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Die Mensch-Tier Beziehung Unter Ethischem Aspekt

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Die Mensch-Tier Beziehung Unter Ethischem Aspekt LITERATURBERICHT Literaturbericht 2008/2009 Die Mensch-Tier Beziehung unter ethischem Aspekt Petra Mayr, Judith Benz-Schwarzburg, Regina Binder, Dieter Birnbacher, Silke Bitz, Gieri Bolliger, Marius Christen, Arianna Ferrari, Kathrin Herrmann, Detlef Horster, Roman Kolar, Erwin Lengauer, Jörg Luy, Cecilia Muratori, Kurt Remele, Silke Schicktanz, Kirsten Schmidt und Norbert Walz Inhalt Vorbemerkungen 1 Allgemeines zum Tierschutz 1.1 David Forster Wallace: Am Beispiel des Hummers 1.2 David Fraser: Understanding Animal Welfare 2 Philosophische Ethik 2.1 Tom L. Beauchamp, F. Barbara Orleans, Rebecca Dresser, David B. Morton and John P. Gluck: The Human Use of Animals – Case studies in Ethical Choice 2.2 Dagmar Borchers und Jörg Luy (Hrsg.): Der ethisch vertretbare Tierversuch. Kriterien und Grenzen 2.3 Cordula Brand, Eve-Marie Engels, Arianna Ferrari und László Kovács (Hrsg.): Wie funktioniert Bioethik? Interdisziplinäre Entscheidungsfindung im Spannungsfeld von theoretischem Begründungsanspruch und praktischem Regelungsbedarf 2.4 Reinhard Brandt: Können Tiere denken? 2.5 Andreas Brenner: Leben 2.6 Paola Cavalieri (ed.): The Death of the Animal: A Dialogue 2.7 Markus Düwell, Dieter Birnbacher et al. (Hrsg.): Medizinethik und Empirie – Standortbestimmungen eines spannungsreichen Verhältnisses 2.8 Tina-Louise Fischer: Menschen- und Personenwürde. Über die Notwendigkeit eines neuen Würdebegriffs 2.9 Gary L. Francione: Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation 2.10 Richard P. Haynes: Animal Welfare. Competing Conceptions and Their Ethical Implications 2.11 Clare Palmer (ed.): Animal Rights 2.12 Klaus Peter Rippe: Ethik im außerhumanen Bereich 2.13 Kirsten Schmidt: Tierethische Probleme der Gentechnik. Zur moralischen Bewertung der Reduktion wesentlicher tierlicher Eigenschaften 2.14 Gary Steiner: Animals and the Moral Community: Mental Life, Moral Status, and Kinship 3 Ethik interdisziplinär 3.1 Frans de Waal: Primaten und Philosophen. Wie die Evolution die Moral hervorbrachte 3.2 Marc Bekoff: Das Gefühlsleben der Tiere. Ein führender Wissenschaftler untersucht Freude, Kummer und Empathie bei Tieren 3.3 Europäische Akademie zur Erforschung von Folgen wissenschaftlich-technischer Entwicklungen: Pharming. Promises and risks of biopharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants and animals 3.4 Vaughan Monamy: Animal Experimentation. A Guide to the Issues 3.5 P. Michael Conn and James V. Parker: The Animal Research War 3.6 Udo Friedrich: Menschentier und Tiermensch. Diskurse der Grenzziehung und Grenzüberschreitung im Mittelalter 3.7 Rainer E. Wiedenmann: Tiere, Moral und Gesellschaft. Elemente und Ebenen humanimalischer Sozialität 3.8 Jodey Castricano (ed.): Animal Subjects. An Ethical Reader in Posthuman World ALTEXethik 2009 31 031-071-AltexLiteraturb.indd 31 13.12.2009 15:45:17 Uhr LITERATURBERICHT 4 Theologische Ethik 4.1 Eugen Drewermann: Über die Unsterblichkeit der Tiere. Hoffnung für die leidende Kreatur 5 Rechtsfragen und Rechtsentwicklung 5.1 Gieri Bolliger, Antoine F. Goetschel, Michelle Richner und Alexandra Spring: Tier