIn some some countries that that are distinguishedare distinguished by the important by the values important of biodiversity values and of otherbiodiversity natural andresources, other the natural objects for resources, tourist purposes the were objects constructed for tourist, which affect purposes negatively were in those constructed, areas as in whichflora, fauna,affect ecosystems, negatively landscapes in those and watercourses.areas as in Suchflora, unplanned fauna, anecosystems,d uncontrolled landscapes constructions and watercourses.affect the change Such in microclimate unplanned of thandose areas,uncontrolled the loss of constructionsnatural values and affectbiodiversity. the One change of inthese microclimate examples is ofthe thosecase of areas,Prevalla, the where loss illegal of naturalconstructions values occur and close biodiversity. to natural reserves One orof theseprotected examples area, with is consequences the case of to Prevalla,endemic pine where community illegal. constructions occur close to naturalAlmost reservesall of the regions or protected of Kosovo area,have tourist with resources,consequences but "Malet to eendemic Sharrit (Sharri pine Mountain community.)" and "Bjeshket e Nemuna (Accursed Mountains)" are the most important areas. The untouched natural Almostvalues ofall Kosovo of the and regions the diversity of Kosovoof cultural have and historical tourist monuments resources, create but good “Malet opportunities e Sharrit of (Sharritourist Mountain)”development. T andhe following “Bjeshket table epresent Nemunas the types(Accursed of tourism Mountains)” in Kosovo and are their the level most of importantdevelopment. areas. The untouched natural values of Kosovo and the diversity of cultural and historical monuments create good opportunities of tourist development. The following table presents the types of tourism in Kosovo and their level of development.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 50 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

50 Table 5:Table Kosovo 5: Kosovotourism tourism potential: potential: Types, conditionsTypes, conditions and opportunities and opportunities 50

50 Types of tourismTable 5: Kosovo tourism potential: Types, conditions and StateopportunitiesState Types of tourism Description Description Actual50 Inicial Potential Table 5: Kosovo tourism potential: Types, conditions and opportunitiesActual Inicial StatePotential Types of tourism Description Nature Nature Gorges, high Gorges,peaks, national high peaks, parks, national natural parks,  50 Table 5: Kosovo tourismmonuments, potential:natural etc.. Types, monuments, conditions etc.. and opportunitiesState Actual Inicial Potential Types of tourism Description Water springsNature Water springsBaths (banja)Gorges,Baths and other (banja) high waterpeaks, and springsother national water parks, natural   Table 5: Kosovo tourism potential: Types, conditions and opportunities 50 monuments,springs etc.. Actual InicialState Potential Types of tourismHealth Parks,Description natural areas and baths with healing  Nature WaterGorges,Health springs high peaks, nationalBathsParks, (banja) parks, natural naturaland areas other and water baths springs with   effectTab le 5: Kosovo tourism potential: Types, conditions and opportunities 50 monuments, etc.. healing effect Actual Inicial StatePotential WinterTypes of tourismHealth Skiing and otherParks, Descriptionwinter natural sports areas and baths with healing  Water springs BathsWinter (banja) and otherSkiing water and springs other winter sports   Nature Gorges, high peaks, national parks, natural 50 Table 5:effect Kosovo tourism potential: Types, conditionsActual andInicial opportunities Potential Cultural-Historicalmonuments, Cultural, etc.. archaeological and historical  State Health WinterTypesParks,Cultural-Historical of naturaltourism areas andSkiingCultural, baths and with archaeologicalother healingDescription winter sports and   Water springsNature Baths (banja)objectsGorges, and otherand high cultural waterpeaks, springs eventsnational parks, natural   effectTab le 5: Kosovo tourismhistorical potential: objects Types,and cultural conditions events and opportunities 50 monuments, etc.. Actual InicialState Potential Rural TypesCultural of- HistoricaltourismRural touristCultural, destinations, archaeological traditional and food historical  HealthWinter Parks,SkiingRural andnatural other areas winter andRural sports baths tourist with healingdestinations,Description traditional  Water springsNature andBaths cultural (banja)objectsGorges, heritage and other andhigh cultural peaks,water springsnationalevents parks, natural  effect Table 5:food Kosovo and tourism cultural potential:heritage Types, conditions and opportunities 50 Hunting andRural fishing Hunting andRuralmonuments, fishing tourist areas destinations,etc.. traditional food Actual State Inicial  Potential WinterCultural -HistoricalTypes of tourismSkiingCultural, and archaeological other winter sportsandDescription historical    Health WaterHunting springsParks, and naturalBathsHunting areas (banja) and and andbaths fishing other with areas water healing springs  Natureobjects and cultural eventsGorges,and cultural high heritage peaks, national parks, natural  Mountain/Alpinefishing Table Alpine5:effect Kosovo mountain tourism areas, potential: hiking, Types, skiing, conditions etc. andActual opportunities Inicial 50 Potential Rural HuntingRural tourist and fishing destinations, monuments,Hunting traditional and fishingetc.. food areas   State  Cultural-HistoricalWinter HealthTypesCultural, of tourism archaeologicalSkiing and Parks,other and winterhistoricalnatural sports areas Description and baths with healing  Nature WaterandMountain/Alpine culturalspringsGorges, heritage high BathsAlpine peaks, (banja) mountain national and otherparks,areas, water naturalhiking, springs   objects and cultural events 50 SpeleologicalTableMountain/Alpine 5: (cave) Kosovo tourismCaves and potential: speleologicalAlpineeffectskiing, mountainTypes, etc. phenomena conditions areas, hiking, and opportunities skiing, etc.   RuralHunting and fishing RuralHunting tourist andmonuments, fishingdestinations, areas etc.. traditional food ActualState  Inicial Potential TypesCultural of- HistoricaltourismWinter Cultural, archaeologicalSkiing and other and winter historical sports  Water springsHealth Speleological Baths (banja)Parks,Caves andDescription natural otherand speleological water areas springsand baths phenomena with healing   Adventure Natureand cultural Climbing,objects heritage and mountaineering Gorges, cultural high events peaks, and winternational parks, natural   Speleological(cave) (cave) effectCaves and speleological phenomena   HuntingMountain/Alpine andRural fishing HuntingAlpine mountain andRural fishing touristareas, areasmonuments, hiking,destinations, skiing, etc.. traditionaletc. food Actual State Inicial  Potential50  Types of tourism WinterCultural -HistoricalsportsTab le 5:SkiingCultural, Kosovo and archaeological tourism other winter potential: sportsand historical Types, conditions  and  opportunities  Health WaterAdventure springsandParks, culturalDescription naturalBathsClimbing, heritage areas (banja) and mountaineering andbaths other with water healing and springs  TransitNature Adventure DailyGorges, tourism, highClimbing,objects peaks, bystanders, and nationalmountaineering cultural transboundary parks, events natural and winter    Mountain/AlpineSpeleological (cave) AlpineCaves and mountain speleologicaleffect areas, winter hiking,phenomena sports skiing, etc.   Hunting andRural fishing andmonuments,Hunting regional andRural fishingetc.. tourist areas destinations, traditionalActual foodInicial Potential   Winter Cultural-HistoricalSkiing and Cultural,sportsother winter archaeological sports and historical    HealthTransit andParks,Daily cultural naturaltourism, heritage areas bystanders, and baths with healing State  Nature ScientificWater springs TransitTypesGorges, of tourism highScientificBaths peaks, (banja) nationalresearch,objectsDaily and tourism, parks, other andexpeditions cultural naturalwater bystanders,Description springsresearch,events transboundary    SpeleologicalAdventure Mountain/Alpine (cave) CavesClimbing, and mountaineering speleologicalAlpine mountaineffecttransboundary phenomena and areas, winter hiking, and skiing, regional etc.   RuralHuntingmonuments, and scientificfishing etc.. meetingsRuralandHunting regional tourist and and other fishingdestinations, events areas traditional food   Cultural-HistoricalWintersports Cultural, archaeologicalSkiing and other and winter historical sports Actual Inicial Potential Water springs Health ScientificBathsScientific (banja) Parks, and naturalotherandScientificScientific water areas cultural springs research,and heritageresearch, baths expeditions with expeditions healing research,    AdventureTransit SpeleologicalClimbing,Daily (cave) tourism, mountaineeringCavesobjects bystanders, and and speleological cultural andtransboundary winter events phenomena    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So,Caves the offer andtourism Kosovo inspeleological Kosovo Environmentalsector mustin phenomena Kosovo Protection be based must Agency beon reliablethe diversity and qualit of ative natural and and should cultural aim Referencesof nature protection. protectionTheand Division additionaldevelopment ofof TourismStatistics resources:natural of of onthe resources.MTI catering tourism 2015, The sector KASnational in Kosovo strategy must of sustainablebe based on development theOnline concept resources: should www.mtiof sustainable promotewww.mmph-ks.org -rks.org Transit Scientificattractions to meetDaily tourism,two and objectives:Scientific different bystanders, research, tourist raising transboundary expeditionsactivities the social which research, and imply economic natural welfare environment of the and citizens the diversity of Kosovo 51 of historicaland the sustainable developmentStrategy and Actionin the Plan tourism for Biodiversity sector, which 2011 -means2020, MESP development that respectswww.ask.rks the principles-gov.net /hoteleria development.andAdventure andculturalThe regional tourist heritagescientific offer. 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The national strategy of sustainable development should promote  Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, MESP www.ask.rks-gov.net /hoteleria sustainable50 development in the tourism sector, which means development that respects the principles References and Statisticsadditional Tourism onDivision resources: catering Division of 2015,Tourism of KASthe of Ministry MTI of Trade and Industry, http://www.mti-ks.org/Online resources:www.mmph -rks.orgwww.mti -ks.org  Strategy of andnature Action protection. Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, MESP 50 www.ask.rks-gov.net/hoteleria  Statistics TourismonDivision catering Division of 2015, Tourism of KAS the of Ministry MTI of Trade and Industry, http://www.mti-ks.org/ www.mmph-rks.orgwww.mti -ks.org References and additional resources: Online resources:  Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011 - 2020, MESP www.ask.rks-gov.net/hoteleria 50  Division of Tourism ofTourism MTI Division of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, http://www.mti-ks.org/www.mti -ks.org  Statistics on catering 2015, KAS www.mmph-rks.org 50 Tourism Division Strategy of the and Ministry Action of Plan Trade for andBiodiversity Industry, 2011 http://www.mti-ks.org/-2020, MESP www.ask.rks-gov.net/hoteleria  Division of Tourism of MTI www.mti-ks.org 50 Tourism Division of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, http://www.mti-ks.org/

50 Tourism Division of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, http://www.mti-ks.org/ State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Statistics on catering 2015, KAS www.mmph-rks.org

• Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity 2011- www.ask.rks-gov.net/hoteleria 2020, MESP www.mti-ks.org • Division of Tourism of MTI

4. State(s)

The state of the environment describes the amount and quality of physical phenomena (e.g. temperature), biological phenomena (e.g. fish stocks) and chemical phenomena (e.g. the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere) in a given area. The state indicators prescribe, for example, forests and wildlife fund presented in them, the concentration of phosphor and sulphur in lakes and rivers, or the level of noise in a neighbourhood near a noise source, such as, airports. The state of environment is changing due to the environmental pressures occurred in it. Changes in the environmental state impact the components of the environment.

4.1. Air Air is a very important element for human health and the general environment around us. Air is constantly under the influence of pollution from many sources. Although air pollution comes mainly from human activities, it can also be affected by natural phenomena.

In order of protecting the air from the pollution, Kosovo has developed the Strategy and Action Plan for Air Quality, which has the following general objectives: To increase the opportunities for improving air quality throughout Kosovo,

• Completion of legislation, in accordance with the EU Directives, and provide the framework for the protection of air quality in cooperation with all communities,

• Ensure that the air quality will be taken into consideration by the government, utilities, residents, businesses and organizations, when making decisions about their actions and

• Promote the importance of air quality as a determinant of population health and welfare.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 52 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Within the monitoring of air quality, a network for monitoring the air quality is established, which consists of 12 automatic stations and one mobile station. This network is managed by the Kosovo Hydrometeorology Institute, which operates within the KEPA.

Two of the stations located in Prishtina are representative of air quality in the sub- urban background (IMHK) and in the urban-traffic background (Rilinjda), also the station located in Gjilan is representative ofurban-traffic background while 5 other stations located in Mitrovica, Glogovac, Peja, Prizren, Hani i Elezit, are representative of air quality in urban background and the station located in Brezovica for rural background. Three (3) industrial background stations are located in the area of KEK (Dardhishtë, Palaj and Obilic).

These stations monitor the parameters: SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM10 and PM2.5. This report presents the data for these parameters for three years (2012-2014) for all stations that have been operational at this time.

During the period referred to in this report, there are no parameters of SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and PM10 and PM2.5 in the stations located in Pristina, Drenas and Mitrovica due to technical problems in measuring analysers, with the exception of the station which is located in Prishtina (Rilindja) in which measurements for PM10 and PM 2.5 are carried since 2014. While the stations located in the industrial area of KEK (Obilic, Dardhishte and Palaj) are installed by the end of December 2012 and data from measurements at three stations are kept since 2013.

Figure 36. The distribution of network for air quality monitoring

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 53 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

An annual assessment of air quality is made in this report based on the data from the monitoring stations network of air quality. The maximum allowed annual values for air quality parameters are presented in the following table.

Table 6: The annual limit values for air quality 51

Parameter Description of annual limit/average values Annual limit allowed values Particulate matter The allowed number of days exceeded within 35 days PM10 the year The annual limit value 40 μg/m3 Particulate matter The annual limit value / The level of protection 25 μg/m3 PM2.5 of human health 3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)- Level of vegetation protection/Annual average 20 μg/m 3 Ozone O3 The level of human health protection (a daily >120 µg/m average of 8 hours within a calendar year) Level of materials protection 40 μg/m3 3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Average annual value Level of health protection 40 μg/m CO Daily limit value of maximum averages 8h not provided (10mg/m3)

Air quality assessment based on the data from the monitoring stations- As shown

in figure 37, the highest values of SO2 were recorded in 2014, mainly in stations, which are representative for the industrial and urban-traffic background, but no exceedances of the daily allowed values (125 μg/m3) for 2014 were recorded in any monitoring point. Also no exceedances of the annual allowed value (20 ug/m3) of level for the protection of vegetation were recorded.