im Recht transparent 5.2 David Favre: Animal Law: Welfare, Interests, and Rights 5.3 Edward N. Eadie: Animal suffering and the law. National, regional, and international 5.4 Dominik Lang: Sodomie und Strafrecht: Geschichte der Strafbarkeit des Geschlechtsverkehrs mit Tieren Literatur Die AG Literaturbericht und ihre neuen Mitglieder Vorbemerkungen Das Spektrum der wissenschaftlichen Bücher, die sich mit Ein bemerkenswerter Erklärungsansatz dafür findet sich im unserem Verhältnis zu Tieren auseinandersetzen, wächst un- Buch des Soziologen Rainer E. Wiedenmann mit dem Titel entwegt weiter. In immer mehr Fachdisziplinen wird das Au- Tiere, Moral und Gesellschaft. Elemente und Ebenen humani- genmerk darauf gerichtet, wie wir mit Tieren umgehen. Auch malischer Sozialität. Der Autor versucht dort mit Hilfe komple- wenn Quantität noch nichts über Inhalte aussagt, so zeigt doch xer Theorien die Sozialtechniken aufzuspüren, die es vermögen, der Anstieg solcher Publikationen ein steigendes Interesse am dass solches paradoxe Verhalten in unserer Gesellschaft größ- Mensch-Tier-Verhältnis. Das Besondere an diesem Interesse tenteils keinerlei moralische Skrupel hervorruft. ist es, dass die eminent ethische Komponente hierbei immer Einen weiten Bogen innerhalb der Kulturtheorie spannt die mehr ins Zentrum rückt und zugleich längst nicht nur in ihrer kanadische Kulturtheoretikerin Jodey Castricano mit ihren „Heimatdisziplin“, der Philosophie, diskutiert wird. Auch in gesammelten Beiträgen im Buch Animal Subjects. An Ethical soziologischen, historischen oder etwa in kulturtheoretischen Reader in Posthuman World. Mit ihrer Textsammlung hat sie Texten spiegelt sich ein Zeitgeist, der unser Verhalten gegen- sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die bislang weitestgehend auf Menschen über Tieren untersuchend bewertet. fokussierten Studien auch auf Tiere auszuweiten. Die von ihr Dabei versteht es sich von selbst, dass jede wissenschaftliche zusammengestellten Texte verweisen einmal mehr auf die Ver- Disziplin ihre eigene Herangehensweise an dieses Thema hat. flechtungen der einzelnen Disziplinen, stützen sich jedoch in Diese jeweils spezifischen Perspektiven der unterschiedlichen der Mehrheit auf philosophisch-ethische Argumentationen. Disziplinen sind in mehrerlei Hinsicht eine Bereicherung für die Menschentier und Tiermensch. Diskurse der Grenzziehung Frage nach einem adäquaten Umgang mit Tieren. Zum einen und Grenzüberschreitung im Mittelalter ist der Titel eines Bu- decken sie tradierte gesellschaftliche Strukturen und Verhalten- ches von Udo Friedrich, der ein Kernthema der Mensch-Tier- muster auf. Zum anderen bieten sie darüber hinaus Erklärungs- Beziehung auf den Punkt bringt, nämlich die Frage nach der modelle, um etwa widersprüchliches Verhalten im Umgang mit Abgrenzung. Der Autor, Philologe mit historischem Schwer- Tieren nachvollziehbar zu machen. punkt geht damit dem Paradoxon auf den Grund, dass in der Ein zweifellos eklatanter Fall von widersprüchlichem Verhal- Gesellschaft des Mittelalters einerseits eine strenge Abgrenzung ten ist unser – aus der Distanz betrachtet – geradezu groteskes zwischen Mensch und Tier vorherrschte, die andererseits zu- Verhältnis im Umgang mit Heimtieren einerseits und Nutztieren gleich immer wieder Grenzüberschreitungen