Figure 37: The annual average values of SO2 51 Air quality regulations in Kosovo are regulated by the Administrative Instruction No.02/2011 on limit values - air quality standards

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 54 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

As shown in the figure 38, no exceedances of allowed annual values of NO2- the level of health protection (40 ug/m3), for the monitoring period 2012-2014 were recorded in any of the monitoring stations, but higher values compared to other stations are recorded in stations of Obilic, Prizren, Gjilan and Hani i Elezit. Based on the position of these stations, we can conclude that in addition to the industry, the increase in concentration of NO2 is contributed by the greenhouse gas emissions by vehicles (transport) and emissions from fuel used for heating of homes.

Figure 38: The annual average value NO2 The assessment of Ozone concentration in the environmental air is made by comparing the values recorded during the monitoring and values given for a daily average of 8 hours, the information threshold and alarm threshold as required by Directive 2008/50 and UA No.02/2011. Based on the data presented in figure 39, we can conclude that in some of the monitoring stations, the exceedances of average daily value of 8 hours (120ug/m3) and exceedance of the threshold information (180 ug/m3) have been recorded during 2013. There are cases when the average annual value amounts to 97.7 ug/m3, meaning that several times during the year, the values were above 120ug/m3. The highest values were recorded in 2013 in stations of Prizren, Hani i Elezit and Brezovica.

Figure 39: The annual average value of O3

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 55 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Based on the annual average values of the concentration of CO shown in figure 40, it is noted that the maximum value of the annual average reached to 2.5 mg/m3 at the monitoring station in Peja, while all other monitoring stations registered very low values, where we can conclude that there were no exceedances of the daily limit value of maximum 8h averages (10mg/m3) with CO in any of the monitoring stations.

FigureFigure 40: 40: The The annual annual average value value of COof CO

BasedBased on f igonure figure 41, it is noted41, it that is notedexceedances that exceedancesof the allowed annualof the value allowed of PM10 annual during value 2012 wereof recordedPM10 at during monitoring 2012 stations were recordedlocated in atPrizren, monitoring Gjilan and stations Han Han, located during in 2013 Prizren, in Obilic, Gjilan Palaj, Dardhishtë,and Han Peja, Han, Prizren, during Gjilan 2013 and in Obilic,Han Han, Palaj, whereas Dardhishtë, in 2014 Peja,in Prishtina Prizren, (Rilindja Gjilan), andObilic, Han Palaj, Dardhishtë,Han, whereas Prizren inand 2014 Gjilan in. AlmostPrishtina all of (Rilindja), the monitoring Obilic, stations Palaj, recordedDardhishtë, exceed Prizrenances andof the allowedGjilan. annual Almost values, all except of the the monitoring station in Brezovica, stations representative recorded exceedances for rural background. of the Theallowed highe st valuesannual were values, recorded except at stations the stationwhich are in representativeBrezovica, representative of industrial background for rural and background. urban-traffic background,The highest while values low values were presented recorded in theat stationsstation located which in Prishtinaare representative are as a result ofof industrialthe fact that therebackground was a small numbeand urban-trafficr of measurements background, during the year. while low values presented in the station located in Prishtina are as a result of the fact that there was a small number of measurements during the year.

Figure 41: The annual average value of PM10

The average annual values forFigure PM2.5 41: areThe presented annual average in figure value 42. ofFor PM the10 period 2012-2014, values in excess of annual limits during 2012 were recorded at stations located in Prizren, during 2013 in Obilic, Palaj, Dardhishte, Peja, Prizren and Gjilan, whereas in 2014 in Dardhishte, Prizren and Gjilan. It is worth noting that there were values in Kosovoexcess Environmental of limits in Protection almost allAgency stations except stations in Prishtina 56(Rilindja), Peja (except in 2013) Hani i Elezit and Brezovica. State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The average annual values for PM2.5 are presented in figure 42. For the period 2012-2014, values in excess of annual limits during 2012 were recorded at stations located in Prizren, during 2013 in Obilic, Palaj, Dardhishte, Peja, Prizren and Gjilan, whereas in 2014 in Dardhishte, Prizren and Gjilan. It is worth noting that there were values in excess of limits in almost all stations except stations in Prishtina (Rilindja), Peja (except in 2013) Hani i Elezit and Brezovica.

Figure 42: The annual average value of PM2.5

Based on the analysis of pollution sources as well as the monitoring results, it can be concluded that the energy, industry and communication are considered the main sources of air pollution in Kosovo.

In order to improve air quality and its protection from pollution and in order to improve monitoring and reporting of air quality, it is recommended to:

• Implement the Strategy and Action Plan on air quality, and implement the specific projects aiming to improve air quality,

• Complete inventory of emissions and sources of pollutants in the air,

• Complete and fully functionalise the national system for monitoring of air quality in order to improve the collection, processing and reporting of data on air quality,

• Strengthen the institutional and technical capacities for maintaining the network of air quality monitoring, servicing and calibration of equipment and accredit laboratories.

• Improve cooperation between monitoring institutions and operators, especially in the process of the flow of information, their processing and reporting and more efficient public information on air quality.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 57 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

References and additional resources: Online resources:

• Report on State of Air in Kosovo, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net/ajri

• Air Quality in KEK area, KEPA www.mzhe.rks-gov.net

• Air Quality Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2021, www.mmph-rks.org MESP www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi • Environment Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS

4.2. Water Water is a very important resource for the economic development and public health. However, society development patterns emerging with the rise of various types of production activities, intensive agriculture, expansion of settlements, urbanization and other activities are affecting, not only its use, but also its impact.

In Kosovo, just like in many countries of the world, the human health and meeting the associated needs is increasingly threatened by the poor quality of potable water or the lack of clean potable water. Protection, conservation and monitoring the quality of water resources is one of the largest environmental challenges of our society. Industrial development, urbanization, intensive agriculture are merely few of the factors that affect the water pollution. In spite of continued efforts, the uncontrolled use of resources and damaging the riverbeds remains one of the most expansive forms of water resources degradation. In order to protect and ensure sustainable use of water resources, in 2014 MESP developed the National Water Strategy of Kosovo 2015-2034, which is presently in the approval procedure. The overall purpose of this strategy is to ensure effective management of water resources as the crucial element of the economic development and social welfare of the Republic of Kosovo. In line with the principle of the integrated water management, the strategy has a broad, multi-sectorial approach, which seeks to incorporate all important aspects of water management in the Republic of Kosovo, including but not limited to, supply of water to population and business in areas inhabited by: Water supply, wastewater collection and wastewater treatment52. The strategy also defines the strategic objectives on the efficient use of water, as well as good and effective governance of waters.

Pressure upon water comes mostly as a result of increased water discharged without adequate physical, chemical and biological treatment. This causes increased values for physical, chemical and microbiological values in water bodies. Additionally, 52 Draft National Water Strategy of Kosovo 2015-2034

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 58 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report multiple impacts are also caused by atmospheric precipitation: gas content in the air, such as (NOx, SO2, CO2, etc.), which create acid rains during precipitation, thus resulting in increased water acidity. Other pressures caused by precipitation includes washing away of agricultural land and other polluting areas, which results + in increase of suspended matter, inorganic matter (fertilizers-N, P, K, NH4 , etc.) and organic matter (PAH, PCB, Herbicides, etc.). One of the major pressures exerted on water are industrial discharge from various activities.

Monitoring of river water in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo is done by the Kosovo Hydro meteorological Institute. The quality of these rivers is established based on physical-chemical analysis and heavy metals. The monitoring network has a total of 54 sampling points (monitoring stations). There are 10 parametres that are monitored and used as indicators (measured 11 times per year), 39 chemical parametres (measured 11 times per year) and 8 heavy metals (2 times per year).

Detailed data on all the monitored parametres for all sampling points of the water monitoring network are available in the Report on State of Waters in Kosovo 2015, at KEPA’s website www.ammk-rks.net

The state of water in this report is reflected through the following indicators: Nitrate ion Nitrogen (N-NO3), phosphorus from ion Phosphates (P-PO4) and Biochemical

Oxygen consumed in 5 days (SHBO5), for the period 2008 to 2014.

This estimate is based on the fact that the increase in Ion Nitrate Nitrogen (N-NO3) and Phosphorus from Ion Phosphates (P-PO4) caused water eutrophication, while the biochemical oxygen consumed in 5 days (SHBO5) indicates the level of organic and bacteriological pollution of waters, which are peremetres expected to be under pressures from the phenomena above. Figure 43 indicates that the Nitrogen-N values and Nitrate Ions -N-NO3 have seen slight fluctuations year-on-year, which occurs depending on the presence of fertilizers used during a calendar year as well as quantity of precipitations, air composition and the level of pollution in water surfaces. The nitrogen value in nitrate composition for this time period ranges from 0.66 to 1.18 mg/l.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 59 State of EnvironmentFaqe in 60 Kosovo 2015, Report

Faqe 60

Figure 43: Nitrates- (mg N-NO -/l) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the Figure 43: Nitrates (mg N-NO3 /l) in surface 3water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations) number of sampling stations)

3- The other indicator shows the presence of Ion Phosphates – PC4 , i.e. the quantity

of phosphorus in Phosphate Ions P-PO4. The analysis conducted during the period,

the presence of phosphorus in the phosphate ions P-PO4 in the river waters indicate that pressures on surface waters are not excessive, as the values indicated in the

diagram range from 0.14 and 0.23 mg/l P-PO4. Hence, Kosovo surface waters are - Figurenot 43: at Nitrates risk of (mg eutrophication. N-NO3 /l) in surface water(Figure (2008-2014); 44). (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations)

3- Figure 44: Orthophosphates (mg P-PO4 /l) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations)

3- Figure 44: Orthophosphates (mg P-PO4 /l) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling 3- Figure 44: Orthophosphates (mg P-PO4 /l)stations) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations)

According to the results presented in Figure 45, the biochemical oxygen consumption

(SHBO ) during the monitoring period is not high. The calculated values range 5 between 3.9 and 7.2 mg O2/l, which represent pollution yet to attain alarming levels, but indicative of an increasing trend in the last four years. Although in the natural

conditions, clean waters do not possess any SHBO5 quantities, this pollution may be justified with the fact that surface waters are exposed to the open environment whereby pollution from various microorganisms is inevitable, followed by their rapid multiplication.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 60

State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Faqe 61

Figure 45: Biochemical oxygen consumption (mg O /l) in surface water (2008-2014); Figure 45: Biochemical oxygen consumption (mg O /l) in surface water2 (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number (brackets indicate the2 number of sampling stations) of sampling stations)

With the view of improving the state ofFaqe water, 85 following feasibility studies supported by various donors, construction of wastewater treatment plans is planned for Prizren, GJakova, Peja, Gjilan, Ferizaj and Mitrovica regions. The feasibility study and the project for Prizren, Gjakova and Peja is funded by KfW (German Development Bank) and the Government of Kosovo, while the feasibility study for urban water treatment for Gjilan, Ferizaj and Mitrovica is funded by the European Union. Plants operation will enhance the protection of waters and improve their quality. Monitoring of water quantities is carried out through hydrometric network, made of a number of measurement stations along rivers, where measurement occurs. Hydrometric network is made of 22 hydrometric stations, some of which are out of order due to technical problems. These stations measure the head (h) and yield (Q). The following table representsFigure 62. Sewerage data on network the water coverage level (%), H 2002-2012 (cm) for some stations, which have registered the water levels for the period 2010-2014.

Table 7: The annual average levels H (cm) by measurement stations53

STATION RIVER 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Gourge Bistrica Pejës 0.614 0.530 0.669 0.549 - Drelë Bistrica e Pejës 0.503 0.438 0.515 -- Prizren Bistrica Prizrenit 0.463 0.361 0.589 0.666 0.593 Mlikë Brod 0.763 0.579 0.638 0.668 0.588 Lluzhan LlapiFigure 63. Water supply1.141 network coverage 0.843 (%), 2002-2012 0.699 0.860 1.042 Milloshëvë Llapi 0.990 0.543 0.566 0.934 -

Viti Morava Binçës 0.333 0.219 0.216 0.193 0.277 Hani Elezit Lepenci 0.692 0.619 0.547 0.630 1.000 Brod Lepenci 0.492 0.397 0.433 0.402 0.480 Gjakovë Ereniku 0.690 0.519 0.597 0.743 0.583

53 Kosovo Hydro meteorological Institute

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 61 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The lack of monitoring of ground water presents an issue that needs to be addressed. More attention should be paid to improving the water infrastructure, construction of wastewater treatment plans and adaption to climate changes of water sector, while the implementation of legislation in the water sector and transposition of EU directors, as well as National Water Strategy remains one of the key priorities of the sector.

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Report on the State of Waters 2015, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net/raporte

• Cadastre of Water Polluters 2010, KEPA & REC www.mmph-rks.org

• National Water Strategy 2015-2034 www.mmph-rks.org

• Environment Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi

4.3. Soil/Land Degradation of land areas is a continued impact of human activity, which causes adverse environmental and socio—economic effects. Preventing the degradation of land and its pollution through specific land protection measures and policies represents a challenge.

As part of its efforts to ensure protection of land, the Government of Kosovo adopted the Land Consolidation Strategy 2010-2020, which lists land consolidation projects and rational use of agriculture land, environment protection, cultural heritage and support to agriculture as some of its objectives.

On the other hand, the main objectives of the Environment Protection Strategy 2013-2022, chapter on land, contains the following sectorial objectives: develop a special strategy on sustainable management and use of land as natural resources as well as prevent and decrease further land degradation from polluters and erosion. 54

According to the applicable legislation, soil/land protection is entrusted to two ministries. Protection of agriculture land from pollution, erosion, regulation, continued monitoring and all changes to agriculture land such as physical, chemical and biological properties are the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development. 55

54 Environment Protection Strategy 2013-2022, MESP 55 Law on Agricultural Land (Law No. 02/L-26)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 62 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

On the other hand, monitoring the state of the environment and emissions, including the land (soil) component, is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, regulated under the Law on Environment Protection and other environmental laws.

Kosovo is yet to develop a land (soil) monitoring system. Additionally, economic operators with potential for environment pollution also do not conduct regular monitoring of land (soil), therefore KEPA lacks data on the quality of land in these areas.

In the absence of land/soil monitoring data, it is difficult to make a credible assessment. Notwithstanding, the issue has been addressed through specific projects. One such project, funded by the EU, aimed to conduct a study on agriculture land in Kosovo (ALPS – Agriculture Land Pollution Survey). Main project beneficiaries were Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development.

The project was implemented by the German organization for international cooperation GIZ and NIRAS from Poland. The main goal of the project was to assess the pollution of agriculture land. The project also aimed to strengthen legislation and build capacities of staff in MESP, MAFRD, KEPA, Agriculture Institute and Food and Veterinary Agency to monitor and assess the condition of agricultural land.

As part of the project, the following was analysed: 2840 soil samples for 17 heavy metals, 2840 soil samples on fertility indicators, 200 soil samples on organic polluters content, 150 plant samples on heavy metal content whereby 100 soil samples deemed suspicious have been sent for re-analysis.

The assessment of agriculture land was focused around potentially polluted areas such as: industrial zones, contaminated water and residues, floods, agricultural operations, etc.

The samples were taken in 17 municipalities of Kosovo, covering around 4,101 km2. More detailed data on analysed samples broken down by municipalities and types of analysis are given in the table below.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 63 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Table 8: Types of soil samples analysed by municipality56

Samples Samples Plant Samples analysed analysed samples analysed Agriculture Sample for heavy for land analysed for soil land metal fertility pa- for heavy organic Municipal- /ha rameters metal polluters ities /ha

Drenas 12,550.00 50 249 249 15 7 Ferizaj 12,704.00 100 155 155 10 9 F.Kosovë 3,807.00 50 76 76 8 7 Gjilan 12,055.00 100 114 114 10 11 Leposaviq 20,800.00 50 242 242 10 12 Lipjan 12,910.00 50 260 260 7 12 Malishevë 16,069.24 100 157 157 8 7 Mitrovicë 14,954.00 50 166 166 10 10 Novobërd 4,207.00 100 50 50 6 5 Podujevë 18,827.00 100 208 208 7 8 Prishtinë 12,286.00 50 243 243 8 12 Prizren 15,429.70 100 148 148 8 10 Rahovec 13,662,94 100 158 158 8 10 Shtime 3,830.00 100 53 53 7 5 Suharekë 6,764.14 50 200 200 10 7 Vushtrri 12,263.00 50 283 283 10 8 Z. Potok 21,630.00 100 42 42 8 5

Total 214,749 2804 2804 150 145

The project managed to obtain results of detailed agriculture land pollution survey, identify sources and issued recommendations for monitoring and control of agriculture land.

The key project results were the following:

• Heavy metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Ni) for 17 municipalities show within standards of land pollution.

• Heavy metal presence at higher levels (e.g. Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) were noted in fields other than agriculture land or land used for non-agriculture/urban purposes.

56 Final Report of Project “Agriculture land pollution survey in Kosovo”, GIZ International Services and NIRAS 2015

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 64 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

• No crop pollution has been noted (vegetables, cereals and fruit) from heavy metals (specifically Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the agriculture land samples in17 municipalities.

• As part of Food Management Safety System, it is recommended that all agricultural produce should be regularly and systematically checked to ensure public safety and trust57.

Based on the project results, the following recommendations for sustainable agriculture land management in future were issued:

• Ensure standardized waste management throughout Kosovo and start construction of wastewater treatment plants for industries and urban waters;

• Encourage use of Best Available Technologies (BAT) for management of mines and wastewater, and control landfill leachate;

• Monitor the so-called “environmental hotspots” and carry out their rehabilitation.

• Continue monitoring the land quality and fertility parameters as well as food quality;

• Continue land monitoring for remaining 21 municipalities not covered by the project.

Another study carried out with the view of identifying potentially polluted land areas was also the survey conducted by the Kosovo Environment Protection Agency, as part of which 28 areas with pollution potential have been identified58. These areas were mostly inherited as a result of industrial activity in the past, or as a result of mining operations, from old unmanaged landfills, deposited chemicals, oil residues, expired pesticides, etc. (Figure 46).

57 Final Report of Project “Agriculture Land Pollution Survey in Kosovo”, GIZ International Services and NIRAS 2015 58 Report, Kosovo Environmental Hostpots, KEPA 2011

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 65 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 46: Distribution of potentially polluted areas

KEK industrial zone is also among the potential areas for pollution. This operator is conducting land monitoring in the areas surrounding PP-A and PP-B on its own, in order to determine the degree of land pollution caused by power plant operations. Analysis are done on monthly basis and samples are analysed for physical – chemical properties and heavy metal content (Iron – Fe, Cooper – Cu, Lead – Pb and Cadmium – Cd). 59 Data in the monthly monitoring reports in KEK area indicate that parameters under monitoring have not been exceeded.

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Final Report of Project “Agriculture Land Survey” www.ammk-rks.net/raporte GIZ & NIRAS, 2015 www.mmph-rks.org • Kosovo Environmental Hotpots Report, KEPA 2013 www.esk.rks-gov.net • Report, State of waste and chemicals in Kosovo 2014, KEPA

59 KEK; Environmental monitoring report in PP Kosova A and PP Kosova, January, 2015

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 66 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 4.4. Waste Waste is a substance produced during the daily activities. The development of the technology resulted in the generation of various types of packaged and wrapped goods, of various material, which after its use were disposed of as waste. The ggeneration of municipal waste per capita in Kosovo is on the rise. The quantity of waste disposed in sanitary landfills in Kosovo has recently seen a slight decrease. The4.4. overall Waste condition of landfills in Kosovo is not good. Kosovo continues to hold hazardous waste, a legacy of industrial and technological operations of the past. Waste is a substance produced during the daily activities. The development of the technology resulted Toin the ensure generation more of various effective types of packaged waste and wrappedmanagement, goods, of various MESP material, developed which after itsthe Waste Managementuse were disposed Strategy of as waste. 2013-2022, The ggeneration adopted of municipal by the waste Government per capita in of Kosovo Kosovo. is on Thethe mainrise. The objective quantity of ofwaste the disposed Strategy in sanitaryis to establish landfills in Kosovoa framework has recently to seendecrease a slight the decrease. waste volumesThe overall and condition set up of a landfills system in forKosovo sustainable is not good. waste Kosovo management continues to hold as hazardouswell as decrease waste, a thelegacy waste of industrial risks; and technological operations of the past. To ensure more effective waste management, MESP developed the Waste Management Strategy 2013- The associated Waste Management Plan 2013-2017 in support of the Strategy 2022, adopted by the Government of Kosovo. The main objective of the Strategy is to establish a hasframework also been to decrease adopted, the waste whose volumes main and purpose set up a systemis to ensure for sustainable waste waste management management and as environmentwell as decrease protectionthe waste risks; through: strengthening the waste management system, investment in waste management infrastructure and promoting awareness and informationThe associated Wasteon waste Management management. Plan 2013 -2017 in support of the Strategy has also been adopted, whose main purpose is to ensure waste management and environment protection through: Atstrengthening local level the too, waste more management than 15 system, municipalities investment in wasteof Kosovomanagement have infrastructure developed and Local Wastepromoting Management awareness and Plans,information while on waste 10 others management. are in the process of developing the plans. At local level too, more than 15 municipalities of Kosovo have developed Local Waste Management ThePlans, generation while 10 others areof in themunicipal process of wastedeveloping per the plans.capita in Kosovo is on the rise. Regular increaseThe generation of waste of municipal generation waste per iscapita notable in Kosovo during is on the the rise. periodRegular increase 2007, of wastewith a slight decreasegeneration inis notable 2013 (Figureduring the 47). period 2007, with a slight decrease in 2013 (Figure 47).

400 350 300 250 200

kg/capita 150 100 50 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

60 Figure 47:Figure The 47: generation The generation ofof municipalmunicipal waste waste per capitaper capita 2007-2013 2007-2013 60

60 KAS-Municipal waste survey 2007-2013

60 KAS-Municipal waste survey 2007-2013 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 67 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

When comparing the volumes of waste disposed in sanitary landfills from 2007 to When 2014,comparing a constant the volumes increase of wasteis noted disposed throughout in sanitary the years.landfills The from only 2007 exception to 2014, occursa constant increasefor is the noted period throughout 2012 tothe 2014, years. whenThe only waste exception disposed occurs in for Kosovo the period landfills 2012 to by 2014, waste when wasteWhen collectiondisposed comparing in companies Kosovothe volumes landfills is slightof wasteby lower waste disposed (Figurecollection in sanitary48). companies The landfills condition is from slight 2007of lowerlandfills to 2014,(Figure in a constantKosovo48). The conditionincreaseis not of is good,landfills noted with throughout in Kosovo leachates theis not years.occurring good, The with only in most leachatesexception of them, occurringoccurs and for failure inthe most period to of compact 2012them, to and 2014, waste failure when to compactwasteto landfillwastedisposed to landfilladministration in Kosovo administration landfills standards. by standards. waste collection companies is slight lower (Figure 48). The condition of landfills in Kosovo is not good, with leachates occurring in most of them, and failure to compact waste30000000 to landfill administration standards.

2500000030000000

2000000025000000

15000000 20000000

ton/years 1000000015000000 ton/years

500000010000000

50000000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

FigureFigure 48. 48. The The landfill landfill wastewaste disposal disposal trends trends in Kosovo in Kosovo 2007- 2007-20132013 Figure 48. The landfill waste disposal trends in Kosovo 2007-2013 The wasteThe management waste management sector is also sector one of is the also sectors one that of the is the sectors source thatof greenhouse is the source gas emissions. of AccordingThegreenhouse waste to datamanagement on gas the emissions. greenhouse sector is also According gas one inventory, of the to sectors datain 2012 thaton the theis thesector’s greenhouse source share of greenhouse of gas greenhouse inventory, gas emissions. gases in was 380According tons CO2 toequivalent, data on the mostly greenhouse from waste gas inventory, generation, in 2012disposal the andsector’s burning. share (Figure of greenhouse 49). gases was 2012 the sector’s share of greenhouse gases was 380 tons CO2 equivalent, mostly 380from tons wasteCO2 equivalent, generation, mostly disposalfrom waste and generation, burning. disposal (Figure and 49). burning. (Figure 49).

214 212214

210212

208210 206208 206 204 204 202 202

Gg CO2 Equivalents 200

Gg CO2 Equivalents 200 198 198 196 196 2010 2011 2012 2013 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 49: Waste sector CO2 emission trends FigureFigure 49: 49: Waste Waste sector sector COCO2 emission trends trends MedicinalMedicinalMedicinal waste waste is waste treatedis treated is in treatedinseven seven plants plants in seven for for sterilization sterilization plants for of of medicinal medicinal sterilization waste, locatedof medicinal inin main main regions regions waste, of of Kosovo.Kosovo.located In 2014,In 2014, in themain the total regionstotal amount amount of ofKosovo. of treated treated In medicinal medicinal2014, the wastewaste total inin amount thesethese centre of treated isis 417,822.8417,822.8 medicinal kg, kg, with with a a monthlymonthly average average of of34,526.8 34,526.8 kg. kg. The The largest largest volume volume ofof thesethese wasteswastes was treated inin PrishtinaPrishtina plant, plant, Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 68 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

waste in these centre is 417,822.8 kg, with a monthly average of 34,526.8 kg. The largest volume of these wastes was treated in Prishtina plant, totalling 164,739 kg, with the smallest volume in Gjakova plant at 1,779.9 kg. The plant in Gjakova is totallingperiodically 164,739 outkg, with of order, the smallest which volum resultede in Gjakovain the smaller plant at quantity1,779.9 kg. of The treated plant inwaste. Gjakova is periodically out of order, which resulted in the smaller quantity of treated waste. According to a survey of the Kosovo Statistical Agency, the quantity of industrial Accordingwaste togenerated a survey ofin Kosovothe Kosovo saw Statistical a decline Agency, in the therecent quantity years. of Whileindustrial in 2010,waste 580,154generated in Kosovotons saw were a decline generated, in the inrecent 2013 years. the quantity While in 2010,of industrial 580,154 tonswaste were decreased generated, almost in 2013 by the quantityhalf, ofat industrial 302,205 waste tons. decreased (Figure 50). almost by half, at 302,205 tons. (Figure 50).

700000 600000 500000 400000

ton ton 300000 200000 100000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013

FigureFigure 50: 50:The The generation generation ofof thethe industrial industrial waste waste 2010-2014 2010-201461 61

DespiteDespite the initiatives the initiatives and individual and individualprojects in Kosovo, projects there in isKosovo, no general there system is no for general recycling, system reusing or treatingfor recycling, waste. reusing In order or to treating improve thewaste. waste In managementorder to improve system, the it iswaste recommended management that, in additionsystem, to implementing it is recommended Strategies that,and Plans, in addition work should to implementing also be done to strengthen Strategies central and andPlans, local institutionswork should as well alsoas waste be done management to strengthen companies central to develop and localand implement institutions projects, as planswell asand programmeswaste management for recycling, treating companies and reusing to develop waste and and promote implement awareness. projects, plans and programmes for recycling, treating and reusing waste and promote awareness.