inszenierte. Mar- oder Versuchstieren andererseits. Hier spiegelt sich bereits in kant schlägt sich diese Ambivalenz etwa in der Strafpraktik der den dafür geschaffenen Begriffen „Heimtier“, „Nutztier“ oder „Vogelfreiheit“ von Verbrechern nieder. „Versuchstier“ die Funktionalisierung der Tiere, und in der Ver- Verwandt mit der Frage nach der Grenzlinie von Mensch wendung der Begriffe liegt zugleich auch der erste Schritt zur und Tier ist die Frage nach den Fähigkeiten von Tieren. In sei- Legitimation der jeweiligen im Wort definierten Umgangswei- nem Buch Können Tiere denken? geht der Philosoph Reinhard se. So werden Heimtiere nahezu wie Menschen personalisiert, Brandt dieser Frage nach und thematisiert dabei auch die Pro- während die so genannten Nutztiere und Versuchstiere nicht blematik der Definition des Begriffes „Denken“. Die Differenz selten unmenschliche Ausbeutung erfahren. Wie konnte sich ein in den Fähigkeiten zwischen den einzelnen Tier-Spezies und solches Verhalten, das die gleiche Tierart in verschiedene „Nut- dem Menschen wird im philosophischen Diskurs vielfach als zenskategorien“ einordnet – denken wir an Hunde, Katzen oder Kriterium dafür verwendet, welcher moralische Status Tieren Kaninchen, die sowohl als Heimtiere als auch als Versuchstiere zuzuschreiben sei. An oberster Stelle hat sich hierbei die Lei- gesellschaftlich akzeptiert sind – etablieren? densfähigkeit etabliert. Die Schwierigkeit des Kriteriums der 32 ALTEXethik 2009 031-071-AltexLiteraturb.indd 32 13.12.2009 15:45:18 Uhr LITERATURBERICHT Leidensfähigkeit liegt nun aber darin, dass sie als empirisches 1 Allgemeines zum Tierschutz Kriterium vielfach nur uneindeutig feststellbar ist. Dieser ernst zu nehmenden Problematik des Kriteriums der 1.1 David Forster Wallace: Leidensfähigkeit will der Philosoph Klaus Peter Rippe in sei- Am Beispiel des Hummers nem Buch Ethik im außerhumanen Bereich Rechnung tragen. 79 Seiten, Zürich-Hamburg: Arche Ihm zufolge ist eine moralische Hierarchisierung von Lebe- Literatur Verlag, 2009, Euro 12,00 wesen auf der Grundlage einer angenommenen Abstufung der Leidensfähigkeit nicht zu vertreten, da eine Abstufung der Ein Journalist wird beauftragt, für ein Leidensfähigkeit empirisch nicht hinreichend gestützt ist. Von Gourmetmagazin einen Essay zum Meilensteinen des Tierschutzes lässt sich dann sprechen, wenn jährlich wiederkehrenden Hummerfes- Veränderungen im gesellschaftlichen Bewusstsein ihren Nie- tival in der nordamerikanischen Stadt derschlag in Gesetzen finden. Maine zu schreiben. Er reist zu dem Solche Vorschläge machen der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler medial hochgerüsteten Event und fin- und Jurist Edward N. Eadie in seinem Buch Animal Suffering det vor, was auf Veranstaltungen dieser and the Law: National, Regional, and International und der Art nahezu immer vorzufinden ist: eine Jurist David Favre in seiner Publikation mit dem Titel Animal unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten Law: Welfare, Interests, and Rights. Ihnen zufolge lassen sich durchorganisierte Maschinerie. Über 100.000 Besucher werden viele Defizite im Tierschutz auf den juristischen Sachstatus von vom jahrmarktähnlichen Getriebe und vor allem dem kulinari- Tieren
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