Additional references and sources: Internet sources: Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

 Report, Status of waste and chemicals in Kosovo 2014, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net/raporte • Report, Status of waste and chemicals in Kosovo www.ammk-rks.net/raporte  Waste management strategy 2013-2022 www.mmph-rks.org 2014, KEPA www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi  Municipal waste survey 2007-2013, KAS www.mmph-rks.org  Industrial• Waste waste management survey 2010-2013, strategy KAS 2013-2022 www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi • Municipal waste survey 2007-2013, KAS

• Industrial waste survey 2010-2013, KAS

61 Industrial Waste Survey 2010-2013, KAS

61 Industrial Waste Survey 2010-2013Kosovo, KAS Environmental Protection Agency 69 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 4.5. Biodiversity Biodiversity is a very complex notion, which encompasses the set of species and ecosystems in a region or globally, i.e. biodiversity represents the diversity of live on Earth. Geographical position, geological, pedological and hydrological factors, relief and climate are some of the factors that allowed Kosovo to enjoy a rich biological and landscape diversity. The most important strategic document for protection of biodiversity in Kosovo is the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2020. It sets long-term goals for protection of biodiversity and landscape diversity, natural protection values as well as implementation approaches, in line with overall economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Kosovo62. Other important documents regulating this area include: Forestry Strategy 2010- 2020, Wildlife and Hunting Management Strategy 2012-2022 and Strategy on Non- Timber Forest Products. State of flora and vegetation – although many studies have been conducts on Kosovo flora and vegetation by many national and international authors, no full inventory of flora is available and the exact number of plant species is yet to be determined in Kosovo. According to notes from various authors, it is believed that in Kosovo there are around 2,800 – 3,000 species of vascular flora. 63

Lilium albanicum Polygala doerfleri Plantago gentianoides

Indiscriminate woodcutting, habitat degradation and global climate changes are some of the factors exerting direct impact on various plant and animal species, some of which are at risk of extinction. Important habitat are being damaged and degraded, while ecosystems are destabilized as a consequence of human interferences, especially those close to settlements. In recent years, as a result of rampant woodcutting and forest wildfires, many species are at a risk of losing their habitat, giving ground to invasive alien species that change the floral landscape of ecosystems. 64 62 Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2020 63 The Red Book of Vascular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo, MESP 64 Ibid Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 70 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Although Kosovo’s phytodiversity has been used for centuries, it is concerning that of rampant woodcutting and forest wildfires, many species are at a risk of losing their habitat, giving recently, this use has been rendered irrational and random,64 which may result in ground to invasive alien species that change the floral landscape of ecosystems. unforeseen consequences in the future. Medicinal, aromatic and industrial plants Althoughare being Kosovo’s ravaged, phytodiversity owing has to been reckless used for collection. centuries, it is concerning that recently, this use has been rendered irrational and random, which may result in unforeseen consequences in the future. Medicinal,The Red aromatic Book and of industrialVascular plants Flora are being– with ravaged, the supportowing to reckless of German collection. GIZ and MESP, the TheRed Red Book Book of VascularVascular Flora Flora – with of theKosovo support was of German published GIZ and in MESP, 2013. the The Red publication Book of Vascular helped Florabuild of Kosovoa realistic was published picture in on2013. the The state publication of important helped build species a realistic of vascularpicture on florathe state of ofKosovo, importanttheir level species of ofrisk, vascular main flora factors of Kosovo, and their causes level ofgenerating risk, main factors this and risk. causes generating this risk. The red list of vascular flora of the Republic of Kosova is important as it focuses Theattention red list of vascular of all flora entities of the Republic working of Kosova with isnature important on as the it focuses gravity attention of threat of all to entities biodiversity; workingit lists with species nature in on need the gravity of protective of threat to biodiversity;measures andit lists provides species in information need of protective that may measuresserve asand basisprovides for information further that monitoring. may serve as The basis Red for Bookfurther ismonitoring. important The Red as itBook provides is importantinformation as it provides that informationhelps set thatout helpsprotection set out protection priorities priorities at local at local level level andand buildbuild better bettercooperation cooperation withwith international international environmental environmental organizations. organizations.

Least Extinct (EX) Extinct in the concern (LC) 1% wild (EW) 1% 0% Near threatened (NT) 17%

Vulnerable (VU) Critically endangered 9% (CR) 30%

Endangered (EN) 42%

FigureFigure 51. Graphical Graphical representation representation of the number of the of plant number specifies of that plant fall underspecifies various thatrisk categories fall under various risk categories

This assessment, the first of its kind in Kosovo, found the following about the species of vascular flora in the territory of our country: 61 species categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 86 as Endangered species (EN), 19 in the category of Vulnerable (VU), 34 in the category of Near Threatened (NT) and 35 species in the category of 64 LeastIbid Concern (LC).

State of fauna – in terms of fauna, Kosova has a rich diversity of species, although research in this regard is yet to be completed. The richest fauna areas in Kosovo are all mountain massifs in Kosovo, however, the following may be singled out: Sharri Mountains and Bjeshkët e Nemuna.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 71 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

The overall condition of fauna has deteriorated as a result of increased human presence in their habitat and continued threat of pouching that occurs periodically, especially during weekends in protected areas.

Lacerta viridis Merops apiaster Vulpes vulpes

Deer and wild goats are the most endangered by pouching, while grey bear and wolf have seen good progress. The biggest threat of dwindling numbers and even extinction of lynx comes from quarries in the strict nature reserve “Rusenica”, which represents main habitat of this rare type in National Park “Sharri”. Some species of predator birds are also endangered. It is estimated that in Kosovo there are 250 types of vertebrates, 200 types of butterflies and more than taxa of macrozoobenthos of waters. The exact number of fauna species need to be determined based on inventorying that is planned to be conducted in future, as well as during development of Red Book of Fauna, also part of other projects. In order to protect the biodiversity in Kosovo, the following is recommended: do a study and inventorying of species and habitats, develop the Red List of Fauna of Kosovo, do continues monitoring of the rare and endangered plant and animal species, protect habitat of rare and endangered types as well as prepare professional justification for declaring protected birds and habitats, in line with Natura 2000 environmental network. Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Report, State of Environment 201—2014, KEPA

• Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2020, www.ammk-rks.net/raporte KEPA • The Red Book of Vascular Flora of Kosovo, MESP www.mmph-rks.org 2014 www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi • Preliminary identification of Natura 2000 areas in Kosovo, PMQP 2009 • Kosovo biodiversity, KEPA (www.ammk-rks. net/?page=1,23)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 72 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 4.6. Protected nature areas Protected nature areas are defined as parts of nature, which require special protection in order to preserve biological and landscape diversity due to their vulnerability or due to scientific, cultural ,aesthetic, educational, economic interests or due to other public interests. In order to protect, conserve and manage these natural values in a sustainable manner, the practice of declaring such areas as protected natural areas is a well-known and recognized practice.

In addition to the Law on Protection of Nature and the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2013, important documents in the area of planning and management of protected areas are also the Spatial Plan of the Sharri National Park and Spatial Plan of the Mirusha Waterfalls, as adopted by the Assembly of Kosovo and the Sharri National Park Management Plan, adopted by the MESP. During 2014-2015, the draft Spatial Plan of the Bjeshket e Nemuna National Park was also developed, which is presently under approval procedure. Presently, the number of nature protected areas in Kosovo (2014) is 116 and cover an area of 118,913.95 ha (10.9% of Kosovo area). These areas include: 11 Strict Nature Reserves (river bifurcation on Nerodime, Arneni Reserve, Rops Peak, Rusenica, Kamilja, etj.), 2 National Parks (Sharri NP, Bjeshket e Nemuna NP), 99 nature monuments (Drini i Bardh spring with Radavi Cave, Gadima Cave, Mirusha Waterfall, Rugova Gourges, Drini i Bardh Canyon near Ura e Fshajte, Rrapi Trunk in Marash, etc.), 1 Nature Regional Park (Germia), 2 protected landscapes (Shkugëza and Pishat e Deçanit) and 1 Special Bird Protected Areas (Henci-Radeves wetlands). The largest area of protected areas is made of national parks “Mali Sharr” and “Bjeshket e Nemuna”.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 73 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Table 9. Protected Nature Areas by categories

Category Designation No. Area Share in PZ %

IUCN /ha I Strict Nature Reserves 11 847 0.08

Plant NR 7 Animal NR 2 Hydrological NR 1 Geological NR 1 II National Parks 2 115957 10.6

III Nature Monuments 99 5972 0.5

Speleological NM 9 Hydrological MN 17 Geomorphological NM 7 Botanic NM 66 V Regional Nature Park 1 1126 0.1 V Protected Landscape 2 85 0.007 V Special Bird Protected 1 109 0.009 Area

Total 116 118913.951 10. 90 %1

The full list of the protected areas and detailed information on all of the protected areas can be retrieved from the Report on State of Nature 2011-2014, available on KEPA’s website at www.ammk-rks.net

In 2012, the second National Park of Kosovo was proclaimed, the “Bjeshket e Nemuna” Park at 62,488 ha, along with an expansion to “Sharri” National Park with around 20,000 ha, thereby increasing the protected areas of Kosovo’s territory from 4.4% to 10.9%. A chronology of the expansion of protected areas and their share in the total area of the country in the period from 1980 to 2014 is presented in figure 52.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 74 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 52: the history of proclamation of the protected areas 1980-2014, area (ha) and their share (%) in the total area of Kosovo.

Figure 53: The protected areas by categories

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 75 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 54: Protected Areas map

In order to improve the management of protected areas and their condition, it is recommended that in addition to adopting Spatial and Management Plans, work should be done to ensure marking and digitalization of protected areas, establish management bodies for protected areas, harmonize and categorize protected areas under the Law on Nature Protection and implement national and transboundary projects aimed at nature protection.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 76 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Report, State of Environment 2010—2014, KEPA

• Preliminary identification of Natura 2000 areas in www.ammk-rks.net/raporte Kosovo, PMQP 2009 www.mmph-rks.org • Natural Heritage values in Kosovo. MESP-KINM www.esk.rks-gov.net/mjedisi • Reports on the State of Nature 2007-2007 and 2008- 2009, KEPA

• Study on Proclamation of National Park Bjeshket e Nemuna, KINM 2003

• Spatial Plan of “Sharri” NP, KEPA/ISP

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 77 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 5. Impacts

Due to the changes in the environment, impacts occur, which produce effects in various chains of environmental components, such as, the impact on ecosystem, impact on natural resources and living beings. Because changing the state of the environment occurs, it has effects on different levels of the environmental components, such as, impacts on ecosystems, the impacts on natural resources and impacts on living beings.

5.1. Climate Changes Climate changes undoubtedly represent one of the major challenges to humanity and environment protection in this age. In order to mitigate the impact of and adapt to these changes, actions have been taken and treaties entered into at global level. One of such treaties is the Rio Declaration (1992), which calls for implementation of the concept of sustainable development and Climate Changes Treaty, which entails commitment to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Kyoto

Protocol represents another important step towards reducing the CO2, CH4 , N2O,

HFCs – hydrofluorocarbons and SF6 – sulphur hexafluoride While the global climate has been very stable for the past 10,000 years, ensuring a viable backdrop to development of human civilization, now there are visible signs that the climate is changing. This is widely recognized as one of the biggest challenges to humanity. Measurements of global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouses gases (GHG) indicate significant increases compared to pre-industrial

times, with dioxide carbon levels2 (CO ) exceeding the natural levels of the past

650,000 years by a considerable margin. The concentration of atmospheric CO2 since the pre-industrial times has increased by around 280 ppm, and by 387 ppm in 2008.

In relation to global and European climate change policies, an important consideration for Kosovo is that our country is not a party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), however, as Kosovo aspires to join EU, the bid involves adjustments to conform to EU legislation and its implementation, thus gradually move from a status of developing country to a developed country under the UNFCCC Convention. In view of its young age, the country’s capacities and experience in dealing with climate changes are very limited, due to its grapple with other priorities in the recent years.

As part of its efforts, in 2014, Kosovo developed the Climate Change Strategy, which sets two main objectives: • Kosovo will continue to build capacities to meet its future obligations under UNFCCC and an EU member.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 78 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

• Kosovo will slow down the greenhouse gas emissions through: Increasing energy efficiency across all sectors, develop renewable power sources and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.

Climate changes will increase exposure to risks of draught, floods and forest fires. Therefore, Kosovo will the continue following to build are capacities important to meet facts its future to consider obligations inunder the UNFCCC climate and changean EU discoursemember. in Kosovo:  Kosovo will slow down the greenhouse gas emissions through: Increasing energy efficiency across all • sectors,The climate develop renewable volatility power has sources increased and ensure visiblysustainable in use Kosovo, of natural resources. which is best noted

through increased intensity and frequency of extreme precipitations, such as Climate changes will increase exposure to risks of draught, floods and forest fires. Therefore, the followingtorrential are important rains, facts to consider in the climate change discourse in Kosovo: • Flash floods are becoming ever more common in mountainous areas, while  Theriver climate flooding volatility occurs has increased more visiblyfrequently in Kosovo, in whichlower is bestareas noted and through areas; increased intensity and frequency of extreme precipitations, such as torrential rains, •  FlashKosovo floods has are been becoming hit everby draughtmore common several in mountainous times in areas,the last while two river decadesflooding occurs (1993, more2000, frequently 2007 andin lower 2008). areas and Elevated areas; temperatures, diminished precipitation and  Kosovodecreased has been river hit by flows,draught several combined times in the with last two socio-economic decades (1993, 2000, development2007 and 2008). and Elevatedincreased temperatures, use of water diminished resources precipitation will increase and decreased the exposureriver flows, tocombined risk; with socio- economic development and increased use of water resources will increase the exposure to risk; •  Since 2004, 2004, 80% 80% of Kosovo of Kosovo municipalities municipalities have faced water have shortages faced duewater to hydrological shortages draught due to 65 andhydrological misuse of water draught66. and misuse of water .

900 800 700 600 500 mm 400 300 200 100 0

FigureFigure 55: 55: Precipitation Precipitation 1990- 1990-2014201467 66

6566 ClimateClimate Change Change Strategy Strategy 2014- 2014-2024,2024, MESP MESP 2015 2015 6667 WorldWorld Bank Bank Precipitation Precipitation Data Data 1900-2000 1900-2000 (www.worldbank.org). (www.worldbank.org). Data Data for 2001-2014 for 2001-2014 by KHMI by KHMI

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 79 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

14 12 10 8 C º 6 4 2 0

Figure 56: Air temperatures 1900-201467 Figure 56: Air temperatures 1900-201468

One of the reasons behind climate changes are increased GHG emissions, which Onecome of the mainlyreasons behindas a result climate of changesfossil fuel are increasedburning, GHGbut emissions,also due towhich deforestation, come mainly as use a result of of fossilland fuel and burning, agriculture. but also due to deforestation, use of land and agriculture.

AccordingAccording to data to on data Report on on Report Greenhouse on Greenhouse Gas Inventory Gas 2012, Inventory total volume 2012, of greenhouse total volume emissions of greenhouse emissions in Kosovo in 2012 was 9.5 Mt CO equivalent (9,526.74 tons). in Kosovo in 2012 was 9.5 Mt CO2 equivalent (9,526.74 tons). 2The energy sector is the largest contributorThe energy of the sector greenhouse is the gas largest emissions, contributor with a total of share the greenhouseof 87%. In the gasenergy emissions, sector, the with power industrya total accounts share for of most 87%. emissions In the energyat 75%, sector,with road the adding power 12% industry of total emissionsaccounts of for the most energy sector.emissions The agriculture, at 75%, forestry with road and landadding use 12%sector of accounts total emissions for 8% of totalof the greenhouse energy sector. gas emissions The agriculture, forestry and land use sector accounts for 8% of total greenhouse gas at national level, waste sector at 4%, while industrial processes and use of products is the sector with emissions at national level, waste sector at 4%, while industrial processes and use the lowest share at only 1% of total emissions. (Figure 57). Main categories of greenhouse gas emissions of products is the sector with the lowest share at only 1% of total emissions. (Figure for 2012, according to IPCC, were presented in Table 10. Compared to previous years, the level of GHG 57). Main categories of greenhouse gas emissions for 2012, according to IPCC, were emissions remains almost the same. presented in Table 10. Compared to previous years, the level of GHG emissions remains almost the same.

68 World Bank Data on Temperature 1900-2000 (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo).Data 2001-2014 from KHMI 67 World Bank Data on Temperature 1900-2000 (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo).Data 2001-2014 from KHMI

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 80 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

1% 4% 8%

Energy AFOLU IPPU Waste

87%

Figure 57: Greenhouse Gas Emissions (%) by sectors in 2012 Figure 57: Greenhouse Gas Emissions (%) by sectors in 2012

Table 10: The main (key) categories of greenhouse gas emissions according to IPCC for Table 10: The main (key) categories of greenhouse2012 gas emissions according to IPCC for 2012 IPCC Category 2012 Ex, t (Gg CO IPCC Category Greenhouse Gas 2 Code Eq) IPCC Category 2012 Ex, t (Gg 1.A.1 Energy industry – solid fuelIPCC Category CarbonGreenhouse dioxide Gas(CO2) 6171.82 Code CO2 Eq) 1.A.3.b Road transportation Carbon dioxide (CO2) 996.94 1.A.1 Energy industry – solid fuel Carbon dioxide (CO2) 6171.82 3.A.1 Enteric livestock fermentation Methane (CH4) 494.95 1.A.3.b Road transportation Carbon dioxide (CO2) 996.94 1.A.2 3.A.1Use of liquid Enteric fuel in livestock production fermentation and construction Carbon Methane dioxide (CH ) (CO2) 494.95365.43 industry 4 1.A.2 Use of liquid fuel in production and Carbon dioxide (CO2) 365.43 1.A.4 Other energyconstruction sectors – liquid industry fuels Carbon dioxide (CO2) 256.50 4.A Solid waste disposal Methane (CH4) 226.89 1.A.4 Other energy sectors – liquid fuels Carbon dioxide (CO2) 256.50 1.A.2 Use of solid fuel in production and construction Carbon dioxide (CO2) 202.04 4.A Solid waste disposal Methane (CH4) 226.89 industry 1.A.2 Use of solid fuel in production and Carbon dioxide (CO2) 202.04 3.B.1.a Forest land that remained forest land (preserved Carbon dioxide (CO2) -39.21 forest land)construction industry 3.B.1.a Forest land that remained forest land Carbon dioxide (CO2) -39.21 2.A.1 Cement production(preserved forest land) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 83.99 1.A.4 2.A.1Other energy Cement sectors production – solid fuels CarbonCarbon dioxide dioxide (CO (CO2)2) 83.9979.51

3.C.4 1.A.4Direct N2O Otheremissions energy from sectors soil/land – solid management fuels CarbonNitrogen dioxide Oxide (CO (N22O)) 79.5178.99 3.C.5 Indirect N O emissions from soil/land management Nitrogen Oxide (N O) 75.19 3.C.42 Direct N2O emissions from soil/land Nitrogen Oxide (N2O)2 78.99 3.C.3 Applicationmanagement of UREA in agriculture Carbon dioxide (CO2) 68.84 3.C.5 Indirect N O emissions from soil/land Nitrogen Oxide (N O) 75.19 2 2 Total GHG for year 2012 inmanagement all categories 9526.74 3.C.3 Application of UREA in agriculture Carbon dioxide (CO ) 68.84 2 Compared to other countries in Europe, Kosovo has the lowest emission rate per capita (5.4 t CO2 equivalent in 2012). Greenhouse gas emissions per capita is lower than the EU average, which is slightly Total GHG for higher than the global average (figure 58). year 2012 in

all categories 9526.74

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 81 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Compared to other countries in Europe, Kosovo has the lowest emission rate per

capita (5.4 t CO2 equivalent in 2012). Greenhouse gas emissions per capita is lower than the EU average, which is slightly higher than the global average (figure 58).

Figure 58: CO2 emissions (ton equivalent) per capita in Kosovo, compared to some countries in the region, Europe, EU, the world

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Report, Greenhouse Gas Inventory in Kosovo 2012, KEPA www.ammk-rks.net

• Greenhouse gas emissions in Kosovo ,2008-2009, UNDP www.mmph-rks.org

• Report on the state of environment, 2011-2012, KEPA www.ks.undp.org

• Climate Changes Strategy 2014-2024, KEPA www.ecranetwork.org

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 82 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 5.2. Public Health 5.2.Health Public is not Health defined as the absence of disease, but also the welfare of individuals, such as, physical, mental, social and environmental dimension. The state of environment affects the health of population to a large degree. There is a range Healthof environmental is not defined as factorsthe absence that of adversely disease, but affect also the the welfare public of individualshealth such, such as asquality, physical, mental,of water social and and air, environmental waste management, dimension. etc. The For state example, of environment the production affects the of fossil-health of populationfuel based to a powerlarge degree. increases There the is a rangeenvironmental of environmental impact factors on public that adversely health, affectespecially the public healthincreased such as numbers quality of of water respiratory and air, diseases,waste management, with many etc. other For diseasesexample, theoccurring production as of fossila result-fuel based of lack power of proper increases water the andenvironmental sanitation impact services. on publicExposure health, to especiallyenvironmental increased numbersfactors of surrounding respiratory diseases, us include with biological many other (viruses, diseases bacteria, occurring etc.), as a chemicalresult of lack (organic of proper waterand and non-organic sanitation composition),services. Exposure and to environmentalphysical factors factors (noise, surrounding radiation, us includeetc.), butbiological also (viruses,other bacteria, factors etc.),that chemicaljeopardize (organic the andpublic non health-organic andcomposition), produce and various physical contagious factors (noise, radiation,and chronical etc.), but diseases. also other factors that jeopardize the public health and produce various contagious and chronical diseases. It is clear that environmental pollution causes serious problems to public health, It issuch clear as: that diarrheic, environmental respiratory, pollution cardiac, causes skinserious and problems other disease, to public premature health, such death as: diarrheic,and respiratory,other diseases. cardiac, skin Figure and other59 indicates disease, prematurea constant death rise and of diarrheicother diseases. diseases Figure in 59 Kosovo indicates a constantin the rise period of diarrheic from diseases 2002 to in 2014.Kosovo Thein the diagram period from excludes 2002 to the2014. year The diagram 2013, as excludes most the yearmunicipalities 2013, as most municipalities failed to report failed theirto report data their for datathe forperiod. the period.

80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

68 FigureFigure 59: 59:Diarrheic Diarrheic diseases diseases in KosovoKosovo 2002-2014 2002-201469

OneOne of theof thepublic public health health indicators indicators is also lifeis also expectancy life expectancy at birth. According at birth. toAccording the World to Bank, the life expectancyWorld Bank, in Kosovo life expectancyincreased in thein Kosovo period from increased 1999 to in 2013. the periodThis indirectly from 1999speaks to to 2013. improved livingThis conditions indirectly and speaks the environment. to improved In 2013, living life conditions expectancy atand work the wasenvironment. 70 years compared In 2013, to 67 life expectancy at work was 70 years compared to 67 years in 1999 (figure 60). However, compared to other countries of the region, life expectancy in Kosovo is lower (Serbia 74.5, Montenegro 74.6, Macedonia 74.8, Albania 76.9 and Croatia 76.6). 69

68 Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetit Publik, 2015 69 Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetit Publik, 2015 69 Human development report in Kosovo 2012, UNDP

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 83 years in 1999 (figure 60). However, compared to other countries of the region, life expectancy in Kosovo State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report is lower (Serbia 74.5, Montenegro 74.6, Macedonia 74.8, Albania 76.9 and Croatia 76.6). 70

72 years71 in 1999 (figure 60). However, compared to other countries of the region, life expectancy in Kosovo is lower (Serbia 74.5, Montenegro 74.6, Macedonia 74.8, Albania 76.9 and Croatia 76.6). 70 70 69 72 71 68 70 67 69

66 68 65 67 1999 2003 2005 2009 2013 66 65 71 70 1999 FigureFigure2003 60. LifeLife expectancy expectancy2005 at atbirth birth2009 2013

The numberThe numberof normal of deaths normal may deaths alsoFigure be may 60.used Life also asexpectancy an be indicator usedat birth 71 asof anpattern indicator of developments of pattern in public of health. developmentsBased on Statistics in Agency public data, health. the Basedtrend saw on fluctuations Statistics in Agencythe period data, 200 — the2013. trend From 2002 saw to 2006,fluctuationsThe a continuous number of normalincreasin the deathse ofperiod the may number also200—2013. be ofused deaths as From an wasindicator 2002 noted, ofto pattern followed 2006, of a developments bycontinuous a decline in public2007increase -2008, health. Based on Statistics Agency data, the trend saw fluctuations in the period 200—2013. From 2002 to only ofincrease the number in 2012. ofIn 2013,deaths the was number noted, of deaths followed has risenby a againdecline relative in 2007-2008, to previous year.to only (Figure to 2006, a continuous increase of the number of deaths was noted, followed by a decline in 2007-2008, 61). increase in 2012. In 2013, the number of deaths has risen again relative to previous year.to only (Figure increase in61). 2012. In 2013, the number of deaths has risen again relative to previous year. (Figure 61). 9000 8000 9000 8000 7000 7000 6000 6000 5000 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 2000 2000 1000 1000 0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 61: Number of deaths in Kosovo 2002 - 2013 FigureFigure 61: 61: NumberNumber ofof deaths deaths in in Kosovo Kosovo 2002 2002 - 2013 - 2013 In order to enhance the quality of life and public health, one of the important institutional measures In orderIninvolves to order enhance improved to enhancethe sanitationquality the of conditions. life quality and Topublic of this life end,health, and in publicthe one period of health, the since important the one end of of institutional thethe war, important Kosovo measures involvesinstitutional improved sanitation measures conditions. involves To improvedthis end, insanitation the period sinceconditions. the end To of this the war,end, inKosovo the period since the end of the war, Kosovo made continues investment. According to 70 Human development report in Kosovo 2012, UNDP Reports71 of utility companies, in companies’ service areas, sewerage coverage in World Bank data (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo) 70 2013 was at 60%, an increase of more than 10% relative to last year. (Figure 62). Human development report in Kosovo 2012, UNDP 71 World Bank data (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo)

70 World Bank data (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 84 Faqe 61

Faqe 61

Figure 45: Biochemical oxygen consumption (mg O2/l) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations) State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Faqe 85 Figure 45: Biochemical oxygen consumption (mg O2/l) in surface water (2008-2014); (brackets indicate the number of sampling stations)

Faqe 85

FigureFigure 62. 62. Sewerage Sewerage network coverage coverage (%), (%), 2002-2012 2002-2012

The water supply network coverage is 82%, an increase of 4% relative to last year. (Figure 62) Figure 62. Sewerage network coverage (%), 2002-2012

Figure 63. Water supply network coverage (%), 2002-2012

Figure 63. Water supply network coverage (%), 2002-2012 Figure 63. Water supply network coverage (%), 2002-2012

In order to improve the public health in general, but also assess the impact on environment on public health, more detailed research is recommended on impact of the air, water and land pollution on public health. It is also necessary to gather information and special data on the number of contagious and environment-based diseases and produce regular reports on quality of potable water, which should be made available to the public. It is necessary to invest and improve the quality of potable water and its regular monitoring, while the use of new technologies in energy and industry as well as adoption of renewable energy sources will also affect the quality of air and public health. Rehabilitation of polluted areas is a persisting challenge.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 85 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Report on State of Air in Kosovo, KEPA 2013 www.ammk-rks.net

• Report on the state of environment, 2011-2012, KEPA www.wwro.org

• Utilities performance reports 2013, WWRO www.ks.undp.org • Country Environmental Analysis (cost assessment of environmental degradation, institutional review and www.worldbank.org public environmental expenditure review) the World Bank www.ask.rks-gov.net/shendetsia

• Health Statistics 2013, KAS www.niph-kosova.org/

• Human Development Report 2010, UNDP

• National Institute of Public Health 6. Response/Measures taken

Responses refer to reactions from groups (or individuals) in the society, as well as, by government, these actions aimed at prevention, compensation, upgrading or adapting to changes in the state of the environment. Some of the reactions of the society can be considered as a negative driving force for the fact that they aim to change the trends in the process of consumption and production patterns. Others aim to increase the efficiency of products and processes, through stimulation, development and use of clean technologies. The examples of the indicators of response are achieving recycling rates of municipal waste or (quantity) increase the number of cars with the catalyst. Another indicator frequently used to indicate feedback or response to changing environmental conditions is a description of environmental investments

Responses refer to responses from groups (or individuals) in society, including Government, with action aimed at preventing, compensating, improving or adjusting to changes in the state of environment. Some of the society’s responses may also be deemed as detrimental driving forces as they tend to change the trends in the consumption process and production models. Others yet aim at improving the efficiency of products and processes by encouraging, developing or deploying clean technologies. Examples of such response indicators include increased municipal waste recycling rates or increased (quantity) of number of cars equipped with catalytic converters. Another frequent indicator used to analyse reactions or responses to changes of the state of environment is description of environmental investments.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 86 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 6.1. Legislation Developing environmental legislation and other related legislation, as well as associated by-laws and their implementation is a key measure undertaken by the Kosovo institution in order to improve the state of environment and prevention of pollution by introducing environmental regulations, standards, principles, procedures and norms. Seen from this aspect, Kosova has a better environmental legislative infrastructure, although their implementation in practice calls for a more comprehensive engagement. Notwithstanding, Kosova has a specific law on climate changes, although this issue is regulated to a certain extent under other laws, such as the Law on environment protection, Law on Air and other laws. There is also no Law on Eco-fund, which would help establish a special environmental fund for projects aimed at improving the environment. The following table lists the main environmental laws and some other laws that regulate specific issues related to environment.

Table 11: Legal environmental sector

Law Purpose of the Law Law on Environment The purpose of this law is to promote creating a healthy Protection (No. 03/L- environment of the people of Kosovo with gradual 025) adoption of EU environmental standards.

Law on waste The purpose of this law is to: avoid and reduce, to the (No. 04/L-060) extent possible, waste generation; use of reusable components, prevent adverse impacts on waste and health and final waste storage in an environment-friendly manner. Law on Kosovo This law aims to provide for development and sustainable Waters (No. 04/L- use of water resources, necessary for public health, 147) environment and socio-economic development of the Republic of Kosovo;

Law on Spatial The purpose of this law is to ensure sustainable Planning (No. 04/L- development and balanced spatial planning throughout 174) the territory of Kosovo as a common national asset through good governance, adequate use of land, protection of environment and cultural and natural heritage.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 87 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Law on Water, This law regulates the principles, organization and Spatial Planning supervisory inspections, coordination of supervisory and Construction inspections, rights, obligations and authority of inspectors, Inspectorate (No. 04/ rights, obligations and supervisees, procedures for L-175) supervisory inspections and other issues related to supervisory inspections.

Law on Chemicals The purpose of this law is to ensure appropriate (No. 04/L-197) management of hazardous chemicals, protect from and decrease the potential risk of chemicals, which may affect and cause adverse effects for human health and environment. Law on amendment This law defines Kosovo Forests as national resource, and addenda to Law therefore aims to ensure they are managed in a way that on Kosovo Forests provides good yield while protection their biodiversity for (No. 03/L-153) the benefit of current and future generations.

(Nr.2003/3) Law on hydro- This law aims to regulate hydro-meteorological operations meteorological and the manner of their implementation. operations (No. 02/L- 79) Law on public health The law defines the public health as an autonomous (No. 02/L-78) discipline dealing with identification and resolution of all community issues in terms of health, disease prevention, investigation of disease etymology, promote health, health education and social issues. Law on Utilities This law aims to regulate the work of all utility provides, Services (No. 03/L- both public and private, and defines standards of services. 086) Law on Nature This Law regulates protection of nature and its sustainable Protection (No. 03/L- use. 233) Law on “Bjeshket e This Law defines the territory of the Bjeshket e Nemuna Nemuna” National (Accursed Mountains) as a spatial entity, distinguished Park (No. 04/L-086) by natural values and rarities, considerable number of important forest ecosystems and other preserved ecosystems, endemic and relic types, with rich geo- morphological, hydrological and landscape properties, important to science, education, culture, leisure, tourism, which contribute to economic development in an environment-friendly manner.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 88 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Law on “Sharri” This law defines the territory of Sharri mountains as a National Park (No. spatial entity, distinguished by natural values and rarities, 04/L-087) considerable number of important forest ecosystems and other preserved ecosystems, endemic and relic types, with rich geo-morphological, hydrological and landscape properties, important to science, education, culture, leisure, tourism, which contribute to economic development in an environment-friendly manner. Law on Hunting (No. The purpose of the law is to protect the integrity of 03/L-53) ecosystem and ecological balance, ensure adequate protection of wildlife, promote welfare and conditions for economic use of resources, provide safety of and ethical standards for hunting activities. Law on Environmental The purpose of this law is to prevent and decrease Impact Assessment adverse impacts of public and private projects, thereby (No. 03/L-214) contributing to protecting and improving the environment, human health and enhance the quality of life.

Law on Strategic The purpose of this law is to ensure high degree of Environmental protection of environment and human health through Assessment (No. 03/ strategic environmental assessment of plans and L-015) programmes. Law on biocidal The main purpose of this law is to establish and regulate products (No. 03/L- conditions for introduction and use of active substances 119) on the market, used for production of biocides in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo in order to ensure protection of human and animal health as well asthe environment. Law on Road and This law regulates the road tax for vehicles registered Ecological Vehicular in the Republic of Kosovo and introduces an ecological Tax (No. 04/L-117) tax for vehicles registered both in Kosovo and abroad. Ecological tax aims to enhance the quality of environment protection. The Criminal Code Chapter XXVIII, i.e. Articles 347 to 364 cover criminal of the Republic of acts against environment, animals, plants and cultural Kosovo (No. 04/L- buildings. 082)

In addition to developing environmental legislation, care has been taken to approximation of national environmental legislation to Europe. The European Commission has been monitoring the progress of approximation of Kosovo’s environmental legislation to EU and its implementation. The overall rate of

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 89 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

transposition of EU directives into national legislation is at 60%, although some environmental directives have been transposed to 100% (e.g. Directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment), however, there are some with transposition rate of 0% (.e.g Directive on bathing water). The following table contains a summary of main EU directives on environment as well as the level of their transposition into the national environmental legislation.

Table 12: Transposition of EU directives into national environmental legislation

Area EU Directive Transposition rate as of 20142 Horizontal Directive on EIA (85/337/EEC) 100% legislature Directive on SEA (2001/42/EC) 100%

Directive on environmental information (2003/4/ 65% EC) Directive on public participation (2003/35/EC) 100% Directive INSPIRE (2007/2/EC) 78%

Directive on Environmental Crimes (2008/99/EC) 53%

Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC) 84%

Air Quality Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) 91%

Directive on arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and 98% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (2004/107/EC 4th Daughter Directive) NEC Directive, national air emissions ceilings 11% (2001/81/EC NEC Directive) Directive on Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels 27% (1999/32/EC) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC ) Solvents 98% Directive (94/63/EC) Directive on Stage II petrol vapour recovery during 30% refuelling - 2009/126/EU)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 90 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Waste Framework Directive on Waste (2008/98/EC) 80% Manage- ment Waste Batteries Directive (2006/66/EC) 40%

Directive on packaging and packaging waste 87% (94/62/EC) Directive on PCB/PCT – polychlorinated biphe- 66% nyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) (96/59/EC PCB/PCT). Directive on end-of-life vehicles (2000/53/EC) 100% Directive on Landfills (99/31/EC) 100%

Directive on restriction of the use of certain 50% hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (2001/65/EU) Directive on waste electrical and electronic equip- 46% ment (2012/19/EU) Directive on mining waste management (2006/21/ 91% EC Mining Waste)

Water Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) 49% Quality Directive on Urban Wastewater Treatment 44% 991/271/EEC) Directive on groundwater (2006/118/EC) 36%

Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC) 87%

Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) 25%

Directive on Bathing Waters (2006/7/EC) 0%

Directive on water quality standards (2008/105/EC) 4% Directive on flood risk assessment and manage- 12% ment (2007/60/EC) Directive on technical specification for chemical 7% analysis and monitoring of water status (2009/90/ EC)

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 91 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Nature Directive on wild birds (79/409/EEC) 100% Protection Directive on habitats (92/43/EC) 100%

Directive on keeping of wild animals in zoos 80% (1999/22/EC) Control of Industrial emissions directive (2010/75/EU) 69% Industrial Directive Seveso III on control of major industrial 27% Pollution accidents (2012/18/EU) Directive on emissions of volatile organic com- 25% pounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products (2004/42/EC) Chemicals Directive on classification, labelling and packaging 65% of dangerous substances (67/548/EEC) Asbestos Directive (87/217/EEC) 82%

Biocides Directive 98/8/EC) 84% Noise Ambient Noise Directive (2002/49/EC) 74%

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Ministry of Environment and www.mmph-rks.org Spatial Planning www.kuvendikosoves.org • The Assembly of Kosovo www.gzk-rks.net • Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htm

• European Commission

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 92 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

6.2. Environmental Strategies and Plans In addition to legal measures, in order to ensure protection of environment and relevant environmental sectors and with the view of more effective implementation of long-term environmental policies, the Kosovo institutions have developed appropriate strategies, plans and programmes. The following table represents national Strategies, Plans and Programmes for the environment and specific environment sectors, for protected areas and areas of special importance, but also national development strategies and plans, which produce direct impact onthe environment, or otherwise aim to mitigate the impact.

Table 13: Strategies, Plans and Programmes in the environmental and associated sectors

Strategy/Plan Validity Status Responsible period institution

Kosovo Environment 2013-2022 Adopted by the Ministry of Strategy and Action Plan Government of Environment (review and update) the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Biodiversity Strategy and 2011-2022 Adopted by the Ministry of Action Plan Government of Environment the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Air Quality Strategy 2013- 2013-2022 Adopted by the Ministry of 2022 Assembly of Environment the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Action Plan on 2013-2017 Adopted by the Ministry of implementation of the Air Assembly of Environment Quality Strategy the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Strategy of the Republic 2013-2022 Adopted by the Ministry of of Kosovo on Waste Government of Environment Management the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Action Plan on 2013-2017 Adopted by the Ministry of implementation of the Government of Environment Waste Management the Republic of and Spatial Strategy Kosovo Planning

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 93 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Kosovo Climate Change 2014-2024 Adopted by Ministry of Strategy the Ministry of Environment Environment and and Spatial Spatial Planning Planning National Water Strategy 2015-202 Document Ministry of submitted for Environment approval to the and Spatial Government of Planning the Republic of Kosovo Surface and Ground Water 2014-2015 Adopted by Ministry of Monitoring Programme the Ministry of Environment Environment and and Spatial Spatial Planning Planning Kosovo Spatial Plan 2010-2020+ Adopted by the Ministry of – Kosovo Spatial Assembly of Environment Development Strategy the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning “Sharri” National Park 2013-2022 Adopted by the Ministry of Spatial Plan Assembly of Environment the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Spatial Plan on Nature 2014-2023 Adopted by the Ministry of Monument of Special Assembly of Environment Importance “Mirusha the Republic of and Spatial Waterfalls” Kosovo Planning Spatial Plan for Protected 2014-2023 Adopted by the Ministry of Area of Special Importance Assembly of Environment “Beteja e Koshares” the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning Spatial Plan for Special 2014-2023 Adopted by the Ministry of Interest Area “UCK General Assembly of Environment Headquarters, Kleçkë and the Republic of and Spatial Divjakë” Kosovo Planning Spatial Plan for Special 2010-2020 Adopted by the Ministry of Interest Area “New Mining Assembly of Environment Field” the Republic of and Spatial Kosovo Planning

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 94 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

“Sharri” National Park 2015-2024 Adopted by Ministry of Management Plan the Ministry of Environment Environment and and Spatial Spatial Planning Planning Kosovo Energy Strategy 2009-2018 Adopted by the Ministry of Government of Economic the Republic of Development Kosovo National Action Plan on 2013-2020 Adopted by the Ministry of Renewable Energy Sources Government of Economic the Republic of Development Kosovo National Energy Efficiency 2013-2015 Adopted by the Ministry of Plan Government of Economic the Republic of Development Kosovo Republic of Kosovo Heating 2011-2018 Adopted by the Ministry of Strategy Government of Economic the Republic of Development Kosovo Kosovo Mining Strategy 2012-2025 Adopted by the Ministry of Assembly of Economic the Republic of Development Kosovo Forestry Development 2010-2020 Adopted by the Ministry of Strategy Government of Agriculture, the Republic of Forestry Kosovo and Rural Development Land Consolidation 2010-2020 Adopted by the Ministry of Strategy Government of Agriculture, the Republic of Forestry Kosovo and Rural Development Climate Protection Strategy 2013-2020 Draft of the Ministry of in Kosovo’s Forestry Sector Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture, Forestry Forestry and Rural and Rural Development Development

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 95 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

National Agriculture and 2010-2013 Adopted by Ministry of Rural Development Plan the Ministry Agriculture, of Agriculture, Forestry Forestry and Rural and Rural Development Development Multimode Transport 2012-2021 Adopted by the Ministry of Strategy and Action Plan Government of Infrastructure the Republic of Kosovo

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Ministry of Environment and Spatial www.mmph-rks.org Planning www.kuvendikosoves.org • The Assembly of Kosovo www.kryeministri-ks.net • Office of the Prime Minister of the Government of Kosovo

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 96 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 6.3. Environmental Monitoring In order to ensure continued monitoring of the condition of environment and environmental media, Kosovo has an environment monitoring system, which is made of specific monitoring networks and other forms of monitoring based on standard methodologies, surveillance and regular monitoring visits. Special monitoring networks include air quality monitoring, surface water monitoring network and hydrometric network. Monitoring greenhouse gases is based on standard methodology, while monitoring protected areas or landfills is based more on observations and monitoring visits. More detailed data on current monitoring system, types of monitoring, frequency and parameters (indicators under monitoring are presented in the table below).

Table 14: Current environmental monitoring system in Kosovo Type of Composition Frequency Parameters monitoring of monitoring / indicators network subject to monitoring

Air quality 12 automatic Continuous measurement Sulphur dioxide

monitoring and 1 mobile (24/7) SO2, carbon station monoxide CO, Nitrogen dioxide

NO2, Oarea

O3, suspended particles PM10, suspended particles 2.5. Monitoring river 54 sampling 18 reference stations with 10 physical water quality points in 4 river measurements occurring parameters, (surface waters) basins (23 Drini i biennially, 36 other stations 39 chemical Bardhë, 18 Ibri, 6 with monthly measurements. parameters and Morava e Binçës 8 heavy metals. and 7 Lepenci)

Monitoring Monitoring Project and request-based. Chemical ground waters through projects parameters, and several physical RWCs parameters and heavy metals.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 97 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring on request by Based on emissions and on request by environmental inspection purpose of water discharge environmental request and inspection applicable standards. Monitoring river 22 hydrometric Levels in hydrometric stations Level (h), water quantities stations and 2 measured continuously quantity (Q) and – hydrometric flood warning (24/7) while inflow 1-2 times river profile network stations annual. Measurements in flood warning stations done in real time. Monitoring Prepare Update inventory on annual Greenhouse

greenhouse gases greenhouse gas basis gases (CO2, CH4,

inventory by N2O, HFCs, PFCs,

IPCC sectors SF6) from the following sectors: energy, industrial processes and use of products, agriculture, forestry and use of land, waste Soil/land Monitoring Project and request-based. Presence of monitoring through projects heavy metals and organic polluters in sampled points Waste monitoring Monitoring and Monitoring visits at least Management, assessment twice a year. compacting, of landfills, coverage and including management regional, of landfill hospital and leachate and other impact on environment.

Self-monitoring Monitoring by Daily, monthly and periodic, Air and water by economic KEK, NewCo depending on parameters emissions, water operators Feronikeli and usage, etc. Sharrcemi

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 98 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Monitoring of Monitoring the Monitoring condition at least 2 national parks, protected areas national network once per year in each area, 99 natural of protected illegal interventions, natural monuments, 1 areas (105 values. regional natural protected areas) park, 2 protected landscapes and 1 special protected bird habitat Monitoring of Monitoring Cameras register movements Lynx, wild goat, biodiversity (rare endangered of animals and are grey bear, flora and fauna fauna species occasionally checked for any capercaillie, etc. species) through trap- recordings they may have cameras captured

Monitoring 5 meteorological 5 meteorological / Air temperature, meteorological / climatological stations take air pressure, conditions measurements 3-6 times humidity, wind climatological per day. Two meteorological direction and stations stations take measurements speed, visibility, in real time. insolation, precipitation, altitude and types of clouds, weather forecasts.

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency / KEPA www.ammk-rks.net

• Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning / MESP www.mmph-rks.org

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 99 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 6.4. Investments in environment Investment in environment is one of the direct forms of environment protection, remedy an environmental condition and prevent adverse environmental impact. The Government of Kosovo directed the largest portion of its investments in environment through the budget of the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. Additionally, municipalities and other institutions direct a part of project funding to environment projects.

Analysis of budget of Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning for the period 2012-2015 indicates a continued decline of the total budget and capital investments in environment. While environmental capital investments in 2012 were over 60 million euros, in 2015, they decreased to 35 million euros (Figure 64). This, to a certain extent, may be justified by decrease of expropriation budget, which in 2012 was larger due to expropriations carried out for highway construction and due to establishment of Agency for Protection Against Radiation and Nuclear Safety as independent agency, previously under MESP and establishment of Agency for Management of Memorial Complexes, which inherited a part of the budget for these memorials, previously managed by MESP.

Figure 64: Total MESP budget and capital expenditure budget71

According to Donor Activity Report 2012-2013, developed by Ministry of European Integrations, the largest portion of capital projects in the environment sector were supported by the Central Budget of Kosovo with around 67% or 103,730,00 Euros, with donor community contributing the remaining 33%, or 50,292,397 Euros.

In 2012, Central Budget of Kosovo funded 72% of capital environmental projects or 64,380,000 euros, while donor community contributed with 28% or 25,195,536 Euros, while in 2013, the Central Budget of Kosovo supported 61% (39,350,000 Euros) of environmental projects, and 39% (25,096,860 Euros) from donor donor community (Figure 65).

71 Ministry of Finance www.mf.rks-gov.net

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 100 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report Kosovo supported 61% (39,350,000 Euros) of environmental projects, and 39% (25,096,860 Euros) from

Kosovo budget Donors Total

€180 €160

Milion €140 €120 €100 €80 €60 €40 €20 €0 2012 2013 2012+2013

Figure 65: Capital investment in environmental sector from Central Budget of Kosovo and donor community for the Figure 65: Capital investment in environmental sector74 from Central Budget of Kosovo and donor communityperiod for 2012- the 2013period 2012-201372 Projects funded by the Central Budget of Kosovo were focused in the spatial planning, housing and Projects funded by the Central Budget of Kosovo were focused in the spatial planning, construction sector at 59,765,000€ in 2012 and and 39,350,000€ in 2013, while donor projects were housing and construction sector at 59,765,000€ in 2012 and and 39,350,000€ in oriented2013, in whilethe Environment donor projects Protection were andoriented Water in Sanitation the Environment Sectors with Protection 13,374,150€ and in 2012Water and 19,571,857€Sanitation in 2013. Sectors with 13,374,150€ in 2012 and 19,571,857€ in 2013.

LargestLargest donors donors in this in period this period was the was European the European Commission Commission Office with Office 10.7 million€ with 10.7(5.6 millionmillion€ € in 2012(5.6 and million 5.2 million € in € 2012 in 2013), and the5.2 Governmentmillion € in of2013), Luxemburg the Government with 7.5 million of Luxemburg € (5 million with€ in 2012 and 7.52.5 million in € 2013),(5 million USAID € within 2012 3.6 millionand 2.5 € millionin 2012, inGerman 2013), Government USAID with with 3.6 6.1 million million € € in 2013.in 2012, German Government with 6.1 million € in 2013.

In theIn long the- term,long-term, one of theone sectors of the with sectors largest with portion largest of investments portion ofin investmentsKosovo was the in water Kosovo sector. 75 In thwase water the sectorwater ,sector. important In theinvestments water sector were 73done, important by both Governmentinvestments of wereKosovo done and byforeign donors.both Investments Government of ofthe Kosovo Government and foreign of Kosovo donors. were Investments mostly directed of the towards Government rehabilitating of riverbedsKosovo and were improving mostly water directed infrastructure, towards especially rehabilitating in water riverbeds supply and and sewerage improving systems. water Donor investmentsinfrastructure, were also especially oriented inmostly water in supply improving and water sewerage sector systems. services Donorand feasibility investments studies for waterwere treatment also oriented infrastructure. mostly in improving water sector services and feasibility studies for water treatment infrastructure. Based on data available, since 1999, a total of 255.77 million € have been invested since 1999, 189.9 millionBased € of whichon data was available, donor funding. since Major 1999, donors a total include of 255.77 the European million Union, € have Swiss been Government invested and Germansince Government 1999, 189.9 through million German € of Developmentwhich was donor Bank/KfW, funding. which Majortogether donors invested include 154.9 million the €, European Union, Swiss Government and German Government through German

74 Development Bank/KfW, which together invested 154.9 million €, or 61% of total Raporti për aktivitetet e donatorëve 2012-2013, MIE 2014, investments. Year 2010 was the year of the most investments with 26.63 million 75 Euros in total. (Figure 66) Water sector refers to potable water, sewerage, irrigation, reservoirs, rivers, water resources administration, etc.

72 Raporti për aktivitetet e donatorëve 2012-2013, MIE 2014, 73 Water sector refers to potable water, sewerage, irrigation, reservoirs, rivers, water resources administration, etc.

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 101 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Figure 66: Water sector investments 2000-201274 (million euros)

In addition to water sector, donor investments were also oriented in other environmental sectors, such as waste, biodiversity, land condition survey, spatial planning, climate change, capacity building, etc. The following table shows data on some important projects funded by donors.

Table 15: some of the environmental projects supported by donors for the period 2011-2015

Project title Donor Project amount Implementation in Euro period

Third Phase of Municipal SIDA – 7.8 million euros 2014-2015 Spatial Planning Swedish Programme support International (MuSPP) Development Agency Support to Water European 1.2 million euros 2012-2015 Management and Water Union (IPA) Resources Monitoring Waste Management European 1.5 million euros 2014-2016 Support Union (IPA) Agriculture Land European 1.8 million euros 2013-2015 Pollution Survey in Union (IPA) Kosovo (Support to MESP and MAFRD)

74 Historical trend of investments in water sector of Kosovo, Msce. Arian Shuku 2012

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 102 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

Strengthening Waste JICA – 5.1 million euros 2011-2014 Management Capacities Japanese towards Healthier International Society Cooperation Agency Land Cleaning and The World 3.7 million euros 2013-2015 Reclaiming Project Bank Building capacities of European 1.8 million euros 2011-2013 MESP to complete and Union (IPA) implement legislation in the area of environment and spatial planning Sustainable land use and UNDP – 3.5 million euros 2011-2014 biodiversity conservation United in Dragash Nations Development Programme Support to low-emission ADC – 0.5 million euros 2013-2015 development Austrian Development Cooperation and UNDP Kosovo Disaster Risk UNDP – 0.8 million euros 2013-2016 Reduction Initiative United Nations Development Programme

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning www.mmph-rks.org

• Ministry of Finance www.mf.rks-gov.net

• Ministry of European Integrations www.mie-ks.net

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 103 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 6.5. Regional and International Cooperation in the Environment Sector Kosovo’s participation in the regional environmental initiatives, projects and organizations is one of the forms that allow not only increased cooperation but also building capacities in the environment sector, thus meeting obligations under European integration process. Exchange of experiences and best practices under these activities and subsequent implementation in Kosovo is also an opportunity to promote environment protection and management.

This report presents some of the activities, initiatives and programmes to which the environment institutions of Kosovo participated.

6.5.1. Kosovo in Report: European Environment - State and Outlook 2015 The European Environment – State and Outlook 2015

In March this year, the European Environment Agency issued the Report “The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015”, also known as SOER. SOER is the key integrated document on the state of environment in Europe, which European Environment Agency submits to European Parliament.

SOER Report 201575 contains information on the European Environment, environmental assessment at global level, comparative country analysis through environmental indicators and specific country and regional reports. This represents a good basis and invaluable tool for future national and European policy-making in the area of environment.

Of special importance to Kosovo is that Section 4 of SOER 2015 contains, for the first time, a national chapter on the Republic of Kosovo (Country Briefing), which provides a special overview on the state of environment in our country. The national chapter is publicly available on the European Environment Agency’s website76.

The Republic of Kosovo, through the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency - KEPA, as part of EIONET network, took active part in the whole process of preparing and drafting the SOER 2015, along with 38 other European countries.

For more details, read the section on Kosovo in the “The European Environment – State and Outlook 2015””available at http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/ countries/kosovo and look at the full synthesis of the report at http://www.eea. europa.eu/soer#tab-synthesis-report .

75 http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer#tab-synthesis-report 76 http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/countries/kosovo

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 104 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

6.5.2. Participation in EIONET and EEA activities

Since 2010, Kosovo is part of EIONET – European Environmental Information and Observation Network in the capacity of cooperating country77, thus taking active part in activities organized by European Environment Agency/EEA. Kosovo’s participation, i.e. Kosovo’s Environment Protection Agency in activities of European Environment Agency and EIONET is facilitated as part of IPA project: “Participation of Western Balkan Countries in the work of European Environment Agency”.

The project aims, among others, to improve the process of information flow and exchange between Balkan Environment Agencies and European Environment Agency, ensure their input in state of European environment assessments and reports, support National Contact Centres and National Reference Centres in their participation at workshops, trainings and meetings organized by EEA and EIONET and provide other technical assistance through experts and projects.

6.5.3. Participation in EPA Network activities – Network of Heads of European Environment Agencies

Since 2011, KEPA is part of the Network of Heads of European Environment Agencies, known as EPA Network78. During this time, KEPA took active part in all activities organized by the network and, in 2014-2015, was also part of the network leadership trio, whereby in September 2014, it organized the 23 meeting of the network. As part of its activities, KEPA also initiated establishment of network of Balkan Environment Agencies, as well as the Western Balkans caucus as part of the network and subsequently took active part in developing the work programme of the caucus.

The Network of Heads of European Environment Agency, known as EPA Network, otherwise gathers all heads or directors of National Environment Protection Agencies or peer European institutions.

6.5.4. Participation of KHMI in the European Flood Awareness System network

The Kosovo Hydro-meteorological Institute – KHMI, received in2015 confirmation from Swedish Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, which represents the European System Operations Centre of the Flood Awareness System79 of its admittance into the network of these organizations. Just prior to the admission, the Kosovo Hydro-meteorological Institute and Swedish Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology signed a document detailing the terms of participation in this organization. The members of this network are usually national organizations and authorities of the European countries, with responsibility to deliver services and information on flood risk management. Upon acceptance of these terms, KHMI,

77 https://www.eionet.europa.eu/countries 78 http://epanet.pbe.eea.europa.eu/european_epas/countries/kosovo 79 www.efas.eu

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 105 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report

as the Kosovo agency responsible to provide information on hydrology, is required to produce information and flood forecasts in Kosovo and to European Flood Awareness System (EFAS). This participation will allow KHMI an opportunity to exchange information and gain experience, access to training and other activities organized by EFAS.

6.5.5. Regional ECRAN Programme

ECRAN (Environment and Climate Regional Accession Network), funded by BE and managed by the European Commission, helps beneficiaries to exchange information and experience in preparation for accession. ECRAN provides opportunities for strengthening regional cooperation among EU candidate and potential candidate countries in the area of environment and climate action, as well as support to transposition and implementation of environmental and climate EU acquis. ECRAN is based on experiences and results of RENA (Regional Environmental Network for Accession), specifically those related to environmental and climate investment, transposition and enforcement of environmental and climate legislation, compliance and implementation, local and regional initiatives, climate action, water management, waste management, air quality, industrial discharge, nature protection, EIA / SEM, support to NGOs and public participation. ECRAN is made of three main components: Environment, Climate Action and Environment NGOs Forum. Activities under each component are implemented through a Working Group System80.

6.5.6. Dinaric Arc Parks – Regional Network of Protected Areas

WWF initiated the Dinaric Arc Parks Project in early 2012, in order to create an association of National and Nature Parks in the Dinaric Arc constituent territories; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. This three-year project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and MAVA Foundation.

The first and primary objective of this project is to create a network of protected areas by connecting all parks in the Dinaric Arc region. Kosovo is represented in the project with two National Parks: NP “Sharri” and NP “Bjeshket e Nemuna”, as well as two Natural Parks: Germia and Mirusha Waterfalls81. 6.5.7. Oak Forest Area Project The Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, i.e. the Kosovo Environment Protection Agency started cooperation with the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation, Construction and Nuclear Safety – BMUM and German Federal Agency of Nature Conservation – BfN, as well as Ecosystems Management Centre – CEEM at the University of Eberswald for Sustainable Development – HNEE, on the Project: “Oak Forests – Common European Natural 80 http://www.ecranetwork.org/ 81 http://www.parksdinarides.org/en/kosovo

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Heritage”. The purpose of this cooperation is to present rich natural values of our country, especially the portion of old oak vegetation located inside the “Bjeshket e Nemuna” National Park. Cooperation in this project began in 2013 and continued with participation at workshops and meetings, as planned. The project will run until 2017 and the main purpose is to ensure continuous engagement in the areas above and be awarded preference in designation, followed by a discussion at national level. 6.5.8. Transboundary Protected Areas In order to strengthen the protection of nature at regional level, Kosova has been an active part of several initiatives, projects and researches in the Western Balkans region, but also part of cross-border initiatives with neighbours such as Macedonia, Albania, Serbia and Montenegro. Protection of biodiversity and management of protected areas are some of the these activities. As part of regional activities, two studies have also been developed on proclamation of two transboundary protected areas: Creation of protected transboundary area “Bjeshket e Nemuna” – the proposed protection area is expected to encompass Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. Bjeshket e Nemuna includes mountains and unique landscape and represents one of the most important regions for protection of biodiversity in Balkans and Europe. This region is considered as home to many rare wildlife species not only in Balkan Peninsula but also in Europe82. Establishment of protected transboundary area “Sharr-Korab-Deshat” - this protected area is established in border areas of Albania, Kosovo and former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and includes unique natural landscape. This tripartite border area includes a considerable number of natural and endemic habitat as well as rare and endangered flora and fauna relicts, including species of shared European importance, such as grey bear and Balkan lynx. 83 6.5.9. Climate changes adaptation programme in the Western Balkans

German Agency for International Development (GIZ) is developing a programme (2012-2015) involving joint projects with government institutions of the Western Balkans countries (Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo) for climate change adaptation in the water sector84.

The main objective of this project is to build adequate human, technical and legislative capacities of national institutions of beneficiary countries that work on monitoring the meteorological and hydrological elements, in order to adequately monitor by providing qualitative and regular information on these processes, so as to be able to predict, forecast and alert in timely manner on any event involving weather, climate, hydrology, etc. 82 http://www.unep.at/documents_unep/Balkan_Feasibility_Studies/Prokletije_25-10-2010.pdf 83 http://www.unep.at/documents_unep/Balkan_Feasibility_Studies/Sharr_25-10-2010.pdf 84 Transboundary Water Management, Climate Change Adaptation in Western Balkan (www.giz.de)

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Another very important aspect is regional and international cooperation, with the view of mutual cooperation and exchange of information, so that national institutions may be able to operate more effectively.

6.5.10. Danube Water Programme (IAWD)85

Year 2013 saw the beginning of the implementation of Danube Water Programme supported by the World Bank. Kosova is part of this programme, along with 12 other countries of the Danube region (Austria, Albania, Ukraine, Romania, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro). The project aims to help these countries build robust and sustainable water supply and wastewater services. The work plan is structured around five following pillars: Policies, Tariffs, Asset Management, Investment Planning and Improve Service Efficiency. The programme will be implemented using three main elements: analytical and advisory work, platform for sharing knowledge and capacity development activities.

Additional references and sources: Internet sources:

• Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency / KEPA www.ammk-rks.net

• European Environment Agency/EEA www.eionet.europa.eu

• European Network for Information and Observa- www.eea.europa.eu tion / EIONET www.epanet.pbe.eea.europa.eu • EPA Network www.ecranetwork.org • ECRAN Project www.parksdinarides.org • Dinaric Arc Parks

85 http://www.danube-water-program.org

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 108 State of Environment in Kosovo 2015, Report 7. References 1. Report on State of Air in Kosovo, KEPA 2012 2. Kosovo Environmental Hotpots Report, KEPA 2012 3. Air Quality in KEK area, KEPA 2013 4. Report on the state of environment, 2011-2012, KEPA 2013

5. Report, Status of waste and chemicals in Kosovo 2014, KEPA 2014 6. Report, Greenhouse Gas Inventory in Kosovo 2012, KEPA 2014 7. Report on the State of Waters 2015, KEPA 2015 8. Cadastre of Water Polluters 2010, KEPA & REC 2011 9. Report, State of Nature 2010—2014, KEPA/IKMN 2015 10. Kosovo Forests Inventory 2012, KFA 2013 11. Population Census 2011, KAS 2012 12. Household Survey 2014, KAS 2014 13. Kosovo Labour Force Survey 2013, KAS 2014 14. Industrial waste survey 2013, KAS 2014 15. Municipal waste survey 2013, KAS 2014 16. Health Statistics 2013, KAS 2014 17. Population Survey 2013, KAS 2014 18. Environment Quick Factsheet 2015, KAS 2015 19. Agriculture Census 2014, KAS 2015 20. Hospitality Statistics 2015, KAS 2015 21. Social Welfare Statistics 2014, KAS 2015 22. Transport and telecommunication Statistics 2015, KAS 2015 23. EEA 2013, Environmental Indicators, Typology and Use in Reporting 24. EEA 2015, SOER 2015 — The European environment — state and outlook 2015, Countries and regions, Kosovo

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25. EEA 2015, The European Environment-State and Outlok 2015 26. Final Report of Project “Agriculture Land Pollution Survey in Kosovo” GIZ & NIRAS, 2015

27. Human Dynamics 2014, Monitoring transposition and implementation of the EU environmental acquis, Year 17 , Progress Report 9 , Kosovo

28. MAFRD 2011, Agriculture and Rural Development Plan 2010-2013 29. MAFRD 2011, Forestry Strategy and Development 2010-2020 30. MAFRD 2013, Climate Protection Strategy in Kosovo’s Forestry Sector 31. MI 2013, Multimode ransportT Strategy and Action Plan 2012-2021 32. MESP 2012, Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2020 33. MESP 2012, Air Quality Strategy and Action Plan 2011-2021 34. The Red Book of Vascular Flora of Kosovo, MESP 2014 35. Waste management strategy 2013-2022, MESP 2014 36. Environment Protection Strategy 2013-2022, MESP 2014 37. National aterW Strategy 2015-2034, MESP 2015 38. Climate Changes Strategy 2014-2024, KEPA 2015 39. Msce. Arian SHuku 2012, Historic Investment Trends in Water Sector in Kosovo 40. MED 2013, Energy Strategy of the Republic of Kosovo 2013-2022 41. MED 2014, Energy Balance 2013 42. MIE 2014, Donor Activity eportR 2012-2013 43. Preliminary identification of Natura 2000 areas in Kosovo, PMQP 2009 44. Monthly and Annual Environment Reports of Department of Environment of KEK

45. Annual Report 2013/2014, Department of Environment, NewCoFeronikeli 46. Greenhouse gas emissions in Kosovo ,2008-2009, UNDP 2010 47. Human Development Report 2010, UNDP 2011 48. Human Development Report 2012, UNDP 2013

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49. Country Environmental Analysis (cost assessment of environmental degradation, institutional review and public environmental expenditure review), the World Bank 2013

50. Utilities performance reports 2013, WWRO 2014

8. Index of figures and tables

8.1. Index of figures Figure 1: DPSIR analytical framework Figure 2: Total population number and density 1948-2013 Figure 3: Birth, death and natural reproduction rates in Kosovo 2002-2011 Figure 4: Population Structure by age in Kosovo 1981-2006 Figure 5: % of rural and urban population in Kosovo 1948-2011 Figure 6: Settlement areas (ha) 2002-2012 Figure 7: Ratio between inhabited areas and population density in Kosovo and Europe Figure 8: Gross Domestic Product per capita and overall GDP growth in Kosovo 2002-2013 Figure 9: Quantity of water spent in million m3/year by sectors Figure 10: Number of economic operators running quarry and mining operations Figure 11: Spatial distribution of economic operators with mining activity Figure 12: Use land (ha) by categories 2002 and 2012 Figure 13: Land coverage (%) by categories in 2012 Figure 14: Corine Land Coverage (CLC) Map of Kosovo in 2012 Figure 15: Primary energy sources available in 2013 Figure 16: Primary Energy Consumption (ktoe) by type of fuel 2003-2013 Figure 17: Ratio between total power production and renewable energy 2000-2013 Figure 18: Annual average dust values in PP A and PP B 2007-2014

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Figure 19: Annual average SO2 values in PP A and PP B 2007-2014

Figure 20: Annual average NOx values in PP A and PP B 2007-2014 Figure 21: Annual average dust emission values in rotary kilns of NewCoFeronikeli 2013-2014

Figure 22: Annual average SO2 and NOx emission values in rotary kilns of NewCoFeronikeli 2013-2014 Figure 23: Annual average dust values in Sharrcem 2003-2014

Figure 24: Annual average SO2 and NOx in Sharrcem 2003-2014 Figure 25: Kosovo Roads 2010-2013 Figure 26: Number of vehicles in Kosovo 2006-2014 Figure 27: Trends of railway use Figure 28: Passengers Trend in International Airport Adem Jashari Figure 29: Agriculture land areas (ha) 2002-2012 Figure 30: Fertilizers use trend 2004-2013 ton/year

Figure 31: CO2 emissions trend in agriculture sector Figure 32: Burnt forest areas ha/year 2003-2013 Figure 33: Forested areas ha/year 2005-2013 Figure 34: Number of external visits and overnight stays 2008-2014 Figure 35: Number of external visits and overnight stays 2008-2014 Figure 36: Layout of air quality monitoring network

Figure 37: Annual average SO2 values

Figure 38: Annual average NO2 values

Figure 39: Annual average O3 values Figure 40: Annual average CO values Figure 41: Annual average PM10 values Figure 42: Annual average PM2.5 values

- Figure 43: Nitrates (mg N-NO3 /l) in surface waters (2008-2014);

3- Figure 44: Orthophosphates (mg P-PO4 /l) in surface waters (2008-2014);

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Figure 45: Biochemical Oxygen Consumption SHBO5 (mg O2/l) in surface waters 2008-2014; Figure 46: Distribution of potentially polluted areas Figure 47: Generation of municipal waste per capita 2007-2013 Figure 48: The landfill astew disposal trends in Kosovo 2007-2013

Figure 49: waste sector CO2 emission trends Figure 50: Generation of industrial waste 2010-2014 Figure 51: Graphical representation of types of plant species that belong to different categories of conservation status Figure 52: the history of proclamation of protected areas 1980-2014, area (ha) and their share (%) in the total area of Kosovo. Figure 53: Protected areas by categories Figure 54: Protected Areas map Figure 55: Precipitation 1900-2014 Figure 56: Air temperatures 1900-2014 Figure 57: Greenhouse Gas Emissions (%) by sector

Figure 58: CO2 emissions (ton equivalent) per capita in Kosovo, compared to some countries in the region, Europe, EU, the world Figure 59: Diarrheic diseases in Kosovo 2002-2014 Figure 60: Life expectancy at birth Figure 61: Death numbers in Kosovo 2002-2013 Figure 62: Sewerage System Coverage (%), 2002-2012 Figure 63: Water supply service coverage (%), 2002-2012 Figure 64: Total MESP budget and capital expenditure budget Figure 65: Capital investment in environmental sector from Central Budget of Kosovo and donor community for the period 2012-2013

Figure 66: Water sector investments 2000-2012 (million euro)

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8.2. Index of tables Table 1: Some socio-economic indicator of Kosovo’s population Table 2: Degraded areas by rivers Table 3: Average annual cutting in forests by types of trees and ownership (1000 m3) according to pilot measurements in 60% of the Kosovo’s territory Table 4: Air Quality Data in KEK area according to KHMI monitoring Table 5: Kosovo Touristic Potential: Types, condition and opportunities Table 6: Annual ceiling values for air quality Table 7: Annual average levels H (cm) by measurement stations Table 8: Types of soil samples analysed by municipality Table 9: Protected Nature Areas by categories Table 10: Main (key) categories of greenhouse gas emissions according to IPCC for 2012 Table 11: Legal environmental sector Table 12: Transposition of EU directives into national environmental legislation Table 13: Strategies, Plans and Programmes in the environmental and associated sectors Table 14: Current environmental monitoring system in Kosovo Table 15: Some of the environmental projects supported by donors for the period 2011-2015

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“State of Environment Report in Kosovo 2015”

is prepared by Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

Main Report drafting coordinators: Dr.sc. Ilir Morina, CEO of KEPA Rizah Hajdari, Head of DMVRM in KEPA and Msc. Afrim Berisha – Head of Reporting, Planning and Programming Division in DMVRM

Main contributors: Msc. Afrim Berisha, Rizah Hajdari, PhD Sami Behrami, Msc. Taf Veselaj, Msc. Bajram Kafexholli, Sabit Restelica, PhD Mimoza Hyseni-Spahiu, Msc. Fadil Bajraktari, Letafete Latifi, PhD Ilir Morina, Mr.sc. Qenan Maxhuni, Msc.Merita Mehmeti, Vlora Spanca, Adriana Pllana, Ajet Mahmuti, Msc.Ndriçim Mustafa, Selvije Raci, Msc. Agron Shala dhe Shkumbin Shala

Other contributors: Përparim Gashi, Hasan Hasani, PhD. Bashkim Kastrati, Msc. Mentor Shala, Mr.sc. Nail Kryeziu, Filloreta Berisha dhe Andina Vllahiu KEPA Address: Rruga Luan Haradinaj, ish-pallati i shtypit-Rilindja kati XV/04

Tel. +381 38 200 33 228 , email: [email protected] www.ammk-rks.net

Prishtinë, 2015

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